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Angara (rocket family)

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Angara
Первый испытательный пуск ракеты-носителя тяжелого класса «Ангара-А5» 03
Launch of Angara A5
FunctionLaunch vehicle
ManufacturerKhrunichev
KBKhA
Country of originRussia
Cost per launchAngara A5: US$100 million (2021) [1]
Size
Height42.7 m (140 ft) - 64 m (210 ft)
WidthAngara 1.2 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in)
Angara A5 8.86 m (29.1 ft)
Mass171,500 kg (378,100 lb) - 790,000 kg (1,740,000 lb)
Stages2-3
Capacity
Payload to LEO (Plesetsk)
Mass3,800 kg (8,400 lb) - 24,500 kg (54,000 lb)
Payload to GTO (Plesetsk)
Mass5,400 kg (11,900 lb) - 7,500 kg (16,500 lb)
Associated rockets
ComparableNaro-1 used a modified URM-1 first stage
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesPlesetsk, Site 35
Vostochny, Site 1A
Total launches6 (A1.2PP: 1 (suborbital), A1.2: 2, A5: 3)
Success(es)5 (A1.2PP: 1 (suborbital), A1.2: 2, A5: 2)
Partial failure(s)1( A5: 1)
First flightA1.2PP: 9 July 2014
A1.2: 29 April 2022
A5: 23 December 2014
Last flightA1.2: 15 October 2022
A5: 27 December 2021
Boosters (A5) – URM-1
No. boosters4 (see text)
Powered by1 RD-191
Maximum thrust1,920 kN (430,000 lbf) (Sea level)
Total thrust7,680 kN (1,730,000 lbf) (Sea level)
Specific impulse310.7 s (3.047 km/s) (Sea level)
Burn time214 seconds
PropellantRP-1/LOX
First stage – URM-1
Powered by1 RD-191
Maximum thrust1,920 kN (430,000 lbf) (Sea level)
Specific impulse310.7 s (3.047 km/s) (Sea level)
Burn timeAngara 1.2: 214 seconds
Angara A5: 325 seconds
PropellantRP-1/LOX
Second stage – URM-2
Powered by1 RD-0124A
Maximum thrust294.3 kN (66,200 lbf)
Specific impulse359 s (3.52 km/s)
Burn timeAngara A5: 424 seconds
PropellantRP-1/LOX
Third stage (A5) – Briz-M (optional)
Powered by1 S5.98M
Maximum thrust19.6 kN (4,400 lbf)
Specific impulse326 s (3.20 km/s)
Burn time3,000 seconds
PropellantN2O4/UDMH
Third stage (A5) – KVTK (optional, under development)
Powered by1 RD-0146D
Maximum thrust68.6 kN (15,400 lbf)
Specific impulse463 s (4.54 km/s)
Burn time1,350 seconds
PropellantLH2/LOX
[edit on Wikidata]

The Angara rocket family (Russian: Ангара) is a family of launch vehicles being developed by the Moscow-based Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The launch vehicles are to put between 3,800 kg (8,400 lb) and 24,500 kg (54,000 lb) into low Earth orbit and are intended, along with Soyuz-2 variants, to replace several existing launch vehicles.

History

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, some formerly Soviet launch vehicles required components from companies now located in Ukraine, such as Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, which produced Zenit-2, and Yuzhmash, which produced Dnepr and Tsyklon.[2] Additionally, the Soviet Union's main spaceport, Baikonur Cosmodrome, was located in Kazakhstan, and Russia encountered difficulties negotiating for its use.[3] This led to the decision in 1992 to develop a new entirely Russian launch vehicle, named Angara, to replace the launch vehicles now built outside of the country, and ensure Russian access to space without Baikonur. It was decided that this vehicle should ideally use the partially completed Zenit-2 launch pad at the Russian Plesetsk Cosmodrome,[4] and be able to launch military satellites into geosynchronous orbit, which Proton could not due to lack of a launch pad at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Several companies submitted bids for the new launch vehicle, and in 1994 Khrunichev, the developer of Proton, was selected as the winner. The commercial success of Proton over the next two decades would be an advantage to Khrunichev, as the Angara project immediately ran into funding difficulties from the cash-strapped Russian government.[5]

Khrunichev's initial design called for the use of a modified RD-170 for first stage propulsion and a liquid hydrogen powered second stage. By 1997, the hydrogen-powered second stage had been abandoned in favor of kerosene, and the RD-170 was replaced with a modular design which would be powered by the new RD-191, a one-chamber engine derived from the four-chamber RD-170. In late 1997, Khrunichev was given approval from the Russian government to proceed with their new design, which would both be able to replace the ICBM-based Dnepr, Tsyklon, and Rokot with its smaller variants, as well as be able to launch satellites into geostationary orbit from Plesetsk with the Proton-class Angara A5.[6]

By 2004, the design of Angara had taken shape and the project proceeded with development of the launchers. In 2008, NPO Energomash, the builder of the RD-191, reported that the engine had completed development and burn tests and was ready for manufacturing and delivery,[7] and in January 2009 the first completed Angara first stage was delivered to Khrunichev.[8] The next year Vladimir Nesterov, Director-General of Khrunichev, announced that the first flight test of Angara would be scheduled for 2013,[9] and in 2013 the first prototype Angara launch vehicle arrived in Plesetsk.[10]

In 2014, 22 years after Angara's original conception, the first launch took place on 9 July 2014, an Angara 1.2PP suborbital test flight from the northern Plesetsk Cosmodrome.[11][12][13] On 23 December 2014, Angara A5's first test flight was performed, launching it into geosynchronous orbit.[14] In June 2020, it was reported that the first Angara Launching Pad was completed and would be transported to Vostochny Cosmodrome.[15]

On 14 December 2020, 6 years after the first test flight, Angara-A5's second test flight took place from Plesetsk.[16] According to Roscosmos chief Dmitriy Rogozin speaking about future plans after the launch in December 2020, two more Angara launches were coming in 2021: an Angara-1.2 and an Angara-A5 with a new booster, Persei.[17] Only the launch of Angara-A5 with Persei upper stage ended up happening in 2021. The maiden flight of Angara 1.2 happened on 29 April 2022.

Vehicle description

Angara mock-ups at the MAKS 2009 airshow near Moscow

URM-1: first stage and boosters

The Universal Rocket Module (URM-1) forms the core of every Angara vehicle. In the Angara A5, four additional URM-1s act as boosters. Each URM-1 is powered by a single NPO Energomash RD-191 burning liquid oxygen and RP-1 (kerosene).[18]

The RD-191 is a single-chamber engine derived from the four-chamber RD-170, originally developed for the boosters powering the Energia launch vehicle. Zenit's four-chamber RD-171 and the dual-chamber RD-180 powering ULA's Atlas V are also derivatives of the RD-170, as is the RD-193 proposed as a replacement for the 1970s-era NK-33 powering the first stage of the Soyuz 2.1v. The RD-191 is capable of throttling down to at least 30%, allowing core URM-1 stages to conserve propellant until booster URM-1 separation.[19]

The URM-1 consists of a liquid oxygen tank at the top, followed by an intertank structure containing flight control and telemetry equipment, with the kerosene tank below that. At the base of the module is a propulsion bay containing engine gimballing equipment for vehicle pitch and yaw and thrusters for roll control.[20]

URM-2: second stage

The second stage of the Angara, designated URM-2, uses one KBKhA RD-0124A engine also burning liquid oxygen and kerosene. The RD-0124A is nearly identical to the RD-0124 currently powering the second stage of Soyuz-2, designated Block I. The URM-2 has a diameter of 3.6 m (12 ft) for the Angara A5 and other proposed variants. The Angara 1.2 will[clarification needed] fly a smaller RD-0124A-powered second stage, which may be 2.66 m (8 ft 9 in) to maintain commonality with Block I[21] or widened to 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) to maintain a consistent diameter with URM-1.[22][needs update]

Upper stages (after 2nd)

Angara 1.2 will not use an upper stage, nor will Angara A5 when delivering payloads to low orbits.[18] For higher energy orbits such as GTO, Angara A5 will use the Briz-M upper stage (currently used for the Proton-M rocket), powered by one S5.98M burning N2O4 and UDMH, or eventually a new cryogenic upper stage, the KVTK. This stage will use the LH2/LOX powered RD-0146D and allow Angara A5 to bring up to two tonnes more mass to GTO.[18] The Blok D is being considered as an upper stage when launched from Vostochny since it will avoid the toxic propellant of the Briz-M.[23]

Variants

From the left: Angara A5V, Proton M, Angara A5, Angara A3 and Angara A1 on MAKS 2021

Angara 1.2

Main article: Angara-1.2

The smallest Angara is the Angara 1.2, which consists of one URM-1 core and a modified Block I second stage. It has a lift-off mass of 171 tonnes and can deliver 3.8 tonnes of payload to a 200 km (120 mi) x 60° orbit.[21][24] The successful maiden launch of Angara 1.2 took place 29 April 2022.[25]

Angara 1.2pp

Main article: Angara-1.2pp

A modified Angara 1.2, called Angara 1.2PP (Angara-1.2 pervyy polyot, meaning Angara-1.2 first flight), made Angara's inaugural suborbital flight on 9 July 2014. This flight lasted 22 minutes and carried a mass simulator weighing 1,430 kg (3,150 lb).[26] Angara 1.2PP weighed 171,000 kg (377,000 lb) and consisted of a URM-1 core stage and a partially fueled 3.6 m (12 ft)-diameter URM-2, allowing each of the major components of Angara A5 to be flight tested before that version's first orbital launch, conducted on 23 December 2014.[14]

Angara A5

Main article: Angara A5

The second Angara developed was the heavy lift launch vehicle, the Angara A5, which consists of one URM-1 core and four URM-1 boosters, a 3.6 m (12 ft) URM-2 second stage, and an upper stage, either the Briz-M or the KVTK.[18] Weighing 773 tonnes at lift-off, Angara A5 has a payload capacity of 24.5 tonnes to a 200 km (120 mi) x 60° orbit. Angara A5 is able to deliver 5.4 tonnes to GTO with Briz-M, or 7.5 tonnes to the same orbit with KVTK.[24]

In the Angara A5, the four URM-1s used as boosters operate at full thrust for approximately 214 seconds, then separate. The URM-1 forming the vehicle's core is operated at full thrust for lift off, then throttled down to 30% to conserve propellant. The core is throttled back up after the boosters have separated and continues burning for another 110 seconds.[19]

The first Angara A5 test flight was launched on 23 December 2014. The second test flight was launched on 14 December 2020 from Plesetsk.[27] A third test flight was launched on 27 December 2021, also from Plesetsk. However, the test of Persei upper stage failed and the payload did not make it from LEO to GEO.[28]

Proposed versions

Angara 1.1

Initial plans called for an even smaller Angara 1.1 using a Briz-KM as a second stage, with a payload capacity of 2 tonnes. This version was cancelled as it fell into the same payload class as the Soyuz 2.1v, which made its debut flight in 2013.[21]

Angara A3

The Angara A3 would consist of one URM-1 core, two URM-1 boosters, the 3.6m URM-2, and an optional Briz-M or hydrogen powered upper stage for high energy orbits. The hydrogen powered stage for this vehicle, called RCAF would be smaller than the Angara A5's KVTK. This vehicle has no current plans for use (14.6 tonnes to 200 km x 60°, 2.4 tonnes to GTO with Briz-M or 3.6 tonnes with a hydrogen upper stage),[24] but could be developed as a replacement for Zenit.[29]

Angara A5P

A5P

Khrunichev has proposed an Angara A5 capable of launching a new crewed spacecraft weighing up to 18 tonnes: the Angara 5P. This version would have 4 URM-1s as boosters surrounding a sustainer core URM-1 but lack a second stage, relying on the spacecraft to complete orbital insertion from a slightly suborbital trajectory, much like the Buran or Space Shuttle. This has the advantage of allowing all engines to be lit and checked out while on the ground, eliminating the possibility of an engine failing to start after staging. The RD-191 engines may also be operated at reduced thrust to improve safety.[5][30]

Angara A5V

Khrunichev has proposed an upgraded Angara A5 variant with a new big hydrogen-based upper stage (URM-2V) as replacement for URM-2 and upgraded engine thrust on the URM-1 stages. The thrust up the URM-1 boosters would be 10% higher during the first 40 seconds to allow good thrust/weight ratio even with the URM-2 replaced with the heavier URM-2V. Cross-feed and even more powerful RD-195 engines for the URM-1 are also considered. The capacity of A5V is supposed to be around 35-40 tonnes to LEO depending on final configuration.[31]

Angara A7

Proposals exist for a heavier Angara A7, weighing 1133 tonnes and capable of putting 35 tonnes into a 200 km (120 mi) x 60° orbit, or delivering 12.5 tonnes to GTO with an enlarged KVTK-A7 as a second stage in place of the URM-2.[24] There are no current plans to develop this vehicle as it would require a larger core URM-1 to carry more propellant and would have to await the development of the hydrogen powered engine for KVTK. The Angara A7 would also require a different launch pad.[32][33]

Angara-100

The Angara-100 was a 2005 proposal by Khrunichev to build a heavy-lift launch vehicle for NASA's Vision for Space Exploration. The rocket would consist of four RD-170-powered boosters, an RD-180-powered core stage, and a cryogenic upper stage using a modified Energia RD-0120 engine, the RD-0122. Its payload capacity to LEO would be in excess of 100 tons.[34]

Baikal

Together with NPO Molniya, Khrunichev has also proposed a reusable URM-1 booster named Baikal. The URM-1 would be fitted with a wing, an empennage, a landing gear, a return flight engine and attitude control thrusters, to enable the rocket booster to return to an airfield after completing its mission.[35]

Specifications

Active

Version Angara 1.2 Angara A5
Booster N/A 4 x URM-1
First stage 1 x URM-1 1 x URM-1
Second stage Modified Block I URM-2
Third stage (not used for LEO) – Briz-M/Blok DM-03/KVTK[36]
Thrust (at sea level) 1.92 MN 9.61 MN
Launch weight 171.5 t 759 t
Height (maximal) 41.5 m 55.4 m
Payload (LEO 200 km) 3.8 t 24.5 t
Payload (GTO) – 5.4/7.5 t
Payload (GEO) – 3/4.6 t

Cancelled or proposed

Version Angara 1.1

(Cancelled)

Angara A3

(Proposed)

Angara A5P

(Proposed)

Angara A5V

(Proposed)

Angara A7

(Proposed)

Angara A7.2B

(Proposed) [37]

Boosters N/A 2 x URM-1 4 x URM-1 4 x URM-1 6 x URM-1 6 x URM-1
First stage 1 x URM-1 1 x URM-1 1 x URM-1 1 x URM-1 1 x URM-1 1 x URM-1
Second stage Briz-KM Modified Block I – URM-2V KVTK-A7[36] URM-2
Third stage (not used for LEO) – Briz-M/RCAF[36] - Blok DM-03/KVTK - KVTK2-А7В
Thrust (at sea level) 1.92 MN 5.77 MN 9.61 MN 10.57 MN 13.44 MN
Launch weight 149 t 481 t 713 t 815 - 821 t 1133 t 1323 t
Height (maximal) 34.9 m 45.8 m ? ? ? 65,7 m
Payload (LEO 200 km) 2.0 t 14.6 t 18.0 t 35 - 40 t 35 t 50 t
Payload (GTO) – 2.4/3.6 t – 11.9 - 13.3 t 12.5 t 19 t
Payload (GEO) – 1.0/2.0 t – 7.2 - 8 t 7.6 t 11.4 t

Testing and manufacturing

The production of the Universal Rocket Modules and the Briz-M upper stages will take place at the Khrunichev subsidiary Production Corporation Polyot in Omsk. In 2009, Polyot invested over 771.4 million RUB (about US$25 million) in Angara production lines.[5] Design and testing of the RD-191 engine was done by NPO Energomash, while its mass production will take place at the company Proton-PM in Perm, Russia.[5]

Launches

Facilities

Angara will primarily be launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Beginning in 2020, as of 2014, plans called for it to also be launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome.[38] This would have allowed the phase out of Proton, a rocket whose operation at Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan has been objected to due to its use of large amounts of highly toxic UDMH and N2O4 and reliability issues.[39][needs update]

Launch history

Date/time (UTC) Configuration Serial number Launch pad Outcome
Payload Separation orbit Operator Function
Remarks
9 July 2014
12:00 UTC 		Angara 1.2PP 71601 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 35 Success
1,430 kg (3,150 lb) mass simulator[26] Suborbital Roscosmos Suborbital test flight
Non-standard Angara 1.2PP allowed flight testing of both URM-1 and URM-2
23 December 2014
05:57 UTC 		Angara A5 / Briz-M 71751 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 35 Success
2,000 kg (4,400 lb) mass simulator (MGM n°1) Low Earth orbit[14] Roscosmos Orbital test flight No.1
Maiden flight of Angara A5, mass simulator intentionally not separated from Briz-M upper stage[40]
14 December 2020
05:50 UTC [41] 		Angara A5 / Briz-M 71752 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 35/1 Success
2,400 kg (5,300 lb) mass simulator (MGM n°2) Geosynchronous Roscosmos Orbital test flight No.2
Second orbital test flight
27 December 2021
19:00:00 UTC[42][43] 		Angara A5 / Persei 71753 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 35/1 Partial Failure
5,400 kg (11,900 lb) mass simulator (MGM n°3) Geocentric supersynchronous Ministry of Defence Orbital test flight No.3
First flight test of the Persei upper stage, a Blok DM-03 upper stage variant for Angara. Last of the three demonstration flights planned. Upper stage failed to restart for 2nd burn, leaving upper stage and payload in low Earth orbit. They decayed from orbit in a fortnight.
29 April 2022
19:55:22[45] 		Angara 1.2 71602 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 35/1 Failure of Kosmos-2555 to reach stable orbit[46]
EO MKA №2 (Kosmos-2555) SSO VKS Reconnaissance
Maiden flight of Angara 1.2. No orbit-raising activities were detected from Kosmos-2555 following deployment, indicating a possible spacecraft failure. Re-entered May 18, 2022 after not making any attempt to raise its orbit.[44]
15 October 2022
19:55:15[48] 		Angara 1.2 71603 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 35/1 Success
EO MKA №3 (Kosmos-2560) SSO VKS Reconnaissance
Kosmos 2560 decayed from orbit 10 Dec 2022 01:54 UTC, also quite soon after launch. Some suspect this was due to spacecraft failure.[47]

Future Launches

2023[49] Angara 1.2 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 35/1 TBD
Gonets-M 26, Gonets-M 27, Gonets-M 28 LEO Gonets Satellite System Communications
Q4 2024[50][51] Angara A5M Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
TBD LEO Roscosmos TBD
First flight of the Angara A5M.
2024[52][53] Angara A5 Plesetsk Cosmodrome or Vostochny Cosmodrome TBD
Luch-5VM Geosynchronous Gonets Satellite System Communications
2025[52][54] Angara A5 / DM-03 Plesetsk Cosmodrome TBD
Luch-5M 1 Geosynchronous Gonets Satellite System Communications
2027[55][56] Angara A5M Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
NEM-1 LEO/SSO Roscosmos Russian Orbital Service Station (ROSS) Core Module
Originally intended for launch to the International Space Station. Now intended to go into a Sun-Synchronous Orbit at 98 degrees.
Q4 2028[57] Angara A5 / DM-03 Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
Spektr-UV IGSO Roscosmos Ultraviolet space telescope
2028[58] Angara A5 Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
Orel LEO Roscosmos Space capsule
Uncrewed test launch of Orel spacecraft. First launch of Angara A5 from Vostochny.
2028[58][60] Angara A5P Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
Orel LEO Roscosmos Space capsule
Uncrewed test launch of Orel to the International Space Station. First flight of the Angara A5P, a crew-rated variant of the Angara A5.[59]
2028[58][59] Angara A5P Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
Orel LEO Roscosmos Space capsule
Crewed test launch of Orel to the International Space Station.
2028[61] Angara A5 Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
Luna 27 Selenocentric Roscosmos Lunar lander
Third mission of Luna-Glob Programme.
NET 2029[61] Angara A5 / DM-03 Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
Luna 28 Selenocentric Roscosmos Lunar lander / Lunar sample return
Lunar sample-return mission.
NET 2029[60] Angara A5P Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
Orel LEO Roscosmos Space capsule
Crewed Orel flight test.
NET 2030[61] Angara A5 Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
Luna 29 Selenocentric Roscosmos Lunar rover / Lunar sample return
Lunar sample-return mission.
NET 2030[60] Angara A5P Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
Orel LEO Roscosmos Space capsule
Crewed Orel flight test.
NET 2030[62] Angara A5 / Briz-M Vostochny Cosmodrome, Site 1A TBD
Spektr-M Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange Point Roscosmos Millimeter wavelength space telescope

The South Korean launch vehicle Naro-1 used a first stage derived from Angara's URM-1 (fitted with a lower-thrust version of the RD-191 engine called RD-151). The vehicle made its first flight on 25 August 2009. The flight was not successful, but the first stage operated as expected. A second launch on 10 June 2010 ended in failure, when contact with the rocket was lost 136 seconds after launch. The Joint Failure Review Board failed to come to a consensus on the cause of the failure.[63] The third flight on 30 January 2013 successfully reached orbit.

Comparable rockets

See also

References

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  40. ^ "Разгонный блок "Бриз-М" вывел на целевую орбиту условный спутник, запущенный на "Ангаре"" [Briz-M upper stage brought satellite to orbit, launched by Angara] (in Russian). ITAR-TASS. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  41. ^ Zak, Anatoly (3 October 2020). "Second mission of the Angara-5 rocket". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  42. ^ Mooney, Justin (27 December 2021). "Russia launches third and final Angara A5 demonstration mission". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  43. ^ "Третий испытательный пуск тяжелой ракеты "Ангара-А5" осуществлен с космодрома Плесецк - Минобороны РФ" [The third test launch of the Angara-A5 heavy rocket was carried out from the Plesetsk cosmodrome - Russian Defense Ministry]. Interfax (in Russian). 27 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  44. ^ Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (18 May 2022). "The Kosmos-2555 payload launched on the Angara-1.2 test mission last month reentered this morning, May 18, after failing to make any orbital manoeuvres. SpaceTrack reports reentry between 0116 and 0230 UTC" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  45. ^ Mooney, Justin (15 April 2022). "Russia launches first orbital Angara 1.2 rocket with military payload". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  46. ^ Zak, Anatoly (17 May 2022). "Russian Military Satellite With 'Z' Marking Likely To Burn Up In Atmosphere: Experts". International Business Times.
  47. ^ "Russian military satellite "Kosmos-2560" descended from orbit". 13 December 2022.
  48. ^ Mooney, Justin (15 October 2022). "Angara 1.2 launches satellite for Russian Aerospace Forces". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  49. ^ "Источник сообщил о планируемом запуске спутников "Гонец-М" ракетой "Рокот"" [Source informed about planned launch of Gonets satellites on Rokot] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  50. ^ "Первый запуск модернизированной тяжелой "Ангары" запланирован на конец 2024 года" [The first launch of the modernized heavy "Angara" is scheduled for the end of 2024] (in Russian). TASS. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  51. ^ "Источник: Минобороны и "Роскосмос" согласовали облик "Ангары-А5М"" [Source: Ministry of Defense and Roscosmos approve Angara-A5M] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  52. ^ a b "Сибирский спутник - Для глобального применения - О СИСТЕМЕ "ЛУЧ"" [Siberian Sputnik - For Global Applications - ABOUT THE LUCH SYSTEM] (PDF) (in Russian). Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev. 19 November 2020. p. 4. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  53. ^ "Система ретрансляции "Луч" обеспечит связь с космическими аппаратами при их полете к Луне" [The Luch relay system will provide communications with spacecraft during their flight to the Moon] (in Russian). TASS. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  54. ^ "Система ретрансляции "Луч" будет состоять из четырех спутников" [The Luch relay system will consist of four satellites] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  55. ^ "Russia to set up national orbital outpost in 2027 — Roscosmos". TASS. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  56. ^ "Научно-энергетический модуль запустят на "Ангаре" с Восточного" [The Science Power Module will be launched on an Angara from Vostochny] (in Russian). Roscosmos. 24 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  57. ^ Zak, Anatoly. "Spektr-UF". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  58. ^ a b c Katya Pavlushchenko [@katlinengrey] (15 August 2023). "Both the first uncrewed test flight and the first crewed test flight of the planned #Oryol spacecraft are scheduled for 2028, said the chief designer of ROS (it's not a misprint, now they call it ROS instead of ROSS), deputy director of RSC Energia Vladimir Kozhevnikov" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  59. ^ a b "Russia to create Angara-A5P rocket for manned space launches by 2024". TASS. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  60. ^ a b c "Определен срок полета российского корабля "Орел" с экипажем на МКС" [The scheduled time for the first crewed flight of the Russian spacecraft Orel to the ISS has been determined] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  61. ^ a b c "Ученый сообщил об активном ходе работ по импортозамещению комплектующих "Луны-27"" [The scientist reported on the active progress of work on import substitution of Luna-27 components]. TASS (in Russian). 19 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  62. ^ "Russia, France draft agreement on deep space exploration". TASS. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  63. ^ "Probe into failed launch, KBS World". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
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