Jump to content

Voronezh

Coordinates: 51°40′18″N 39°12′38″E / 51.67167°N 39.21056°E / 51.67167; 39.21056
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by WessyTheBoy54 (talk | contribs) at 03:15, 1 December 2024. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Not to be confused with Voronizh.
For other uses, see Voronezh (disambiguation).

Voronezh
Воронеж
City[1]
Main building of the South Eastern Railway Administration
Main building of the South Eastern Railway Administration
Flag of Voronezh
Flag
Coat of arms of Voronezh
Coat of arms
Location of Voronezh
Map
Voronezh is located in Russia
Voronezh
Voronezh
Location of Voronezh
Voronezh is located in Voronezh Oblast
Voronezh
Voronezh
Voronezh (Voronezh Oblast)
Voronezh is located in European Russia
Voronezh
Voronezh
Voronezh (European Russia)
Coordinates: 51°40′18″N 39°12′38″E / 51.67167°N 39.21056°E / 51.67167; 39.21056
CountryRussia
Federal subjectVoronezh Oblast[1]
Founded1585[2] or much earlier[3]
City status since1585[4]
Government
 • BodyCity Duma
 • MayorVadim Kstenin
Area
[5]
 • Total
601 km2 (232 sq mi)
Elevation
154 m (505 ft)
Population
 • Estimate 
(2018)[6]
1,047,549
DemonymnoneEdit this on Wikidata
 • Subordinated toVoronezh Urban Okrug[1]
 • Capital ofVoronezh Oblast,[1] Voronezh Urban Okrug[1]
 • Urban okrugVoronezh Urban Okrug[7]
 • Capital ofVoronezh Urban Okrug[7]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[8])
Postal code(s)[9]
394000–394095
Dialing code(s)+7 473[10]
OKTMO ID20701000001
City DayThird Saturday of September[11]
Websitewww.voronezh-city.ru

Voronezh[a] (/vəˈroʊnɪʃ, -ˈrɒn-/ və-ROH-nish, -⁠RO-; Russian: Воронеж, IPA: [vɐˈronʲɪʂ] ⓘ) is a city and the administrative centre of Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia straddling the Voronezh River, located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from where it flows into the Don River. The city sits on the Southeastern Railway, which connects western Russia with the Urals and Siberia, the Caucasus and Ukraine, and the M4 highway (Moscow–Voronezh–Rostov-on-Don–Novorossiysk). In recent years the city has experienced rapid population growth, rising in 2021 to 1,057,681,[12] up from 889,680 recorded in the 2010 Census,[14] making it the 14th-most populous city in the country.

History

See also: Timeline of Voronezh

Foundation and name

Scythian vessel from Voronezh, 4th century BC. Hermitage Museum.

The first chronicle references to the word "Voronezh" are dated 1177, when the Ryazan prince Yaropolk, having lost the battle, fled "to Voronozh" and there was moving "from town to town". Modern data of archeology and history interpret Voronezh as a geographical region, which included the Voronezh river (tributary of the Don) and a number of settlements. In the lower reaches of the river, a unique Slavic town-planning complex of the 8th – early 11th century was discovered, which covered the territory of the present city of Voronezh and its environs (about 42 km long, about 13 forts and many unfortified villages). By the 12th – 13th centuries, most of the old towns were desolate, but new settlements appeared upstream, closer to Ryazan.[15][16][17][18]

For many years, the hypothesis of the Soviet historian Vladimir Zagorovsky dominated: he produced the toponym "Voronezh" from the hypothetical Slavic personal name Voroneg. This man allegedly gave the name of a small town in the Chernigov Principality (now the village of Voronizh in Ukraine[19]). Later, in the 11th or 12th century, the settlers were able to "transfer" this name to the Don region, where they named the second city Voronezh, and the river got its name from the city.[20][21] However, now many researchers criticize the hypothesis, since in reality neither the name of Voroneg nor the second city was revealed, and usually the names of Russian cities repeated the names of the rivers, but not vice versa.

The linguistic comparative analysis of the name "Voronezh" was carried out by the Khovansky Foundation in 2009. There is an indication of the place names of many countries in Eurasia, which may partly be not only similar in sound, but also united by common Indo-European languages: Varanasi, Varna, Verona, Brno, etc.[22]

A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted in 2015–2016 by the historian Pavel Popov. His conclusion: "Voronezh" is a probable Slavic macrotoponym associated with outstanding signs of nature, has a root voron- (from the proto-Slavic vorn) in the meaning of "black, dark" and the suffix -ezh (-azh, -ozh). It was not “transferred” and in the 8th - 9th centuries it marked a vast territory covered with black forests (oak forests) - from the mouth of the Voronezh river to the Voronozhsky annalistic forests in the middle and upper reaches of the river, and in the west to the Don (many forests were cut down). The historian believes that the main "city" of the early town-planning complex could repeat the name of the region – Voronezh. Now the hillfort is located in the administrative part of the modern city, in the Voronezh upland oak forest. This is one of Europe's largest ancient Slavic hillforts, the area of which – more than 9 hectares – 13 times the area of the main settlement in Kyiv before the baptism of Rus.[18][23]

In [1] it is assumed that the word "Voronezh" means bluing - a technique to increase the corrosion resistance of iron products. This explanation fits well with the proximity to the ancient city of Voronezh of a large iron deposit and the city of Stary Oskol. As well as the name of Voroneț Monastery known for its blue shade. [non sequitur]

Folk etymology claims the name comes from combining the Russian words for raven (ворон) and hedgehog (еж) into Воронеж. According to this explanation two Slavic tribes named after the animals used this combination to name the river which later in turn provided the name for a settlement. There is not believed to be any scientific support for this explanation.

In the 16th century, the Middle Don basin, including the Voronezh river, was gradually conquered by Muscovy from the Nogai Horde (a successor state of the Golden Horde), and the current city of Voronezh was established in 1585 by Feodor I as a fort protecting the Muravsky Trail trade route against the slave raids of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars. The city was named after the river.[2]

17th to 19th centuries

A monument to Peter the Great
Voronezh. Ship Museum Goto Predestinatsia

In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu's map of 1645.[24] Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696. This fleet, the first ever built in Russia, included the first Russian ship of the line, Goto Predestinatsia. The Orthodox diocese of Voronezh was instituted in 1682 and its first bishop, Mitrofan of Voronezh, was later proclaimed the town's patron saint.

View of Voronezh in the 18th century

Owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it was made the seat of the Azov Governorate, which eventually morphed into the Voronezh Governorate.

In the 19th century, Voronezh was the center of Voronezh Governorate. Manufacturing industry (mills, tallow-melting, butter-making, soap, leather, and other works) as well as bread, cattle, suet, and the hair trade developed in the town. A railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871.

20th century

World War II

During World War II, Voronezh was the scene of fierce fighting between Soviet and combined Axis troops. The Germans used it as a staging area for their attack on Stalingrad, and made it a key crossing point on the Don River. In June 1941, two BM-13 (Fighting machine #13 Katyusha) artillery installations were built at the Voronezh excavator factory. In July, the construction of Katyushas was rationalized so that their manufacture became easier and the time of volley repetition was shortened from five minutes to fifteen seconds. More than 300 BM-13 units manufactured in Voronezh were used in a counterattack near Moscow in December 1941. In October 22, 1941, the advance of the German troops prompted the establishment of a defense committee in the city. On November 7, 1941, there was a troop parade, devoted to the anniversary of the October Revolution. Only three such parades were organized that year: in Moscow, Kuybyshev, and Voronezh. In late June 1942, the city was attacked by German and Hungarian forces. In response, Soviet forces formed the Voronezh Front. By July 6, the German army occupied the western river-bank suburbs before being subjected to a fierce Soviet counter-attack. By July 24 the frontline had stabilised along the Voronezh River as the German forces continued southeast into the Great Bend of the Don. The attack on Voronezh represented the first phase of the German Army's 1942 campaign in the Soviet Union, codenamed Case Blue.

German mechanized forces on their way to Voronezh, July 1942

Until January 25, 1943, parts of the Second German Army and the Second Hungarian Army occupied the western part of Voronezh. During Operation Little Saturn, the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive, and the Voronezhsko-Kastornenskoy Offensive, the Voronezh Front exacted heavy casualties on Axis forces. On January 25, 1943, Voronezh was liberated after ten days of combat. During the war the city was almost completely ruined, with 92% of all buildings destroyed.

Post-war

By 1950, Voronezh had been rebuilt. Most buildings and historical monuments were repaired. It was also the location of a prestigious Suvorov Military School, a boarding school for young boys who were considered to be prospective military officers, many of whom had been orphaned by war.[25]

In 1950–1960, new factories were established: a tire factory, a machine-tool factory, a factory of heavy mechanical pressing, and others. In 1968, Serial production of the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic plane was established at the Voronezh Aviation factory. In October 1977, the first Soviet domestic wide-body plane, Ilyushin Il-86, was built there.

In 1989, TASS published details of an alleged UFO landing in the city's park and purported encounters with extraterrestrial beings reported by a number of children. A Russian scientist that was cited in initial TASS reports later told the Associated Press that he was misquoted, cautioning, "Don't believe all you hear from TASS," and "We never gave them part of what they published",[26] and a TASS correspondent admitted the possibility that some "make-believe" had been added to the TASS story, saying, "I think there is a certain portion of truth, but it is not excluded that there is also fantasizing".[27][28]

21st century

City Day in Voronezh in 2008

From 10 to 17 September 2011, Voronezh celebrated its 425th anniversary. The anniversary of the city was given the status of a federal scale celebration that helped attract large investments from the federal and regional budgets for development.[29]

On December 17, 2012, Voronezh became the fifteenth city in Russia with a population of over one million people.[30]

Today Voronezh is the economic, industrial, cultural, and scientific center of the Central Black Earth Region. As part of the annual tradition in the Russian city of Voronezh, every winter the main city square is thematically drawn around a classic literature. In 2020, the city was decorated using the motifs from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker. In the year of 2021, the architects drew inspiration from Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen as well as the animation classic The Snow Queen from the Soviet Union. The fairy tale replica city will feature the houses of Kai and Gerda, the palace of the snow queen, an ice rink, and illumination.[31][32]

In June 2023, during the Wagner Group rebellion, forces of the Wagner Group claimed to have taken control of military facilities in the city. Later they were confirmed to have taken the city itself.[33][34][35]

On the night of 27 October 2024, during the Russo-Ukrainian War, Ukraine launched a drone attack on two distilleries in Voronezh, distilleries that make rocket and aviation fuel and explosives.[36][37]


Administrative and municipal status

The Mayor's office of Voronezh
Administrative districts of Voronezh

Voronezh is the administrative center of the oblast.[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Voronezh Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.[7]

City divisions

The city is divided into six administrative districts:

  1. Zheleznodorozhny (183,17 km²)
  2. Tsentralny (63,96 km²)
  3. Kominternovsky (47,41 km²)
  4. Leninsky (18,53 km²)
  5. Sovetsky (156,6 km²)
  6. Levoberezhny (123,89 km²)

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
189780,599—    
1926118,191+46.6%
1939326,932+176.6%
1959447,164+36.8%
1970660,182+47.6%
1979782,950+18.6%
1989886,844+13.3%
2002848,752−4.3%
2010889,680+4.8%
20211,057,681+18.9%
Source: Census data

At the time of the official 2021 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (960,357) was:[38]

Ethnicity Population Percentage
Russians 918,247 95.6%
Ukrainians 4,806 0.5%
Armenians 4,416 0.5%
Tajiks 1,946 0.2%
Uzbeks 1,707 0.2%
Azerbaijanis 1,679 0.2%
Turkmens 1,383 0.1%
Others 26,173 2.7%

Economy

The leading sectors of the urban economy in the 20th century were mechanical engineering, metalworking, the electronics industry and the food industry.

In the city are such companies as:

Tupolev Tu-144
  • Voronezhselmash (agricultural engineering)
  • Sozvezdie[39] (headquarter, JSC Concern “Sozvezdie”, in 1958 the world's first created mobile telephony and wireless telephone Altai
  • Verofarm (pharmaceutics, owner Abbott Laboratories),
  • Voronezh Mechanical Plant[40] (production of missile and aircraft engines, oil and gas equipment)
  • Mining Machinery Holding - RUDGORMASH[41] (production of drilling, mineral processing and mining equipment)
  • VNiiPM Research Institute of Semiconductor Engineering[42] (equipment for plasma-chemical processes, technical-chemical equipment for liquid operations, water treatment equipment)
  • KBKhA Chemical Automatics Design Bureau with notable products:.[43]
  • Pirelli Voronezh.[44]
  • Koltsovsky Market in Voronezh

On the territory of the city district government Maslovka Voronezh region with the support of the Investment Fund of Russia, is implementing a project to create an industrial park, "Maslowski", to accommodate more than 100 new businesses, including the transformer factory of Siemens. On September 7, 2011 in Voronezh there opened a Global network operation center of Nokia Siemens Networks, which was the fifth in the world and the first in Russia.[citation needed]

Construction

In 2014, 926,000 square meters of housing was delivered.[45]

Clusters of Voronezh

In clusters of tax incentives and different preferences, the full support of the authorities. A cluster of Oil and Gas Equipment, Radio-electronic cluster, Furniture cluster, IT cluster, Cluster aircraft, Cluster Electromechanics, Transport and logistics cluster, Cluster building materials and technologies.[46]

Geography

Urban layout

Information about the original urban layout of Voronezh is contained in the "Patrol Book" of 1615. At that time, the city fortress was logged and located on the banks of the Voronezh River. In plan, it was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of about 238 meter. inside it, due to lack of space, there was no housing or siege yards, and even the cathedral church was supposed to be taken out. However, at this small fortress there was a large garrison - 666 households of service people. These courtyards were reliably protected by the second line of fortifications by a standing prison on taras with 25 towers covered with earth; behind the prison was a moat, and beyond the moat there were stakes. Voronezh was a typical military settlement (ostrog).[47] In the city prison there were only settlements of military men: Streletskaya, Kazachya, Belomestnaya atamanskaya, Zatinnaya and Pushkarskaya.[48] The posad population received the territory between the ostrog and the river, where the Monastyrskaya settlements (at the Assumption Monastery) was formed. Subsequently, the Yamnaya Sloboda was added to them, and on the other side of the fort, on the Chizhovka Mountain, the Chizhovskaya Sloboda of archers and Cossacks appeared. As a result, the Voronezh settlements surrounded the fortress in a ring. The location of the parish churches emphasized this ring-like and even distribution of settlements: the Ilyinsky Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda, the Pyatnitskaya Cossack and Pokrovskaya Belomestnaya were brought out to the passage towers of the prison. The Nikolskaya Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda was located near the marketplace (and, accordingly, the front facade of the fortress), and the paired ensemble of the Rozhdestvenskaya and Georgievskaya churches of the Cossack Sloboda marked the main street of the city, going from the Cossack Gate to the fortress tower.[49]

Climate

Voronezh experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.[50]

Climate data for Voronezh (1991–2020, extremes 1918–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9) 		11.0
(51.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		29.2
(84.6) 		35.7
(96.3) 		38.9
(102.0) 		40.1
(104.2) 		40.5
(104.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		26.5
(79.7) 		18.2
(64.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		40.5
(104.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		3.6
(38.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.5
(79.7) 		19.7
(67.5) 		11.5
(52.7) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		12.1
(53.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.0
(21.2) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		8.7
(47.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19.9
(67.8) 		14.0
(57.2) 		7.4
(45.3) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		7.5
(45.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.5
(16.7) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		15.6
(60.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		3.5
(38.3)
Record low °C (°F) −36.5
(−33.7) 		−36.2
(−33.2) 		−32.0
(−25.6) 		−16.8
(1.8) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−25.1
(−13.2) 		−33.4
(−28.1) 		−36.5
(−33.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 42
(1.7) 		39
(1.5) 		38
(1.5) 		41
(1.6) 		48
(1.9) 		61
(2.4) 		58
(2.3) 		52
(2.0) 		51
(2.0) 		51
(2.0) 		43
(1.7) 		48
(1.9) 		572
(22.5)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 16
(6.3) 		22
(8.7) 		16
(6.3) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		9
(3.5) 		22
(8.7)
Average rainy days 8 6 8 12 13 15 13 10 13 14 13 9 134
Average snowy days 21 20 14 3 0.2 0 0 0 0.1 3 12 20 93
Average relative humidity (%) 84 82 77 66 61 67 68 67 73 79 85 85 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours 62 86 125 184 268 284 286 254 185 111 45 38 1,928
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[51]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[52]

Transportation

Air

The city is served by the Voronezh International Airport, which is located north of the city and is home to Polet Airlines. Voronezh is also home to the Pridacha Airport, a part of a major aircraft manufacturing facility VASO (Voronezhskoye Aktsionernoye Samoletostroitelnoye Obshchestvo, Voronezh aircraft production association) where the Tupolev Tu-144 (known in the West as the "Concordski"), was built and the only operational unit is still stored. Voronezh also hosts the Voronezh Malshevo air force base in the southwest of the city, which, according to a Natural Resources Defense Council report, houses nuclear bombers.[citation needed]

Rail

Since 1868, there is a railway connection between Voronezh and Moscow.[53] Rail services form a part of the South Eastern Railway of the Russian Railways. Destinations served direct from Voronezh include Moscow, Kyiv, Kursk, Novorossiysk, Sochi, and Tambov. The main train station is called Voronezh-1 railway station and is located in the center of the city.

Bus

There are three bus stations in Voronezh that connect the city with destinations including Moscow, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, and Astrakhan.

Education and culture

Voronezh State Medical University
Snow at night in a Voronezh park
Aviastroiteley Park

The city has seven theaters, twelve museums, a number of movie theaters, a philharmonic hall, and a circus. It is also a major center of higher education in central Russia. The main educational facilities include:

  • Voronezh State University
  • Voronezh State Technical University
  • Voronezh State University of Architecture and Construction
  • Voronezh State Pedagogical University
  • Voronezh State Agricultural University
  • Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies
  • Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko
  • Voronezh State Academy of Arts
  • Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov
  • Voronezh State Institute of Physical Training
  • Voronezh Institute of Russia's Home Affairs Ministry
  • Voronezh Institute of High Technologies
  • Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force «N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy» (Voronezh)
  • Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Voronezh branch)
  • Russian State University of Justice[54]
  • Admiral Makarov State University of Sea and River Fleet (Voronezh branch)
  • International Institute of Computer Technologies
  • Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law

and a number of other affiliate and private-funded institutes and universities. There are 2000 schools within the city.

Theaters

Festivals

Platonov International Arts Festival[59]

Sports

Club Sport Founded Current League League
Rank		 Stadium
Fakel Voronezh Football 1947 Russian Premier League 1st Tsentralnyi Profsoyuz Stadion
Energy Voronezh Football 1989 Women's Premier League 1st Rudgormash Stadium
Buran Voronezh Ice Hockey 1977 Higher Hockey League 2nd Yubileyny Sports Palace
VC Voronezh Volleyball 2006 Women's Higher Volleyball League A 2nd Kristall Sports Complex

Religion

Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral in Voronezh

Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Voronezh.[citation needed] There is an Orthodox Jewish community in Voronezh, with a synagogue located on Stankevicha Street.[60][61] A notable Christian Armenian, up to 4,000 individuals, is also present.

In 1682, the Voronezh diocese was formed to fight the schismatics. Its first head was Bishop Mitrofan (1623-1703) at the age of 58. Under him, the construction began on the new Annunciation Cathedral to replace the old one. In 1832, Mitrofan was glorified as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church.

In the 1990s, many Orthodox churches were returned to the diocese. Their restoration was continued. In 2009, instead of the lost one, a new Annunciation Cathedral was built with a monument to St. Mitrofan erected next to it.

Cemeteries

There are ten cemeteries in Voronezh:

  • Levoberezhnoye Cemetery
  • Lesnoye Cemetery
  • Jewish Cemetery
  • Nikolskoye Cemetery
  • Pravoberezhnoye Cemetery
  • Budyonnovskoe Cemetery
  • Yugo-Zapadnoye Cemetery
  • Podgorenskоye Cemetery
  • Kominternovskoe Cemetery

Ternovoye Cemetery is а historical site closed to the public.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Voronezh

Sister cities

Source:[62]

Date   Sister City
1989 Germany Wesermarsch, Lower Saxony, Germany
1991 United States Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
1992 China Chongqing, China
1995 Bulgaria Sliven, Bulgaria
1996 Spain León, Castile and León, Spain[63]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Alternatively romanized as Voronež or Voronège[13].

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Law #87-OZ
  2. ^ a b Историческая хроника (DOC) (in Russian). Муниципальное учреждение культуры Централизованная библиотечная система города Воронежа Центральная городская библиотека имени А. Платонова. 2009. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  3. ^ Воронеж может оказаться намного старше (in Russian). Вести. August 19, 2010. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  4. ^ "История". Voronezh-city.ru. Archived from the original on August 1, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  5. ^ "База данных показателей муниципальных образований". Gks.ru. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  6. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c Law #66-OZ
  8. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  9. ^ "Каталог компаний, справочник компаний России: Желтые страницы России - Евро Адрес". E-adres.ru. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  10. ^ "Телефонный код города Воронеж". Kody.su. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  11. ^ "День города Воронеж 2015". Mir36.ru. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  12. ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  13. ^ "Conférence régionale de la FAO pour l'Europe" (PDF). United Nations. April 2018.
  14. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  15. ^ В. П. Загоровский. "Воронежская историческая энциклопедия". Воронеж, 1992. Стр. 53.
  16. ^ А. З. Винников, А. Т. Синюк. "Дорогами тысячелетий: Археологи о древней истории Воронежского края". Издание 2-е. Воронеж, 2003. Стр. 185–187, 236–242.
  17. ^ Н. А. Тропин. "Южные территории Чернигово-Рязанского порубежья в XII–XV вв." Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук. Москва, 2007.
  18. ^ a b П. А. Попов. "Воронеж: древнее слово и древние города, а также древние леса и древние реки России". Воронеж, 2016.
  19. ^ Woroneż (Wronasz) is shown on the Woroneż river by Stefan Kuczyński (1936) in a historical map of 15th-century Chernigov, «Ziemie Czernihowsko-Siewierskie pod rządami Litwy».
  20. ^ В. П. Загоровский. "О древнем Воронеже и слове «Воронеж»". Издание 2-е. Воронеж, 1977.
  21. ^ Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва, 1998. Стр. 104.
  22. ^ А. Лазарев. "Тайна имени Воронежъ" (The Mystery of the Name of Voronezh). Воронеж, 2009.
  23. ^ П. А. Попов. "Комплексный подход в топонимических исследованиях в связи с историей русского градостроительства (на примере Центрального Черноземья)". Девятые всероссийские краеведческие чтения (Москва – Воронеж, 15–19 мая 2015 г.). Москва; Воронеж, 2016. Стр. 423–434.
  24. ^ Russiæ, vulgo Moscovia, pars australis in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive Atlas Novus in quo Tabulæ et Descriptiones Omnium Regionum, Editæ a Guiljel et Ioanne Blaeu, 1645.
  25. ^ Alex Levin, Under The Yellow & Red Stars Archived August 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (Azrieli Foundation, 2009), pp. 45ff., "The Suvorov Military School".
  26. ^ Dahlberg, John-Thor (October 11, 1989). "Voronzeh Scientist Quoted by TASS Casts Doubt on UFO Landing Story". Associated Press.
  27. ^ "UFO lands in Russia? Writer now waffles". United Press International. October 10, 1989.
  28. ^ Fein, Esther B.; Times, Special To The New York (October 11, 1989). "U.F.O. Landing Is Fact, Not Fantasy, the Russians Insist". The New York Times. p. 6. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  29. ^ Интерактивная карта подготовки к 425-летию основания Воронежа (рус.). Сайт администрации города Воронеж (31.08.11). Проверено 24 января 2011
  30. ^ "В Воронеже родился миллионный житель". РБК. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  31. ^ ПОДЪЯБЛОНСКАЯ, Татьяна (October 5, 2020). "Дворец, лабиринт и сани: главную площадь Воронежа в Новый год украсят в стиле "Снежной королевы"". vrn.kp.ru. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  32. ^ "Воронежцам показали, как оформят к Новому году площадь Ленина — В Воронеже — Культура ВРН". culturavrn.ru. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  33. ^ Ives, Mike (June 24, 2023). "What's happening in Russia? Here's what we know". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  34. ^ "Russia accuses Wagner chief Yevgeny Prigozhin of urging "armed rebellion": Live updates". CNN. June 24, 2023. Archived from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  35. ^ "Breaking: Wagners took city of Voronezh, convoy of tanks on highway to Moscow". Ukraine Today. June 24, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  36. ^ "Ukraine Takes Out Fuel Used by Putin's War Machine". Newsweek. October 28, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  37. ^ "Drones attack Voronezh distillery for second time this month". NV Nation. October 27, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  38. ^ "Национальный состав населения". Rosstat. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
  39. ^ "Главная страница - АО "Концерн «Созвездие"". Vsm-sorter.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  40. ^ "Voronezh Mechanical Plant". Vmzvrn.ru. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  41. ^ "MMHC RUDGORMASH Mining Machinery Holding Company". Mmhc-rudgormash.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  42. ^ "НИИПМ→О компании→Институт сегодня". Vniipm.ru. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  43. ^ ""Конструкторское Бюро Химавтоматики" - Главная". Kbkha.ru. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  44. ^ "Pirelli, Russian Technologies joint venture launches technologically advanced second production line at Voronezh". Pirelli.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  45. ^ "Официальный портал органов власти". Govvrn.ru. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  46. ^ "Главная - ЦКР". Cluster36.ru. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  47. ^ "Хронология Воронежа, год 1615" (in Russian). Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  48. ^ "ПОВСЕДНЕВНАЯ ЖИЗНЬ ВОРОНЕЖА В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XVII ВЕКА" (in Russian). May 16, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  49. ^ Urban planning of the Moscow state in the 16th - 17th centuries. pp.82-85
  50. ^ "Voronezh, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  51. ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  52. ^ "Voronez (Voronezh) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  53. ^ "Жд вокзал Воронеж | Оригинал жд билета | Жд билеты | Международный аэропорт "Стригино" г. Нижний Новгород, РЖД билет, купить ж д билет, рейсы самолетов в нижний новгород, телефоны справочного бюро аэропорта стригино, заказ ж/д билетов, стоимость жд билетов, билеты на поезд, бронирование, авиарейсы - Аэропорт Нижний Новгород - Нижегородский аэропорт - сайт аэропорта нижний новгород стригино - МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ АЭРОПОРТ НИЖНИЙ НОВГОРОД". Nnov-airport.ru. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  54. ^ "О филиале". Cb.rgup.ru. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  55. ^ "Воронежский камерный театр". Chambervrn.ru. Archived from the original on August 21, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  56. ^ "Воронежский Академический Театр драмы им. А. Кольцова". Voronezhdrama.ru. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  57. ^ "Воронежский государственный театр оперы и балета – официальный сайт". Theatre-vrn.ru. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  58. ^ ".:. Òåàòð Êóêîë - "ØÓÒ" .:". Puppet-shut.ru. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  59. ^ "Фестиваль". Platonovfest.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  60. ^ "В Воронеже открыли одну из крупнейших синагог России". Rg.ru. October 20, 2014. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  61. ^ "The Jewish Community of Voronezh". evrei-vrn.ru. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
  62. ^ Рациональная маршрутная сеть. "Воронеж: официальный сайт администрации городского округа". Voronezh-city.ru. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  63. ^ "Ciudades y pueblos se benefician del hermanamiento con otros territorios". Larazon.es. Archived from the original on December 21, 2009. Retrieved September 16, 2011.

Sources

  • Воронежская областная Дума. Закон №87-ОЗ от 27 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Воронежской области и порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №41-ОЗ от 13 апреля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Воронежской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Воронежской области и порядке его изменения"». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Молодой коммунар", №123, 3 ноября 2006 г. (Voronezh Oblast Duma. Law #87-OZ of October 27, 2006 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Voronezh Oblast and on the Procedures of Changing It, as amended by the Law #41-OZ of April 13, 2015 On Amending the Law of Voronezh Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Voronezh Oblast and on the Procedures of Changing It". Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication.).
  • Воронежская областная Дума. Закон №66-ОЗ от 31 октября 2005 г. «О наделении муниципального образования город Воронеж статусом городского округа». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования (18 ноября 2005 г.). Опубликован: "Коммуна", №171, 8 ноября 2005 г. (Voronezh Oblast Duma. Law #66-OZ of October 31, 2005 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Voronezh. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication date (November 18, 2005).).

Further reading and cultural references

See also: Bibliography of the history of Voronezh
  • Charlotte Hobson's book, Black Earth City, is an account of life in Voronezh at the time of the fall of the Soviet Union based on her experiences after spending a year in Voronezh as a foreign student in 1991–1992.
  • Nadezhda Mandelstam's Hope Against Hope, the first volume of her memoirs concerning her husband, the poet Osip Mandelstam, provides many details about life in Voronezh in the 1930s under Stalinist rule.
  • Alan Sillitoe, the English writer, published a collection of poems entitled Love in the Environs of Voronezh and Other Poems in 1968.
  • In the song Red Army Blues by the Waterboys, on the album A Pagan Place, there is a line "Took the train to Voronezh, that was as far as it would go."
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Voronezh.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voronezh&oldid=1260500576"