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Sark

Coordinates: 49°25′59″N 2°21′39″W / 49.43306°N 2.36083°W / 49.43306; -2.36083
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Musicandcomedy (talk | contribs) at 17:10, 20 November 2012 (Lighthouses category added). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Sark (disambiguation).

Sark
Sèr
Sercq
Cerq
Coat of arms of Sark
Coat of arms
Anthem: "God Save the Queen" (official)
"Sarnia Cherie" (official for occasions when distinguishing anthem required)
A map of Sark with Brecqhou to the west.
A map of Sark with Brecqhou to the west.
Aerial view of Sark; North is to the lower left, Little Sark in the upper right and Brecqhou at bottom right.
Aerial view of Sark; North is to the lower left, Little Sark in the upper right and Brecqhou at bottom right.
CapitalLa Seigneurie1
Official languagesEnglish, French[citation needed]
Recognised regional languagesSercquiais[citation needed]
Government
John Michael Beaumont
Part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey
(Crown dependency of the British Crown)
1565
Area
• Total
5.45 km2 (2.10 sq mi)
Population
• Estimate
600
• Density
110.09/km2 (285.1/sq mi)
CurrencyPound sterling2 (GBP)
Time zoneGMT
• Summer (DST)
UTC+1
Calling code+44-1481
Internet TLD.gg  (Guernsey)
  1. Residence of the head of government. Sark has no capital
  2. See Guernsey pound, notes and coins not legal tender outside Guernsey

Sark (Template:Lang-fr; Sercquiais: Sèr or Cerq) is a small island in the Channel Islands in southwestern English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. It is a royal fief, geographically located in the Channel Islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, with its own set of laws based on Norman law and its own parliament. It has a population of about 600. Sark's economy depends primarily on tourism. Sark has an area of 2.10 square miles (5.44 km2).[1]

Geography and geology

La Coupée is the narrow isthmus which links Greater and Little Sark 49°25.25′N 2°21.97′W / 49.42083°N 2.36617°W / 49.42083; -2.36617

Sark consists of two main parts, Greater Sark, located at about 49° 25' N x 2° 22' W, and Little Sark to the south. They are connected by a narrow isthmus called La Coupée which is 300 feet (91 m) long and has a drop of 330 feet (100 m) on each side.[2] Protective railings were erected in 1900; before then, children would crawl across on their hands and knees to avoid being blown over the edge. There is a narrow concrete road covering the entirety of the isthmus, built in 1945 by German prisoners of war under the direction of the Royal Engineers. Due to isolation, the inhabitants of Little Sark had their own distinct form of Sercquiais, the native Norman dialect of the island.[citation needed]

The "Le Moulin" windmill, c. 1905

The highest point on Sark is 374 feet (114 m) above sea-level.[2] A windmill, dated 1571, is found there, the sails of which were removed during World War I. This high point is named Le Moulin, after the windmill. The location is also the highest point in the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Little Sark had a number of mines accessing a source of galena.[3] At Port Gorey, the ruins of silver mines[4] may be seen. Off the south end of Little Sark are the Venus Pool and the Adonis Pool, both natural swimming pools whose waters are refreshed at high tide.

The whole island is extensively penetrated at sea level by natural cave formations that provide unique habitats for many marine creatures, notably sea anemones, some of which are only safely accessible at low tide. Sea Ravens are very common in Sark.

Sark is made up mainly of the rocks amphibolite and granite gneisses, intruded by igneous magma sheets called quartz diorite. Recent (1990–2000[5]) geological studies and rock age dating by geologists from Oxford Brookes University shows that the gneisses probably formed around 620-600 million years ago during the Late Precambrian-age Cadomian Orogeny. The quartz diorite sheets were intruded during this Cadomian deformation and metamorphic event. All the Sark rocks (and nearby Channel Islands of Guernsey & Alderney) formed during geological activity in continental crust above an ancient subduction zone. This geological setting would have been analogous to the modern day subduction zone of the Pacific ocean plate colliding and subducting beneath the North and South American continental plate.

Sark also exercises jurisdiction over the island of Brecqhou, only a few hundred feet west of Greater Sark. It is a private island, however has been recently opened to some visitors. Since 1993 Brecqhou has been owned by Sir David Barclay, one of the Barclay brothers, who are co-owners of The Daily Telegraph. They contest Sark's control over the island. However, the candidates endorsed by their various business interests on the Island, failed to win any seats in the elections held [6] 2008 and [7] 2010 .

History

A horse-drawn carriage on Sark
Sark in relation to the other islands of Bailiwick of Guernsey

The Veneti tribe almost certainly possessed the island in ancient times. These people were subdued by the Roman Empire in around 56 BC and the island would have been annexed to the empire. Following the end of the Roman Empire and before the middle of the tenth century Sark had probably been an appendage of one of the Breton speaking kingdoms. After 933 it became a part of the Duchy of Normandy which became united with the Crown of England after 1066. In the thirteenth century, Sark was used as a base of operations by the French pirate, Eustace the Monk, after he served King John of England. Although populated by monastic communities in the medieval period, Sark was uninhabited in the 16th century and used as a refuge and raiding base by Channel pirates. Helier de Carteret, Seigneur of St. Ouen in Jersey, received Letters Patent from Queen Elizabeth I granting him Sark in fief in perpetuity on condition that he maintained the island free of pirates and occupied by at least 40 men who were the Queen's subjects, which he duly did, bringing with him 40 families mostly from St. Ouen.

An attempt by the newly settled families to endow themselves with a constitution under a bailiff, as in Jersey, was put down by the authorities of Guernsey who resented any attempt to wrest Sark from their bailiwick.[citation needed]

In 1844, desperate for funds to continue the operation of the silver mine on the island, the incumbent Seigneur, Ernest le Pelley, obtained crown permission to mortgage the Fief of Sark to local privateer John Allaire; but the mine company went bankrupt, and he was unable to keep up the mortgage payments. In 1849, his son, Pierre Carey le Pelley, the new Seigneur, was forced to sell the seigneurie of Sark to Marie Collings, daughter and heiress of Allaire, for £6,000.[8]

During World War II, the island was occupied by German forces from 1940–1945, as were the other Channel Islands. The Island Kommandant of Guernsey, Major Albrecht Lanz, arrived at Creux Harbour by boat on 3 July 1940 with his interpreter and chief of staff Major Maas and they met the Dame and Seigneur at the Seigneurie to announce the start of German military rule. The next day German troops arrived to occupy the island. In early October 1942, Sark was the site of a British raid called Operation Basalt.

Recent history

One-person invasion attempt

In August 1990, an unemployed French nuclear physicist named André Gardes attempted a singlehanded invasion of Sark, armed with a semi-automatic weapon. The night Gardes arrived, he put up signs declaring his intention to take over the island the following day at noon. While sitting on a bench, changing the gun's magazine and waiting for noon to arrive, he was arrested by the island's volunteer constable.[9][10]

Transition to a new system of government

Main article: Sark general election, 2008

In 2008, Sark dismantled its previous system of government, which had evolved gradually from its original system established in 1565. Change was influenced by the Barclay brothers on the premise that this was necessary to comply with the European Convention on Human Rights.[11] Under the old system, Sark's parliament consisted of a 54-member chamber that included the Seigneur, the Seneschal, 40 tenant members and 12 deputies. On 16 January 2008 and 21 February 2008, the Chief Pleas approved a law which introduced a 30-member chamber, with 28 members elected in island-wide elections, one hereditary member and one member appointed for life. The old system was described as feudal, and hence objectionable, because the Tenants were seen to be able to sit in Chief Pleas as of right, and the new system has been described as democratic, and hence acceptable. Also, the Tenants were also elected by and from among only the joint owners of each Tenement.[12] On 9 April 2008, the Privy Council approved the Sark law reforms,[13] and the first elections under the new law were held in December 2008 and the new chamber first convened in January 2009.[14][15][16]

Some Sark residents have complained that the new system is not democratic and have compared the powers the new law granted to the Seneschal, an unelected member whose term the new law extended to the duration of his natural life, to being imperial or dictatorial. The Court of Appeal has indeed ruled his powers to be in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights and his powers are subject to further legal challenges on these grounds.[17]

In March 2012, the BBC Today programme reported on local disquiet about the influence of the Barclay brothers.[18]

Dark Sky Community status

In January 2011 Sark was designated a Dark Sky Community, and the first Dark Sky Island in the world, by the International Dark-Sky Association. This designation recognises that Sark is sufficiently clear of light pollution to allow naked-eye astronomy. Though Sark was aided in its achievement by its location, its historic ban on cars and the fact that there is no public lighting, it was also necessary for local residents to make adjustments, such as re-siting lights, to cut the light pollution. Following an audit in 2010 by the IDA the designation was made in January 2011. The award is significant in that Sark is the first island community to have achieved this; other Dark-Sky Places have, up to now, been mainly uninhabited areas, and IDA Chairman Martin Morgan-Taylor commended Sark residents for their effort.[19]

Politics

Sark was considered the last feudal state in Europe. Together with the other Channel Islands, it is the last remnant of the former Duchy of Normandy still belonging to the Crown. Sark belongs to the Crown in its own right and has an independent relationship with the Crown through the Lieutenant Governor in Guernsey.[20] Formally, the Seigneur holds it as a fief from the Crown, reenfeoffing the landowners on the island with their respective parcels. The political consequences of this construction were abolished in recent years, particularly in the reform of the legislative body, Chief Pleas, which took place in 2008.

Although geographically located within the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Sark is fiscally entirely separate from it and has been granted its own UN country code (680) to assist in identifying this fact to the world at large. Together with the islands of Alderney and Guernsey, Sark from time to time approves Bailiwick of Guernsey legislation, which, subject to the approval of all three legislatures, applies in the entire Bailiwick. Legislation cannot be made which applies on Sark without the approval of the Chief Pleas, although recently Chief Pleas has been delegating a number of Ordinance making powers to the States of Guernsey. Such powers are, however, in each case subject to dis-application, or repeal, by the Chief Pleas. By long standing custom, Sark's criminal law has been made by the States of Guernsey, and this custom was put on a statutory basis in Section 4 of the Reform (Sark) Law, 2008, by which Sark delegates criminal law making power to the States of Guernsey.

Seigneur

Main article: List of Seigneurs of Sark

John Michael Beaumont is the current and twenty-second Seigneur of Sark, inheriting the position in 1974.

The Seigneur of Sark was, prior to the constitutional reforms of 2008, the head of the feudal government of the Isle of Sark (in the case of a woman, the title was Dame). Many of the laws, particularly those related to inheritance and the rule of the Seigneur, had changed little since they were enacted in 1565 under Queen Elizabeth I. The Seigneur retained the sole right on the island to keep pigeons and was until 2008 the only person allowed to keep an unspayed dog. In 2008, the latter privilege was abolished (on the proposal of political opponents of the Barclay brothers) supposedly because it did not comply with the European Convention on Human Rights.[9][21]

Seneschal

On Sark the Seneschal is the head of the Chief Pleas. Since 1675, he has also been the judge of the island (between 1583 and 1675, judicial functions were exercised by 5 elected Jurats and a Juge). The Seneschal is appointed by the Seigneur. Recently the Chief Pleas decided to split the dual role of the Seneschal following the decision of the English Court of Appeal.[22] The complete list of all the Seneschal of Sark from 1675[23] is as follows:

  1. Pierre Gibault (15/7/1675-1680)
  2. Thomas de Beauvoir (1680–1683)
  3. Phillipe Dumeresq (1683–1702)
  4. Jean Payne (1702–1707)
  5. Philippe de Carteret (1707–1744)
  6. Henri de Carteret (1744–1752)
  7. Phillipe le Masurier (1752–1777)
  8. Henri le Masurier (1777–1785)
  9. Amice le Couteur (1785–1808)
  10. Jean le Couteur (1808–1812)
  11. Jean Falle (1812–1830)
  12. Elie le Masurier (1830–1841)
  13. Philippe Guille (1841–1851)
  14. Thomas Godfray (1851–1876)
  15. William de Carteret (1876–1881)
  16. Abraham Baker (1881–1891)
  17. Thomas Godfray (1891–1920)
  18. Kenneth Campbell (1920–1922)
  19. Ashby Taylor (1922–1925)
  20. Frederick de Carteret (1925–1937)
  21. William Carré (1937–1945)
  22. William Baker (1945–1969)
  23. Bernard Jones (1969–1979)
  24. Hilary Carré (1979–1985)
  25. Lawrence Philip de Carteret (1985–2000)
  26. Reginald J. Guille (2000–present)

Tenants

The Seigneurie 49°26.4′N 2°21.7′W / 49.4400°N 2.3617°W / 49.4400; -2.3617

Pursuant to the royal letters patent, the Seigneur was to keep the island inhabited by at least 40 armed men. Therefore, from his lands, 39 parcels, each sufficient for one family, were subdivided and granted to settlers, the Tenants. Later, some of these parcels were dismembered, and parts of the Seigneurial land were sold, creating more parcels.

Originally each head of a parcel-holding family had the right to vote in Chief Pleas, but in 1604 this right was restricted to the 39 original tenements required by the Letters Patent, the so-called Quarantaine Tenements (quarantaine: French for a group of forty). The newer parcels mostly did not have the obligation to bear arms. In 1611 the dismemberment of tenements was forbidden, but the order was not immediately followed.

In Sark, the word tenant is used (and often pronounced as in French) in the sense of feudal landholder rather than the common English meaning of lessee. Originally, the word referred to any landowner, but today it is mostly used for a holder of one of the Quarantaine Tenements.

Chief Pleas

Chief Pleas (French: Chefs Plaids; Sercquiais: Cheurs Pliaids) is the parliament of Sark. Until this decade, it consisted of the tenants, and 12 deputies of the people as the only representation of the majority, an office introduced in 1922. The Seigneur and the Seneschal (who presides) are also members of Chief Pleas. The Prévôt, the Greffier, and the Treasurer also attend but are not members; the Treasurer may address Chief Pleas on matters of taxation and finance.

The executive officers on the island are:

  • The Seneschal (President of Chief Pleas and Chief Judge) and the Deputy Seneschal
  • The Prevôt (Sheriff of the Court and of Chief Pleas) and the Deputy Prevôt
  • The Greffier (Clerk) and the Deputy Greffier
  • The Treasurer (Finances)
  • The Constable (the senior policeman and administration) and the Vingtenier (the junior policeman)

Seneschal, Prevôt, Greffier and Treasurer are chosen by the Seigneur; Constable and Vingtenier are elected by Chief Pleas.

Since 2000, Chief Pleas has been working on its own reform, responding to internal and international pressures. On 8 March 2006 by a vote of 25–15 Chief Pleas voted for a new legislature of the Seigneur, the Seneschal, 14 elected landowners and 14 elected non-landowners.[24] But it was made plain that this option was not on the table. Offered two options for reform involving an elected legislature, one fully elected, one with a number of seats reserved for elected Tenants, 56% of the inhabitants expressed a preference in a totally elected legislature.[25] Following the poll, Chief Pleas voted on 4 October 2006 to replace the 12 Deputies and 40 Tenants in Chief Pleas by 28 Conseillers elected by universal adult suffrage.[26] This decision was suspended in January 2007 when it was pointed out to Chief Pleas that the 56% versus 44% majority achieved in the opinion poll did not achieve the 60% majority required for the constitutional change. The decision was replaced by the proposal that Chief Pleas should consist of 16 Tenants and 12 Conseillers both elected by universal adult suffrage from 2008–2012 and that a binding referendum should then decide whether this composition should be kept or replaced by 28 Conseillers.[27] This proposal was rejected by the Privy Council and the 28 Conseiller option was reinstated in February 2008 and accepted by Privy Council in April 2008.[28]

In 2003, Chief Pleas voted to vary the longstanding ban on divorce in the island by extending to the Royal Court of Guernsey power to grant divorces.[29]

Bailiwick of Guernsey Laws and United Kingdom Acts of Parliament can (the latter as also in the case of all the other Channel Islands) be extended to Sark with the consent of Chief Pleas. In practice, Sark does not make its own criminal laws; the responsibility for making criminal law is formally delegated to the States of Guernsey by Section 4(3) of The Reform (Sark) Law, 2008.

The list of current Officers of the Island of Sark:

  • Seneschal – Lieutenant Colonel Reginald John Guille
    • Deputy Seneschal – Jeremy La Trobe-Bateman
  • Prevôt – Alfred William John Adams
    • Deputy Prevôt – Kevin Neil Adams (son of Alfred William John Adams)
  • Greffier – Trevor John Hamon
    • Deputy Greffier – John Hamon (father of Trevor John Hamon)
  • Treasurer – Mrs Wendy Kiernan
  • Constable – Matt Joyner
  • Vingtenier – Joanne Godwin

Clameur de Haro

Among the old laws of the Channel Islands is the old Norman custom of the Clameur de Haro. Using this legal device, a person can obtain immediate cessation of any action he considers to be an infringement of his rights. At the scene, he must, in front of witnesses, recite the Lord's Prayer in French and cry out "Haro, Haro, Haro! À mon aide mon Prince, on me fait tort!"[21] ("Haro, Haro, Haro! To my aid, my Prince! I am being wronged!"). It should then be registered with the Greffe Office within 24 hours. All actions against the person must then cease until the matter is heard by the Court. The last Clameur recorded on Sark was raised in June 1970 to prevent the construction of a garden wall. The last Clameur de Haro was in fact in 1989 when Paul Armogie, Stocks Hotel, performed one in the patch of land alongside the hotel where John Cubbins was having a property built. On the first dig of the JCB he successfully halted the work which was subsequently stopped until the end of that summer season when it began again.[9]

Sercquiais

Main article: Sercquiais

Sercquiais (Sarkese, or sometimes called Sark-French) is a dialect of the Norman language still spoken by older inhabitants of the island.[30] Its use has declined in recent years due to a large influx of people who have moved to Sark.[31]

Education

Sark generally follows the education system of England.

Sark has one school, the Sark School, which takes residents from the ages of 4 to 15.[32] Pupils wishing to obtain a GCSE or A-level qualification often finish their education in Guernsey or in England. Though, since 2006, a limited number of GCSEs have been offered to pupils at Sark School. [1]

Transport

Tractor-drawn emergency ambulance on Sark
The high-speed ferry service from Jersey arriving on Sark

The Isle of Sark Shipping Company operates small ferries from Sark to St Peter Port, Guernsey. The service takes 45 minutes for the 9 miles (14 km) crossing.[33] A high-speed passenger ferry is operated in summer by the French company Manche Iles Express to Jersey.[34] A 12-passenger boat, the Lady Maris II, operates regular services to Alderney.[35]

The island is a car-free zone[36] where the only vehicles allowed are horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles, tractors, and battery-powered buggies or motorised bicycles for elderly or disabled people. Passengers and goods arriving by ferry from Guernsey are transported from the wharf by tractor-pulled vehicles. To the dismay of residents, large tractors, which produce even more noise and dust than cars of the same size, have proliferated in recent years.

There is no airport on Sark, and flight over Sark below 2400 ft is prohibited by the Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) (Guernsey) Regulations 1985 (Guernsey 1985/21). The closest airports are Guernsey Airport and Jersey Airport. Sark lies directly in line of approach to the runway of Guernsey airport, however, and low-flying[citation needed] aircraft regularly fly over the island.

Sark Lighthouse

Sark Lighthouse
Map
LocationPoint Robert, Sark, Channel Islands
Coordinates49°25′59″N 2°21′39″W / 49.4331°N 2.3608°W / 49.4331; -2.3608
Constructed1913
Automated1994
Height16 m (52 ft)
HeritageInternational Dark Sky Community Edit this on Wikidata
Fog signal2 Blasts every 30 seconds (range 2 nmi (3.7 km))
Light
Focal height65 m (213 ft)
Range20 nmi (37 km)
CharacteristicOne White Flash every 15 seconds

Sark Lighthouse is located on the side of cliffs at Point Robert, at the north east of the island, and guides vessels passing through the Channel Islands away from Blanchard Rock, which lies several miles to the east. It was constructed by Trinity House in 1913 and comprises a white, octagonal tower rising from flat-roofed service rooms and cottages, all built of stone. Access is provided by steps down from the top of the cliff, but the lighthouse was automated in 1994 and is now remotely monitored from the Trinity House operations centre in Harwich, Essex.[37]

Religion

St. Peter's Anglican church

In common with the other Channel Islands, Sark is attached to the Anglican diocese of Winchester.

Sark has an Anglican church (St. Peter's, built 1820) and a Methodist[38] church. John Wesley first proposed a mission to Sark in 1787. Jean de Quetteville of Jersey subsequently began preaching there, initially in a cottage at Le Clos à Geon and then at various houses around Sark. Preachers from Guernsey visited regularly, and in 1796, land was donated by Jean Vaudin, leader of the Methodist community in Sark, for the construction of a chapel, which Jean de Quetteville dedicated in 1797.[39] In the mid-1800s there was a small Plymouth Brethren assembly. Its most notable member was the classicist William Kelly (1821–1906). Kelly was then the tutor to the Seigneur's children.

Supported by the evidence of the names of the tenements of La Moinerie and La Moinerie de Haut, it is believed[40] that the Seigneurie was constructed on the site of the monastery of Saint Magloire. Magloire had been Samson of Dol's successor as bishop of Dol, but retired and founded a monastery in Sark where he died in the late 6th century. According to the vita of Magloire, the monastery housed 62 monks and a school for the instruction of the sons of noble families from the Cotentin. Magloire's relics were venerated at the monastery until the mid-9th century when Viking raids rendered Sark unsafe, and the monks departed for Jersey, taking the relics with them.

Sport

See also: Rugby union in the Bailiwick of Guernsey and Sark national football team

Participation in sport tends towards individual sports rather than team sports, but the population supports a cricket team, a rugby team and a football team.[41] Sark competes in the biannual Island Games in which the Sark national football team has participated. The annual Sark to Jersey Rowing Race is contested by teams from both bailiwicks.[42]

Use in fiction

There are many examples of literature taking Sark as an inspiration or setting.

Norman literature

Although there is no record of literature about Sark in Sercquiais, Guernésiais and Jèrriais literature has included writing about Sark; for example by such authors as Edwin John Luce,[43] Thomas Grut,[44] George F. Le Feuvre,[45] and Denys Corbet.[46]

English literature

  • Swinburne wrote a poem, In Sark, which appears in the collection A Century of Roundels.
  • John Oxenham wrote Carette Of Sark (1907) and his 1910 novel A Maid Of The Silver Sea uses the mines of Little Sark as its setting.
  • The novel Mr Pye by Mervyn Peake, best known for the Gormenghast series, is set on Sark. The book has been adapted for radio and television. The TV series, filmed on Sark, starred Derek Jacobi and Judy Parfitt, and featured a number of islanders. Sark may also have been a crucial inspiration for Peake while writing Gormenghast (he lived on the island at some point in his life).
  • Dame of Sark, the memoirs of the 21st Seigneur Sibyl Mary Hathaway, who was present during the German occupation, were made into a play and television drama of the same name.[47]
  • The novel Appointment with Venus by Jerrard Tickell is set on the fictional island of Armorel, which is presumed to be based on Sark. The 1951 film of the book used Sark as a principal location.
  • Sarah Caudwell's The Sirens Sang of Murder (1989) is partly set in Sark.

French literature

Maurice Leblanc's novel L'Île aux Trente Cercueils (translated in English as The Secret of Sarek) features an island called Sarek, off the coast of Brittany, and bears obvious similarities to Sark. In the story, gentleman-thief Arsène Lupin rescues Véronique d'Hergemont from a local superstition requiring the death of thirty women to appease vengeful spirits.

Television

Sark featured in the 6th episode of the fourth series of The New Statesman, The Irresistible Rise of Alan B'Stard and also in the Jersey-based television detective series Bergerac.

Part of the seventh episode of the second series of World War II television drama Enemy at the Door takes place in Sark. La Coupée features in a number of scenes.

Sark, and in particular the Gouliot Caves, features in episode 8 of series 3 of the BBC television series Coast.

Sark was featured in Episode 3 of the 2009 ITV television series Islands of Britain, presented by Martin Clunes; islanders involved in the programme included Alan Blythe (Constable) and Rossford de Carteret.

Sark was featured on the ITV2 programme Holiday Showdown where one family chose Sark as their holiday destination.

In Episode 2 of the 2009 ITV mini-series Collision, Guy Pearson (played by Nicholas Farrell) says, "I'm moving to the Channel Islands: Sark. No cars on Sark, it'll be heaven."

In John Shuttleworth's Southern Softies (2009). John and his crew can't find anywhere to stay on the island.

See also

References

  1. ^ Isle of Sark, Channel Islands, Sark Tourism
  2. ^ a b http://www.islandlife.org/sark.htm
  3. ^ "Galena from Le Pelley's Shaft, Little Sark, Channel Islands".
  4. ^ "Sark (Channel Islands)".
  5. ^ Timing of plutonism and deformation in Sark magmatic arc segment, Channel Islands, In: Tectonophysics, 1999, issue 312 page 79-95
  6. ^ "Sark and the Barclays Brothers".
  7. ^ "Sark goes to the polls".
  8. ^ F.Cohen and N. Bird Silver in the Channel Islands. Jersey Heritage Trust. pp. 85–86
  9. ^ a b c "Lost world: the last days of feudal Sark". The Independent. 26 October 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  10. ^ "Grave affair. (Andre Gardes tries to take over Sark in the Channel Islands)", The Economist, 1 September 1990. Online at Highbeam.com.
  11. ^ "Minister in row with Barclay brothers over Sark". The Guardian. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ Democratic Revolution, The Economist, 14 July 2007–20 July 2007
  13. ^ Sark democracy plans are approved, BBC News Online, 9 April 2008
  14. ^ A Revolution Not Televised, Time.com, 17 January 2008
  15. ^ After 443 years, Sark gets democracy, The Bugle, Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the Times Online.
  16. ^ Sark agrees switch to democracy, BBC News Online, 22 February 2008
  17. ^ Sark Seneschal could lose Chief Pleas role, Guernsey Press, 17 September 2010
  18. ^ "Sark Islanders fear takeover". Today. BBC. 28 March 2012.
  19. ^ article at Guardian.co.uk
  20. ^ http://services.parliament.uk/hansard/Lords/ByDate/20090616/mainchamberdebates/part003.html
  21. ^ a b Sark Government "Isle of Sark, Channel Islands / Government". sark.info. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  22. ^ http://www.thisisguernsey.com/2010/10/07/seneschal-to-lose-one-of-his-roles/
  23. ^ http://www.portalestoria.net/SARK.htm
  24. ^ "Minutes Extraordinary meeting of the Chief Pleas held on the 8th day of March, 2006" (PDF). p. 8. Archived from the original (pdf) on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2008. Proposition 1
  25. ^ "Island of Sark – Test of opinion on composition of the Chief Pleas" (PDF). 7 September 2006. Archived from the original (pdf) on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2008. for 28 Open Seats...234 ... for 12 Seats for Deputies, 8 Seats for Tenants, 8 Open Seats...184
  26. ^ "Minutes of the meeting held in the Assembly Room, Sark on 4 October 2006" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (pdf) on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  27. ^ "Minute of the Easter meeting of Chief Pleas held in the Assembly Room, Sark on 11–12 April 2007" (PDF). pp. 4, 7, 13. Archived from the original (pdf) on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  28. ^ "Sark democracy plans are approved – an article by BBC News". 9 April 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
  29. ^ http://www.sark.info/static/government/old_website/static/0208div.htm
  30. ^ Dr Mari C Jones. "BBC – Voices – Multilingual Nation / Jèrriais and Sercquiais today". Retrieved 21 February 2008. 1998 it was estimated that, at that time, fewer than 20 out of the Island's 600 permanent inhabitants (3.3%) were still able to speak Sercquiais
  31. ^ "BBC – Voices – Multilingual Nation". Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  32. ^ "Sark Tourism – Isle of Sark, Channel Islands / General Information". Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  33. ^ Isle of Sark Shipping Company
  34. ^ Manches Îles Express
  35. ^ States of Alderney Visit Alderney website
  36. ^ Car Magazine, Issue 577 (August 2010)
  37. ^ "Sark Lighthouse". Trinity House. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  38. ^ "Sark Methodist Church".
  39. ^ Methodism in the Channel Islands, Moore, London, 1952.
  40. ^ Channel island Churches, McCormack, 1986 ISBN 0-85033-541-8.
  41. ^ BBC profile of Sark
  42. ^ "Guernsey dominate Sark to Jersey", BBC Sport, 1 September 2008
  43. ^ La Nouvelle Chronique de Jersey, 24 August 1910
  44. ^ La Gazette de Guernesey, 18 July 1925
  45. ^ Jersey Evening Post, 15 August 1969
  46. ^ Le Bailliage, 10 September 1892
  47. ^ "Death of a Dame". Time. 29 July 1974. Retrieved 11 December 2008. Nearly all 560 subjects of the medieval fiefdom of Sark gathered last week around a gnarled oak tree in their parish churchyard to mourn Dame Sibyl Mary Collings Beaumont Hathaway, 21st Seigneur of Sark. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

Further reading

  • Cachemaille, Rev J.L.V. (1928). The Island of Sark.
  • de Carteret, A.R. (1956). The Story of Sark. London: Peter Owen Limited.
  • Toyne, S.M. (1959). Sark: A Feudal Survival. Eton, Windsor: The Shakespeare Head Press.
  • Ewen, A. H.; de Carteret, Allan R. (1969). The Fief of Sark. Guernsey: Guernsey Press.
  • Barnett, A.J. (1977). The Constitution of Sark.
  • Coysh, Victor (1982). Sark: The Last Stronghold of Feudalism. Guernsey: Toucan Press.
  • Karbe, Lars Cassio (1984). Das politische System der Insel Sark. Modelle europäischer Zwergstaaten – die normannische Seigneurie Sark (Sercq). Frankfurt am Main. ISBN 3-8204-7483-8.
  • Hawkes, Ken (1995). Sark. Guernsey: Guernsey Press. ISBN 0-902550-46-2.
  • Rivett, Peter J. (1999). Sark: A Feudal Fraud?. Devon: Planetesimal Publishing. ISBN 0-9534947-2-1.
  • Sack, John (1959). Report from Practically Nowhere. New York: Curtis Publishing Company. pp. 26–42.
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