Ram Prasad Bismil
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Ram Prasad Bismil | |
|---|---|
| File:Ram Prasad Bismil2615.jpg | |
| Born | 11 June 1897 |
| Died | 19 December 1927 |
| Organisation | Hindustan Republican Association |
| Movement | Indian independence movement |
Ram Prasad Bismil (11 June 1897 - 19 December 1927)[1] was an Indian revolutionary who participated in Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918, and the Kakori conspiracy of 1925, both against British Empire. As well as being a freedom fighter, he was also a patriotic poet. Ram, Agyat and Bismil were known as his pen names which he used in Urdu and Hindi poetry.[2] But, he became popular with the last name "Bismil" only. He was associated with Arya Samaj where he got inspiration from Satyarth Prakash, a book written by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.[3] He also had a confidential connection with Lala Har Dayal through his guru Swami Somdev, who was a renowned preacher of Arya Samaj.
Bismil was one of the founder members of the revolutionary organisation Hindustan Republican Association. Bhagat Singh praised him as a great poet-writer of Urdu and Hindi,[4] who had also translated the books Catherine from English and Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot from Bengali. Several inspiring patriotic verses are attributed to him. The famous poem "Sarfaroshi ki Tamanna" is also popularly attributed to him, although some progressive writers have remarked that 'Bismil' Azimabadi actually wrote the poem and Ram Prasad Bismil immortalized it.[5]
Early life
Ram Prasad Bismil was born on 11 June 1897 at Shahjahanpur, in Uttar Pradesh.[citation needed] He came from a Hindu family of Murlidhar and Moolmati.[citation needed][clarification needed]
Bismil was initially educated at a local schools.[citation needed]
When he failed twice in 7th standard of Urdu, he was admitted to an English school called Mission School of the city. After passing 8th standard from Mission School in First Division, he was admitted to the Government School in Shahjahanpur. While studying in this school, he kept his pen-name as 'Bismil' and continued writing patriotic poetry.[clarification needed] He became popular by the name Bismil amongst his class mates.
Contact with Somdev
As an 18 year old student, Bismil read of the death sentence passed on Bhai Parmanand, a scholar and companion of Lala Har Dayal. At that time he was regularly attending the Arya Samaj Temple at Shahjahanpur daily, where Swami Somdev, a friend of Paramanand, was staying. Angered by the sentence, Bismil composed a poem in Hindi titled Mera Janm (My Birth), which he showed to Somdev and which demonstrated a commitment to remove the British control over India.[6]
Lucknow Congress
Bismil left school in the following year and traveled to Lucknow with some friends. The Liberal group[who?] was not prepared to allow Moderate group[who?] for any type of welcome of Tilak in the city.[clarification needed] Bismil and a senior student of M.A. laid down the car of Tilak and lead the overwhelming procession of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in whole of the city.[clarification needed] Bismil was highlighted there and so many youths from all over India became his fans.[clarification needed] They organised a group of youths and decided to publish a book in Hindi on the history of American independence, America Ki Swatantrata Ka Itihas, with the consent of Somdev. This book was published under the authorship of the fictitious Babu Harivans Sahai. and its publisher's name was given as Somdev Siddhgopal Shukla. As soon as the book was published, the government of Uttar Pradesh proscribed its circulation within the state.[7]
Revolutionary actions in Mainpuri
Bismil formed a revolutionary organization called Matrivedi (Altar of Motherland) and contacted Pt. Genda Lal Dixit, a school teacher at Auraiya. Som Dev arranged this, knowing that Bismil could be more effective in his mission if he had experienced people to support him. Dixit had contacts with some powerful dacoits of the state.[citation needed]
He[who?] wanted to utilize their power in the armed struggle against the British rulers. Like Bismil, Dixit had also formed an armed organisation of youths called Shivaji Samiti (named after Shivaji). The pair organised youths from the Etawah, Mainpuri, Agra and Shahjahanpur districts of United Province (now Uttar Pradesh) to strengthen the organisation.[citation needed][clarification needed]
Absconded from Delhi Congress
On 28 January 1918, Bismil published a pamphlet titled Deshvasiyon Ke Nam Sandesh (A Message to Countrymen), which he distributed along with his poem Mainpuri Ki Pratigya (Vow of Mainpuri).[8] In order to collect funds for the party looting was undertaken on three occasions in 1918. Police searched for them in and around Mainpuri while they were selling the books proscribed by the U.P. Government in the Delhi Congress of 1918. When police found them, Bismil absconded with the books unsold. When he was planning another looting between Delhi and Agra, a police team arrived and firing started from both the sides. Bismil was very cautious: he jumped into the river Yamuna and swam underwater. The police and his companions thought that he had died in the encounter. Dixit was arrested along with his other companions and he was kept in Agra fort from which Dixit fled and lived underground in Delhi. A criminal case was filed against them. It is known as the "Mainpuri Conspiracy" against the British King Emperor. On 1 November 1919 the Judiciary Magistrate of Mainpuri B.S. Chris announced the judgement against all accused and declared Dixit and Bismil as absconders, because they could not be arrested by the police in spite of all efforts.[9]
Underground activities
From 1919 to 1920 Bismil remained inconspicuous, moving around various villages in Uttar Pradesh and producing several books. Among these was a collection of poems written by him and others, entitled Man Ki Lahar, while he also translated two works from Bengali (Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot and Yogik Sadhan) and fabricated Catherine or Swadhinta Ki Devi from an English text.[citation needed]
He got all these books published through his own resources under Sushilmala - a series of publications except one Yogik Sadhan which was given to a publisher who was absconded and could not be traced out. These books have since been found. Another of Bismil's books, Kranti Geetanjali, was published in 1929 after his death and was proscribed by British Raj in 1931.[clarification needed]
Formation of Hindustan Republican Association
In February 1920, when all the prisoners in the Mainpuri conspiracy case were freed, Bismil returned home to Shahjahanpur, where he agreed with the official authorities that he would not participate in revolutionary activities.[citation needed] He worked as a manager for Bharat Silk Manufacturing Co., and later was involved in a partnership with Banarsi Lal that concerned silk sarees.[clarification needed] Both men had been associated with the District Congress Committee of Shahjahanpur.[10] Despite making a good living from the business, Bismil remained discontented with the existence of British rule in India.[clarification needed]
In 1921, Bismil was among the many people from Shahjahanpur who attended the Ahmedabad Congress. He had a seat on the dias, along with the senior congressman, Prem Krishna Khanna, and the revolutionary, Ashfaqulla Khan. Bismil played an active role in the Congress with Maulana Hasrat Mohani and got the most debated proposal of Poorn Swaraj passed in the General Body meeting of Congress. Mohandas K. Gandhi, who was not in the favour of this proposal became quite helpless before the overwhelming demand of youths. It was another victory of Bismil against the Liberal Group of Congress.[11] He returned to Shahjahanpur and mobilised the youths of United Province for non-cooperation with the Government. The people of U.P. were so much influenced by the furious speeches and verses of Bismil that they became hostile against British Raj.[citation needed]
In February 1922 some agitating farmers were killed in Chauri Chaura by the police. The police station of Chauri Chaura was attacked by the people and 22 policemen were burnt alive. Gandhi, without ascertaining the facts behind this incident,[12] declared an immediate stop the non-cooperation movement without consulting any executive committee member of the Congress. Bismil and his group of youths strongly opposed Gandhi in the Gaya session of Indian National Congress (1922). When Gandhi refused to rescind his decision, its existing president Chittranjan Das resigned and the Indian National Congress was divided into two groups - one liberal and the other for rebellion. In January 1923, the rich[13] group of party formed a new Swaraj Party under the joint leadership of Pt. Moti Lal Nehru and Chittranjan Das, and the youth group formed a revolutionary party under the leadership of Bismil.[14]
Yellow Paper constitution
With the consent of Lala Har Dayal, Bismil went to Allahabad where he drafted the constitution of the party in 1923 with the help of Sachindra Nath Sanyal and another revolutionary of Bengal, Dr. Jadugopal Mukherjee.[15] The basic name and aims of the organisation were typed on a Yellow Paper and later on a subsequent Constitutional Committee Meeting was conducted on 3 October 1924 at Kanpur in U.P. under the Chairmanship of Sachindra Nath Sanyal.
This meeting decided the name of the party would be the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). After a long discussion from others Bismil was declared there the District Organiser of Shahjahanpur and Chief of Arms Division. An additional responsibility of Provincial Organiser of United Province (Agra and Oudh) was also entrusted to him. Sachindra Nath Sanyal, was anonymously nominated as National Organiser and another senior member Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, was given the responsibility of Coordinator, Anushilan Samiti. After attending the meeting in Kanpur, both Sanyal and Chatterjee left the U.P. and proceeded to Bengal.[16] for further extension of the organisation.
Publication of The Revolutionary
A four-page manifesto entitled The Revolutionary was published in January 1925, using the fictitious name of Vijay Kumar[17] Circulated all over India, it promised equal opportunity to every man irrespective of social status high or low, rich or poor. The policies of Mohandas Gandhi were criticised and youths were called to join the organisation. The police reacted by arresting Sachindra Nath Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, who had been involved in its productions and distribution.[citation needed]
Objectives and ideology of HRA
The immediate objective of the HRA was to establish a "Federal Republic of the United States of India by an organised and armed revolution".[18] Armed struggle, terrorism and retaliatory strikes were the favoured tactics in the attempt to defeat the British Empire. Its manifesto declared:
"The Official terrorism is surely to be met with counter terrorism. A spirit of utter helplessness pervades every strata of our society and terrorism is an effective means of restoring the proper spirits in the society without which progress will be difficult.... This revolutionary party has deliberatly abstained itself from entering into this terrorist campaign at the present moment even at the greatest of the provocations in the form of outrages committed on their sisters and mothers by the agent of a foreign government simply because the party is waiting to deliver the final blow. But when expediency will demand it the party will unhesitatingly enter into a desperate campaign of terrorism, when the life of every officer and individual helping the foreign government will be made intolerable...."[19]
— "The Revolutionary" India 1 January 1925
Nationalisation of big sectors
In the manifesto their methodology and ideology was also clarified by saying that the final constitution shall be framed only when their representatives elected by the public will have the power to do so. In order to avoid the exploitation of a man by a man the party had proposed the nationalisation of big sectors, such as the railways, communication, mining, steel manufacture and shipbuilding.
Other aims
The HRA was socialist on the footprints of Indian sages in its attitude as its manifesto stated. Amongst other goals stated in the manifesto were Universal Suffrage, supremacy of the legislature and religious freedom.
Kakori conspiracy
After arrest of both the senior organiser of HRA total responsibility to run the party had come on the shoulders of Bismil. The District Organisers were demanding money. They were writing very sensitive letters to him: "Pandit Ji! we are dying with hunger, please do something." As a result he was feeling himself guilty for their pitiable condition.
He decided to collect money like Irish revolutionaries by stealing from the rich people of society. So he looted the money at Bichpuri in Pilibhit Distt. and at Dwarkapur in Pratapgarh Distt of U.P., but not enough money was received in either of these actions.
Bismil executed a meticulous plan for looting the government treasury carried in a train at Kakori, near Lucknow in U.P. This historical event happened on August 9, 1925 and is known as the Kakori conspiracy. Only ten revolutionaries stopped the 8 Down Saharanpur-Lucknow passenger train at Kakori - a station just before the Lucknow Railway Junction. German-made Mauser C96 semi-automatic pistols[20] were used in this action. Ashfaqulla Khan, the lieutenant of the HRA Chief Ram Prasad Bismil gave away his Mauser to Manmath Nath Gupta and engaged himself to break open the cash chest. Eagerly watching a new weapon in his hand, Manmath Nath Gupta fired the pistol and incidentally a passenger Ahmed Ali, who got down the train to see his wife in ladies compartment, was killed in this rapid action.[21]
The incident created a great upheaval in British India. The retribution was severe when more than 40 revolutionaries were arrested from all over India. As per official record of the British Government, a criminal conspiracy case was filed against 28 active members of HRA by the Special Magistrate Ainuddin after a long time. 21 persons were presented before Session Court of Special Judge A. Hamilton on 21 May 1926. Abbas Salim Khan, Banvari Lal Bhargava, Gyan Chattarji and Mohd. Ayuf were the assessors (legal advisers) of the Judge.[22]
On April 6, 1927 the verdict of court came out of the special court of Lucknow. This special court was established by the then British Government in the Ring Theatre. During the British rule, this Ring Theater was situated in between two important monuments - Kothi Hayat Baksh and Mallika Ahad's palace. This building was used by the Britishers for their entertainment. The English dramas were played and movies were screened. A board was put at the entrance which read "Dogs and Indians not allowed". The Kakori trial happened at this Theater. Govind Vallabh Pant, Chandra Bhanu Gupta, Mohan Lal Saxena and Kripa Shankar Hajela fought for the accused viz. Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh & Ashfaquallah Khan, etc. During the years 1929-1932 this Theater was transformed into the present General Post Office. It is situated on the main Vidhan Sabha Road, opposite to Capital Picture Hall and Christ Church of the main Hazratganj crossing. A stone embedded on the main gate of the GPO dates the buildings as 1929-1932.[citation needed] Court's verdict was published in 115 pages and the charges were proved in such a manner that no body could escape the punishment.[citation needed]
Another supplementary case was filed against Ashfaqulla Khan and Shachindra Nath Bakshi in the court of Special Sessions Judge J.R.W. Bennett. An appeal was filed in the then Chief Court of Oudh (now in U.P.) on 18 July 1927. A very senior advocate Pt. Jagat Narayan Mulla pleaded the case as public prosecutor on behalf of the Government whereas Ram Prasad Bismil defended his case himself. He did not take any help from the Government.
On 22 August 1927 the Chief Court endorsed the original judgement with an exception of one or two punishments. A mercy appeal was filed in due course before the Provincial Governor of U.P. by the members of legislative council which was dismissed. Bismil wrote a letter to Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya on 9 September 1927 from the Gorakhpur Jail.
Malviya sent a memorandum to the then Viceroy and Governor General of India Edward Fredrick Lindley Wood with the signatures of 78 Members of Central Legislature, which was also turned down. On 16 September 1927 the final mercy appeal was forwarded to Privy Council at London and to the King Emperor through a famous lawyer of England S.L. Polak[23] but the British Government, who had already decided to hang them, sent their final decision to the India office of Viceroy that all the four condemned prisoners are now to be hanged till death by 19 December 1927 positively.
Execution
In an 18-month long drawn case, Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Thakur Roshan Singh and Rajendra Nath Lahiri were sentenced to death under section 121(A), 120(B), 302 and 396 of Indian Penal Code. Bismil was hanged by the British authorities on 19 December 1927 in the morning at Gorakhpur Jail, Ashfaqulla Khan at the Faizabad Jail and Thakur Roshan Singh at Naini Allahabad Jail whereas fourth Rajendra Nath Lahiri was hanged on 17 December 1927 (two days before the scheduled date) at Gonda Jail; all located in the present Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
Last rites at Rajghat Gorakhpur
The dead body of Bismil was kept at Ghantaghar of Gorakhpur for the last view of the public in the City. From there it was taken to the Rapti river where the last funeral of this great martyr was performed under the proper Vedic Cremation System on the bank of the river. The place, where the ritual obligations of Bismil were done, was named by public as Rajghat.[24] A new Transport Nagar has been developed in the side bye area of this place. A Rajghat police station has also been established there to commemorate the historical place.
Statue of Bismil
Shaheed Smarak Samiti of Shahjahanpur established a memorial at Khirni Bagh mohalla of Shahjahanpur city where Bismil was born in 1897 and named it "Amar Shaheed Ram Prasad Bismil Smarak". A statue made of white marble was inaugurated by the then Governor of Uttar Pradesh Motilal Vora on 19 December 1994 on the 68th martyr's day of Bismil.
Literary works
Bismil was known for his poems that acted as motivation for his fellow revolutionaries.[citation needed] Among them, Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna is the most well-known, though some[who?] have claimed it was written by Bismil Azimabadi.[citation needed]
Translated into English by CID
The autobiography of Ram Prasad Bismil was also published by Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi in 1928 which was proscribed by the then government of United Province. It was translated in English by the Criminal Investigation Department, United Province[25]
Kakori Memorial at Kakori
The Kakori is the place where 10 revolutionaries stopped a train and looted the British government's treasury which was being taken in the guard's cabin. A memorial of these revolutionaries has been established in this town.
Film adaptations/depictions
A lyric written by Ram Prasad Bismil was sung by Bhupinder Singh (musician) in a bollywood film Aandolan which was released in 1977. Its music was given bu Jaidev. (please see it in the external links given below)
In the Bollywood movie The Legend of Bhagat Singh, Bismil is depicted as a visionary who ignites in Bhagat Singh the fire of freedom. The character was played by Ganesh Yadav.
In another film Rang De Basanti, Bismil was a more significant character played by Atul Kulkarni.
Some of the famous songs written by Bismil were also featured in Shaheed, a film by veteran film actor-director Manoj Kumar released in 1965. The chorus song Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna was sung by Mohd. Rafi and others.
See also
- Bismil
- Mukhammas for Jazba-E-Shaheed (A Poem of Bismil)
- Sukhdev Thapar
- Chandrashekar Azad
- Rajguru
Notes
- ^ http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/freedomfighters/bismil/index.htm
- ^ Man Ki Lahar page 88
- ^ Man Ki Lahar page 86-87
- ^ 'Krant'M.L.Verma/Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna (Part-4)/page113
- ^ http://www.flonnet.com/fl2225/stories/20051216001407800.htm. Accessed March 22, 2008.
- ^ Man Ki Lahar,page 89
- ^ 'Krant' M.L.Verma, Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna, Vol-3
- ^ Gupta Manmathnath Bhartiya Krantikari Andolan Ka Itihas page 99
- ^ Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas, Vol-3, page 621-633
- ^ Dr.'Krant'M.L.Verma/Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas/Vol-2/Page519
- ^ 'Krant'/Man Ki Lahar/page 95
- ^ Dr.'Krant'M.L.Verma/Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas/Vol-1/Page262
- ^ Dr.Vishwamitra Upadhyay Ram Prasad Bismil Ki Aatmkatha N.C.E.R.T. Delhi Page57
- ^ 'Krant'M.L.Verma/Kranti Geetanjali/Page90
- ^ Dr. Mehrotra N.C. Swatantrata Andolan Mein Shahjahanpur Ka YogdanPage 109 & 146
- ^ 'Krant'M.L.Verma/Kranti Geetanjali/Page91
- ^ 'Krant'M.L.Verma/Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna/Vol-1/Annexure-E/p.170-174
- ^ above book, p.171
- ^ above book, p.174
- ^ http://world.guns.ru/handguns/hg90-e.htm
- ^ Dr.'Krant'M.L.Verma/Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas/Vol-1/Page 273
- ^ Dr.'Krant'M.L.Verma/Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas/Vol-1/Page 283
- ^ Dr.'Krant'M.L.Verma/Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas/Vol-1/Page 289
- ^ Madan Lal Verma 'Krant'/Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna/Vol-1/Page 21
- ^ Asha Joshi Introductory page no 22 of the book RAM PRASAD BISMIL RACHANAVALI
References
- Mehrotra, Dr. N. C.; Tandon, Dr. Manisha (1993). Swatantrata Andolan Mein Shahjahanpur Ka Yogdan (in Hindi) (1 ed.). Shahjahanpur India: Shaheed-E-Azam Pt.Ram Prasad Bismil Trust.
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- Abbasi, Noor Nabi (1998). Jabtshuda Nazmein (in Hindi) (1 ed.). New Delhi: Sahitya Akademy. ISBN 81-260-0315-4.
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- Upadhyaya, Dr. Vishvamitra (1994). Ram Prasad Bismil Ki Aatmkatha (in Hindi). New Delhi: N.C.E.R.T. Publication.
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- Sharma, Dinesh; Joshi (1991). RAM PRASAD BISMIL RACHANAVALI (in Hindi) (1 ed.). New Delhi: Sandarbh Prakashan.
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- Gupta, Manmathnath (1993). Bhartiya Krantikari Andolan Ka Itihas (in Hindi) (7 ed.). Delhi: Atmaram and Sons. ISBN 81-7043-054-2.
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- Saral, Shrikrishna (1998). Krantikari Kosh (in Hindi). Vol. 2 (1 ed.). New Delhi: Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 81-7315-237-3 (Set of 5 Volumes).
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- Jagesh, Jagdish (1989). Kalam Aaaj Unkee Jay Bol (in Hindi) (1 ed.). Varanasi: Hindi Pracharak Sansthan.
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- Verma, Dr. 'Krant' M. L. (2006). Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas (in Hindi) (1 ed.). New Delhi: Praveen Prakashan. ISBN 81-7783-122-4 (Set of 3 Volumes).
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- Sharma, Vidyarnav (2004). Yug Ke Devta: Bismil Aur Ashfaq (in Hindi) (1 ed.). New Delhi: Praveen Prakashan. ISBN 81-7783-078-3.
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I have checked ISBN from the book, the last degit is (3)
- Bismil, Ram Prasad (1997). Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna (4 Volumes) (in Hindi) (1 ed.). New Delhi: Praveen Prakashan.
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- Bismil, Ram Prasad (2006). Krant M. L., Verma (ed.). Man Ki Lahar (Poem) Pt. Ram Prasad 'Bismil' (in Hindi) (1 ed.). New Delhi: Praveen Prakashan. ISBN 81-7783-127-5.
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- Bismil, Ram Prasad (2006). 'Krant' M. L., Verma (ed.). Kranti Geetanjali (Poem) Pt. Ram Prasad 'Bismil' (in Hindi) (1 ed.). New Delhi: Praveen Prakashan. ISBN 81-7783-128-3.
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- Bismil, Ram Prasad (2006). 'Krant' M. L., Verma (ed.). Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot (Revolutionary Novel) Pt. Ram Prasad 'Bismil' (in Hindi) (1 ed.). New Delhi: Praveen Prakashan. ISBN 81-7783-129-1.
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