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Romuald Traugutt

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Romuald Traugutt
Dictator of the Polish National Government
In office
17 October 1863 – 20 April 1864
Preceded byFranciszek Dobrowolski
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Personal details
Born(1826-01-16)16 January 1826
Szostakowo [be], Grodno Governorate, Russian Empire (now Shastakova, Belarus)
Died5 August 1864(1864-08-05) (aged 38)
Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire (now Poland)
Military service
Allegiance
Years of service1842–1862
1863–1864
RankLieutenant colonel (Russian Empire)
General (Polish National Government)
Battles/wars

Romuald Traugutt (16 January 1826 – 5 August 1864) was a Polish military officer and politician who served as the last dictator of the January Uprising.

Following a career in the Imperial Russian Army that included service in Hungary and Crimea, Traugutt reluctantly joined the uprising against the Russian Empire in March 1863, eventually rising to the position of the last leader of the ill-fated insurrection.

Following capture by the Imperial Russian Police, he was tried and executed for his role in the Uprising. Despite the failure of the uprising, Traugutt became a Polish national hero. Following the return of Poland as a sovereign national entity he was recognized for his service, after decades of being censored by Imperial Russian authorities.

Early life

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Traugutt was born on the Szostakowo [be], estate Grodno Governorate in the Russian Empire.[1] Son of Ludwik and Alojza (nee Błocka).[2] Following his mother's death when Traugutt was two, he was raised by his grandmother Justyna Błocka. Following his graduation from the Svislach Gymnasium in 1842, Traugutt joined the army.[3] According to some sources, prior to joining the Russian army Traugutt unsuccessfully attempted to gain admission to the Institute of Railway Engineers[Notes 1] in St. Petersburg.[4][5]

Military service

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Following his graduation from the sapper school in Żelichów with the rank of chorąży, he worked as an instructor before being deployed in Hungary. Serving under Ivan Paskevich, he took part in the Russian intervention in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848,[6] earning a promotion to the rank of lieutenant.[7] While serving in Hungary, Traugutt's father Ludwik died.[8]

He married his first wife Anna Emilia Pikiel, daughter of a Warsaw jeweler on 25 July 1852.[9][10] Prior to the wedding his soon-to-be wife, a Lutheran, converted to Catholicism. The couple lived in Żelechów. During that time Traugutt's military service was rewarded with a house, military pension and the Order of St. Catherine, 2nd Class.[11]

After the outbreak of the Crimean War, in December 1853, Traugutt and his troops were sent to the peninsula.[6] They arrived in April of the following year, where Traugutt took part in the defensive efforts during the Siege of Sevastopol. After the war he and his family relocated first to Odesa then to Kharkiv. There he suffered a mental breakdown following the successive deaths of his family members: his grandmother (November 1859), infant daughter Justyna (December 1859), wife Anna (January 1860) and son Konrad (May 1860).[12] Following his recovery, Traugutt took over the estates of his recently deceased godfather.

In 1860 Traugutt became acquainted with Antonina Kościuszkówna, a relative of Tadeusz Kościuszko. After a brief engagement the couple was wed on 13 June 1860.[13] At the time, he was considering retirement from the army – he was in poor physical condition and rumors of an uprising were already circulating. Traugutt was eventually discharged from the army on 14 June 1862, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, while retaining the right to wear the uniform and earning a pension of 230 rubles. Around that time his two-year-old son Roman died.

January Uprising

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See also: January Uprising

While the January Uprising broke out in January 1863, Traugutt remained reluctant to take part in the insurrection[14] until April 1863. Traugutt participated in a few skirmishes, before his unit was destroyed in Battle of Kołodno in July 1863. Routed, he hid in Eliza Orzeszkowa's estate before making his way to Warsaw. There he presented himself to the National Government and was granted the title of General on 15 August.

Traugutt embarked on a diplomatic mission to France, hoping to garner support for the Uprising. Following the mission's failure, he returned to Poland and earned the support of the White faction. After the Reds lost power, Traugutt was selected as the dictator of the uprising on 17 October 1863.

Traugutt's leadership was secret in nature. Adopting the nom de guerre Michał Czarnecki, he led the uprising from his apartment at Smolna Street 3 and pretended to be a merchant from Galicia to further obscure his identity. As dictator, Traugutt attempted to reform guerrilla units into a professional army and – on 23 December 1863 – summoned representatives from Congress Poland to discuss the abolition of serfdom.

Recognizing the difficult financial situation of the uprising, Traugutt attempted to take loans from domestic and foreign banks, with no success. After failing to garner foreign states' support for a military intervention, he turned to revolutionaries, such as Giuseppe Garibaldi, for help.

See also: Pope Pius IX and Poland

Despite his noted religious devotion and correspondence with Pope Pious IX, Traugutt blocked sending funds to Rome, meant for the beatification of Josaphat Kuntsevych.

Arrest and execution

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After the failure of the uprising, Traugutt's real identity was revealed by Artur Goldman,[15][16][17] a participant of the uprising arrested by the Russian police earlier in the month, and arrested in Helena Kirkorowa's apartment[18] on the night of 10-11 April 1864.

On 19 July he was sentenced to death for his role in the uprising.[19] Traugutt was hanged at the Warsaw Citadel on 5 August 1864, alongside rebel commanders Rafał Krajewski, Józef Toczyski, Roman Żuliński and Jan Jeziorański.[20]

Commemoration

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Romuald Traugutt on the 10 złoty coin (1933)

Following Traugutt's execution a cult of personality began forming around his person,[21] with some sources likening his sacrifice to the martyrdom of Christ.

In 1916, a monument was raised in Warsaw at the site of his execution,[22] and in 1925, the area around it was dedicated as Traugutt Park.[23]

In 1945, he was honored on the first postage stamp of the newly re-emerged Republic of Poland as part of a three-stamp set honoring national heroes.[24] He had been earlier honored on a stamp in the 1938 set for the 20th anniversary of Poland's independence after World War I.[25] Poland issued additional stamps in his honor in 1962[26] and 1963.[27] He was also commemorated on the Polish 20 złoty banknote of the 1980s.

The high school in Częstochowa is named after him, and a memorial column to him was erected in 1933 in Ciechocinek.[28]

There is also a monument to Traugutt in the town of Svislach in Belarus.[29]

One of Traugutt's early biographers has been the Marian Father, Józef Jarzębowski (1897-1964), who devoted three volumes to Traugutt's life and work.[30] Other biographers include his great-grandson, col. Andrzej Juszkiewicz (1923-2009).[31]

Notes

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  1. ^ In some sources appears as the Institute of Road Engineers (pol. Instytut Inżynierów Dróg Komunikacyjnych) – [1] [2] [3]

References

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  1. ^ (nowadays Shastakova, Kamenets District, Belarus)
  2. ^ Marriage certificate, currently stored by the parish of St. John in Warsaw. (1852, act nr. 150)
  3. ^ Рамуальд Траўгут на Кобрыншчыне (Romuald Traugutt in the Kobryn area) (in Belarusian
  4. ^ "Romuald Traugutt (1826-1864)". dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-27. Gimnazjum w Świsłoczy ukończył z bardzo dobrymi wynikami, jednak nie dostał się na wymarzone studia w Instytucie Inżynierów Dróg Komunikacyjnych w Petersburgu. Wybrał karierę wojskową. W 1845 r. rozpoczął naukę w szkole oficerskiej w Żelechowie.
  5. ^ "Romuald Traugutt • Życiorysy.pl". Życiorysy.pl (in Polish). 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2023-08-27. Uczęszczał do gimnazjum w Świsłoczy, które ukończył z wyróżnieniem w 1842 r. Mimo dobrych wyników nie dostał się jednak na swój wymarzony kierunek studiów w Petersburgu w Instytucie Inżynierów Dróg Komunikacyjnych. Zamiast tego postawił na karierę wojskową.
  6. ^ a b "Urodził się Romuald Traugutt - Muzeum Historii Polski". muzhp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-27. W ramach służby brał udział w kampanii rosyjskiej przeciwko powstańcom na Węgrzech oraz w wojnie krymskiej.
  7. ^ "Romuald Traugutt: Ostatni dyktator". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-12. Z wojny wrócił z medalem i stopniem porucznika.
  8. ^ Drążek, Aleksandra. "Romuald Traugutt - pochodzenie, kariera wojskowa, działalność powstańcza, śmierć". kronikidziejow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-27. W oczekiwaniu na wymarsz batalionu, w czerwcu 1848 r., Romuald Traugutt dowiedział się o śmierci ojca.
  9. ^ Kalicka, Manula (2013). "Romuald Traugutt - bohater z przypadku". www.polityka.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-27. W 1852 r. ożenił się z Anną Pikiel, córką jubilera.
  10. ^ Krzyżak, Tomasz. "Romuald Traugutt: Ostatni dyktator". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-27. Wkrótce poznał w Warszawie swoją pierwszą żonę – Annę Pikiel (ślub odbył się w stołecznej katedrze 25 lipca 1852 r.).
  11. ^ "Romuald Traugutt (1826-1864)". dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-27. Za udział w węgierskiej batalii Traugutt otrzymał Order św. Anny, mieszkanie i gratyfikację finansową.
  12. ^ Drążek, Aleksandra. "Romuald Traugutt - pochodzenie, kariera wojskowa, działalność powstańcza, śmierć". kronikidziejow.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-27. Najpierw w listopadzie 1859 r. śmierć zabrała Justynę Błocką, miesiąc później – paromiesięczną córeczkę, a 1 stycznia – ukochaną żonę. W maju zmarł syn Traugutta.
  13. ^ "Romuald Traugutt • Życiorysy.pl". Życiorysy.pl (in Polish). 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2023-08-27. Kolejną żoną Romualda została krewna Tadeusza Kościuszki, Antonina Kościuszkówna. Pobrali się 13 czerwca 1860 r.
  14. ^ "Romuald Traugutt dyktatorem Powstania Styczniowego - Muzeum Historii Polski". muzhp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-12. Przed objęciem funkcji dyktatora ten były żołnierz armii rosyjskiej z powodzeniem dowodził jednym z oddziałów powstańczych, choć początkowo wcale nie był zwolennikiem walki zbrojnej z zaborcą, zdając sobie sprawę z militarnej przewagi Rosjan.
  15. ^ "Aresztowanie Romualda Traugutta". PolskieRadio.pl. Retrieved 2019-04-19. Wydał go urzędnik wydziału skarbowego Rządu Narodowego, Artur Goldman. (He was denounced by an official of the National Government tax department, Artur Goldman.)
  16. ^ Kieniewicz, Stefan (1983). Warszawa w powstaniu stycziowym (in Polish). Wiedza Powszechna. p. 220. ISBN 9788321403038. Artur Goldman.. złożył zeznania obciążają (Artur Goldman .. gave testimony against Traugutt ..)
  17. ^ Davies, Norman (2005-02-24). God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199253401.
  18. ^ Noiński, Emil (2017). "Opiekunka dyktatora. Losy Heleny Kirkorowej (1828–1900) w Powstaniu Styczniowym i na zesłaniu syberyjskim". Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku (in Polish). 17: 89. doi:10.18778/2080-8313.17.05. hdl:11089/25322. ISSN 2450-6796.
  19. ^ "Romuald Traugutt: Ostatni dyktator". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-12. 19 lipca Wojskowy Sąd Polowy skazał generała Romualda Traugutta na karę śmierci.
  20. ^ "Traugutt Romuald, Encyklopedia PWN: źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy". encyklopedia.pwn.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-12. Został stracony 5 VIII 1864 na stokach Cytadeli warszawskiej wraz z R. Krajewskim, J. Toczyskim, R. Żulińskim i J. Jeziorańskim.
  21. ^ "Romuald Traugutt dyktatorem Powstania Styczniowego - Muzeum Historii Polski". muzhp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-08-12. Romuald Traugutt powtarzał, że "władza jest u nas aktem poświęcenia, a nie ambicji". Jego honor i miłość ojczyzny wymagały, aby pełnił swą funkcję do końca. Wkrótce potem ostatni przywódca Powstania Styczniowego stał się symbolem wierności i poświęcenia dla ojczyzny, osobą powszechnie darzoną czcią i szacunkiem.
  22. ^ Brandys, Kazimierz (1984) A Warsaw diary 1978-1981 Chatto & Windus, London, page 16, ISBN 0-7011-2903-4
  23. ^ Chrościcki, Juliusz A. and Rottermund, Andrzej (11978) Atlas of Warsaw's Architecture (translated by Jerzy Dłutek from Atlas Architektury Warszawy) Arkady, Warsaw, page 226, in Wroclaw a street was named after his name.OCLC 4402354
  24. ^ The stamp was issued with a denomination of 25 groszy and is listed in Scott's Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Poland #341. "Poland" Scott, volume 5 (2011)
  25. ^ The stamp was issued with a denomination of 2 złoty and is listed in Scott's Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Poland #331. "Poland" Scott, volume 5 (2011)
  26. ^ The stamp was issued with a denomination of 60 groszy and is listed in Scott's Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Poland #1062. "Poland" Scott, volume 5 (2011)
  27. ^ The stamp was issued with a denomination of 60 groszy and is listed in Scott's Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Poland #1111. "Poland" Scott, volume 5 (2011)
  28. ^ "History of Ciechocinek" Archived 2012-05-30 at the Wayback Machine The Official Tourism Website of Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province
  29. ^ Ужо сёньня: Дзень памяці Рамуальда Траўгута і Вячаслава Адамчыка (Today: Remembrance Day of Ramuald Traugutt and Viačaslaǔ Adamčyk)(in Belarusian)
  30. ^ Jarzębowski, Józef. Traugutt, nakładem Archidiecezjalnego Instytutu Akcji Katolickiej, Warszawa, 1938.
  31. ^ "Andrzej Januszkiewicz, Warszawa, 16.11.2009 - nekrolog". nekrologi.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2023-08-12.

Bibliography

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  • Józef Jarzębowski. Traugutt, nakładem Archidiecezjalnego Instytutu Akcji Katolickiej, Warszawa, 1938.
  • Józef Jarzębowski. Węgierska polityka Traugutta: na podstawie znanych i nieznanych dokumentów. Warszawa 1939. ("Traugutt's Hungarian policies").
  • Józef Jarzębowski. Traugutt: dokumenty, listy, wspomnienia, wypisy. Londyn: Veritas, 1970.
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