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The Death of Klinghoffer

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Template:Adams operas The Death of Klinghoffer is an American opera, with music by John Adams to an English-language libretto by Alice Goodman. First produced in Brussels and New York in 1991, the opera is based on the hijacking of the passenger liner Achille Lauro by the Palestine Liberation Front in 1985, and the hijackers' murder of Jewish-American passenger Leon Klinghoffer by throwing him overboard. The concept of the opera originated with theatre director Peter Sellars,[1] who was a major collaborator, as was the choreographer Mark Morris. It was commissioned by five American and European opera companies, as well as the Brooklyn Academy of Music. The opera has drawn controversy and allegations that the opera is antisemitic, including by the Klinghoffer family.

Performance history

The opera was originally commissioned through a consortium of five opera companies, including La Monnaie, San Francisco Opera, Opéra de Lyon, Los Angeles Opera and Glyndebourne Festival Opera, as well as the Brooklyn Academy of Music.

The first performance took place at the Théatre Royal de la Monnaie, Brussels, Belgium, on 19 March 1991, directed by Sellars.[2] The first US performance was at the Brooklyn Academy of Music on 5 September 1991.[3] Because of the ensuing controversy and reaction to the subject matter and philosophy of the opera, the Glyndebourne and Los Angeles productions did not take place. When the original production was staged by San Francisco Opera in November 1992, the Jewish Information League[clarification needed Who? There doesn't seem to be such a thing.] staged protests.[4] The first staging in Germany took place in 1997 in Nürnberg, followed by a second German production at the Opernhaus Wuppertal in 2005.

Another European production was given in February 2001, in Helsinki at Finnish National Opera.[5] The first complete UK performance was a 2002 concert in London by the BBC Symphony Orchestra.[6] Penny Woolcock directed a British television version of the opera, in revised form, for Channel 4, with the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Adams; its soundtrack was made in 2001, the telecast aired in 2003, and a DVD was released on Decca in 2004.[7] The first Australasian performance took place in February 2005 at the Auckland Festival, New Zealand.[8] The first fully staged UK production was given in August 2005 at the Edinburgh Festival by Scottish Opera.[9][10][11]

The opera received new concert performances at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in December 2003,[12] and the Curtis Institute of Music, through its Curtis Opera Theatre and Curtis Symphony Orchestra, gave a performance in Philadelphia in February 2005. Four years later, students at the Juilliard Opera Center performed a semi-staged concert version with Adams conducting.[13] The Death of Klinghoffer received its second full American staging in June 2011 at Opera Theatre of Saint Louis, conducted by Michael Christie and directed by James Robinson.[14][15] The opera received its first London production on 25 February 2012 at the English National Opera,[16] in a co-production with the Metropolitan Opera, which is scheduled to stage the opera in the 2014/15 season.[17] In June 2014, the Met's general manager Peter Gelb announced that after discussions with the Anti-Defamation League the planned Live in HD transmission would be cancelled amidst concerns that it could encourage antisemitism.[18] After being dropped from production by the co-commissioning Los Angeles Opera, the opera received its Los Angeles area premiere in March 2014 with Long Beach Opera, conducted by Andreas Mitisek and staged by James Robinson.[19]

Roles

Role Voice type Premiere cast,
March 19, 1991
(Conductor: Kent Nagano)
The Captain of the Achille Lauro baritone James Maddalena
'Mamoud', a terrorist baritone Eugene Perry
The First Officer bass-baritone Thomas Hammons
Swiss grandmother mezzo-soprano Janice Felty
Austrian woman mezzo-soprano Janice Felty
British dancing girl mezzo-soprano Janice Felty
Molqi, a terrorist tenor Thomas Young
'Rambo', a terrorist bass-baritone Thomas Hammons
Leon Klinghoffer baritone Sanford Sylvan
Omar, a terrorist mezzo-soprano Stephanie Friedman
Marilyn Klinghoffer contralto Sheila Nadler
Chorus of Exiled Palestinians SATB Chorus of La Monnaie
Chorus of Exiled Jews SATB Chorus of La Monnaie

Synopsis

Prologue

Consists of two choruses, the "Chorus of Exiled Palestinians" and the "Chorus of Exiled Jews", each of which is a general reflection about the respective peoples and their history.

Act 1

Scene 1

The unnamed Captain of the Achille Lauro recalls the events of the hijacking. Prior to that, most of the passengers had disembarked in Egypt for a tour of the Pyramids, and the ship set out to sea to return later for the touring passengers. The hijackers had boarded during the disembarkation. When the hijackers commandeer the ship, the passengers still on board are collected in the ship's restaurant. The narrative shifts to a Swiss grandmother, traveling with her grandson whilst the boy's parents are touring the pyramids. The ship's first officer, given the fictitious name of Giordano Bruno, informs the Captain that terrorists are on the ship and one waiter has been wounded. The Captain and First Officer try to keep the passengers calm. Molqi, one of the hijackers, explains the situation to the passengers at gunpoint. The Captain and Molqi have an encounter, where the Captain orders food and drink to be brought, and offers to let Molqi choose the food for the Captain to eat.

Scene 2

Following the "Ocean Chorus", another hijacker, Mamoud, keeps guard over the Captain. Mamoud recalls his youth and songs he listened to on the radio. The Captain and Mamoud have a dialogue, in which the Captain pleads that individuals on the two sides of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict could meet and try to understand each other. Mamoud dismisses this idea. During this scene is a passenger narrative by the Austrian Woman, who locked herself in her cabin and remained hidden throughout the hijacking. Act 1 ends with the "Night Chorus."

Act 2

[The "Hagar Chorus", relating to the Islamic story of Hagar and the Angel and the Biblical story of Hagar and Ishmael is sung. It represents the beginnings of Arab–Israeli tension, of which the hijacking is one historical result]

Scene 1

Molqi is frustrated that he has received no reply to his demands. Mamoud threatens all of the passengers with death. Leon Klinghoffer sings, saying that he normally likes to avoid trouble and live simply and decently, but going on to denounce the hijackers. Another hijacker, called "Rambo", responds in harsh terms about Jews and Americans. The passenger, the British Dancing Girl, recalls how well the fourth hijacker, Omar, treated her and the other passengers, for example, letting them have cigarettes. Omar sings of his desire for martyrdom for his cause. At the end of the scene, Omar and Molqi have a dispute, and Molqui takes Klinghoffer away. The "Desert Chorus" follows.

Scene 2

Marilyn Klinghoffer talks about disability, illness, and death. She thinks that her husband Leon was taken to the ship's hospital, but he was shot, off-stage. The hijackers have ordered the Captain to say they will kill another passenger every fifteen minutes. Instead, the Captain offers himself as the sole next person to be killed. Molqi appears and says that Leon Klinghoffer is dead. The "Aria of the Falling Body (Gymnopédie)", sung by Klinghoffer, follows.

[The "Day Chorus" links Scene 2 to Scene 3]

Scene 3

After the hijackers have surrendered and the surviving passengers have disembarked safely in port, the Captain remains to tell Marilyn Klinghoffer the news of about her husband's death. She reacts with sorrow and rage towards the Captain, for what she sees as his accommodation of the hijackers. Her final sentiment is that she wished that she could have died in Leon's place.

Dramaturgy

The general style of the opera's music resembles that of Adams' minimalist music period, in the vein also of music by Philip Glass and Steve Reich. Intervallic relationships such as affekt are used to evoke certain emotions. The drama is portrayed primarily in long monologues by individual characters, with commentary by the chorus, which does not take part in the action.

Both Adams and Sellars have acknowledged the affinity of the opera's dramatic structure to the sacred oratorios of Johann Sebastian Bach, in particular his Passions. The plot of the opera does not contain a detailed re-enactment of the events of the hijacking and the murder of Klinghoffer; the major events are not directly portrayed on stage and occur between the opera's staged scenes. The artists originally considered the opera as more of a "dramatic meditation" or "reflection", in the manner of an oratorio, rather than a conventional narrative opera driven by plot.

Based on this aspect, the opera has been criticized as undramatic and static, particularly in act 1, whereas act 2 is more "conventional" in terms of operatic narrative.[6] In defence of this unconventional structure, John Ginman has analysed the particular dramaturgy and structure of the opera.[20]

The opera's choral passages have been performed and recorded separately as Choruses from Klinghoffer.

Controversy and allegations of antisemitism

Controversy surrounded the American premiere and other productions in the years which followed. Adams, Goodman and Sellars repeatedly claimed that they were trying to give equal voice to both Israelis and Palestinians with respect to the political background.[21][22] Some critics and audience members condemned the production as antisemitic and appearing to be 'sympathetic' to the hijackers.[23]

Lisa Klinghoffer and Ilsa Klinghoffer, the daughters of Leon and Marilyn Klinghoffer, anonymously attended the 1991 world premiere of the opera in New York City. Afterwards the Klinghoffer family released the following statement about the opera: "We are outraged at the exploitation of our parents and the coldblooded murder of our father as the centerpiece of a production that appears to us to be anti-Semitic."[24]

The dramatic expression of Palestinian historical grievances in a theatrical context was one source of accusations of 'sympathy' with Palestinian terrorism. Others accused the creators of anti-Semitism for their portrayal of fictional Jewish-American neighbours of the Klinghoffers, the Rumors, in a scene in the original version. The couple were characterized in a way many Jews believed to be offensive and inappropriately satirical. Following the American premiere, Adams deleted this scene while revising his opera for all future productions.[25]

Following the September 11 attacks, the Boston Symphony Orchestra cancelled a scheduled performance in November 2001 of extracts from the opera. This was partly in deference to a member of the Tanglewood Festival Chorus, who lost a family member on one of the hijacked planes, as well as due to perceptions that the work was overly sympathetic to terrorists. In a widely read New York Times article, Richard Taruskin defended the orchestra's action, and denounced Adams and the opera for "romanticizing terrorists".[26] John Rockwell of The New York Times, in a review of the Penny Woolcock film version, countered that the opera ultimately "shows unequivocally that murder is nothing more than that, vicious and unconscionable."[27]

Adams responded[28] to Taruskin's criticisms on a number of occasions, including this 2004 statement: "Not long ago our attorney general, John Ashcroft, said that anyone who questioned his policies on civil rights after September 11 was aiding terrorists; what Taruskin said was the aesthetic version of that. If there is an aesthetic viewpoint that does not agree with his, it should not be heard. I find that very disturbing indeed.[29]"

In a more academic analysis, musicologist Robert Fink countered Taruskin's accusations of antisemitism, with particular reference to the deleted scene with the Rumor family. Fink has discussed how the removal of this scene disrupted the original dramaturgical structure of the opera, as the singers of the members of the Rumor family took on symbolically ironic later roles in the opera. Fink further posited that the reaction of American audiences to the portrayal of the Rumor family was partly because it was sociologically accurate. He discussed the scene in the historical context of past depictions in American popular culture of Jewish-American families.[25] A separate academic study by Ruth Sara Longobardi discusses the opera with respect to issues about depictions of Palestinians and Jews. She explores how the use of contemporary media in productions, such as the Penny Woolcock film of the opera, affects perception of the two sides of the political conflict.[30]

The 2009 Juilliard performance aroused controversy again. A letter to The Juilliard Journal protested the opera as "a political statement made by the composer to justify an act of terrorism by four Palestinians." The school's president, Joseph W. Polisi, responded with his own letter, stating that he was "a longtime friend of Israel and have visited the country on numerous occasions", as well as a recipient of the King Solomon Award from the America Israel Cultural Foundation, and calling Klinghoffer "a profoundly perceptive and human commentary on a political/religious problem that continues to find no resolution." He added that Juilliard and other institutions "have to be responsible for maintaining an environment in which challenging, as well as comforting, works of art are presented to the public."[31]

In June, 2014, the New York Metropolitan Opera cancelled an international simulcast and radio broadcast of John Adams' opera The Death of Klinghoffer due to "an outpouring of concern" that it "might be used to fan global anti-semitism." In addition to cancelling the simulcast and radio broadcast, the Metropolitan Opera agreed to include a statement from Klinghoffer's daughters in the printed program. Peter Gelb, general manager for the Metropolitan Opera, stated, "I'm convinced that the opera is not anti-Semitic, but I've also become convinced that there is genuine concern in the international Jewish community that the live transmission of The Death of Klinghoffer would be inappropriate at this time of rising anti-Semitism, particularly in Europe."[32] In an official statement, Adams said: "The cancellation of the international telecast is a deeply regrettable decision and goes far beyond issues of 'artistic freedom,' and ends in promoting the same kind of intolerance that the opera’s detractors claim to be preventing."[33]

References

  1. ^ Christiansen, Rupert, "Breaking Taboos". Opera, 54(5), 543–548 (May 2003)
  2. ^ John Rockwell (1991-03-21). "From an Episode of Terrorism, Adams's Death of Klinghoffer". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  3. ^ Edward Rothstein (1991-09-07). "Seeking Symmetry Between Palestinians and Jews". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  4. ^ "Art attack". New Statesman. 2005-10-17. Retrieved 2011-01-23.[dead link‍]
  5. ^ Keith Potter (2001-02-23). "Klinghoffer resurrected". The Independent. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  6. ^ a b Andrew Clements (2002-01-21). "The Death of Klinghoffer (Barbican, London)". The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  7. ^ Andrew Billen (2003-06-02). "Sing it again, Klinghoffer". New Statesman. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  8. ^ William Dart (2005-02-18). "Death of Klinghoffer a fearless dissection of terrorist mindset". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  9. ^ Andrew Clark (2005-08-25). "Reality of terrorism on stage". Financial Times. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  10. ^ Andrew Clements (2005-08-24). "The Death of Klinghoffer (Festival Theatre, Edinburgh)". The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  11. ^ Robert Thicknesse (2005-08-24). "The Death of Klinghoffer". The Times. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  12. ^ Anthony Tommasini (2003-12-05). "Giving Voice To an Act Of Terror". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  13. ^ Anthony Tommasini (2009-02-01). "In a New Generation, a Searing Opera Breaks Free of Polemics". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  14. ^ Sarah Bryan Miller (2011-06-16). "Death of Klinghoffer is powerful night at the opera". St Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
  15. ^ Steve Smith (2011-06-17). "Klinghoffer Returns, to Be Debated Anew". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
  16. ^ Richard Fairman (2012-02-27). "The Death of Klinghoffer, Coliseum, London". Financial Times. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
  17. ^ Fiona Maddocks (2012-03-02). "The Death of Klinghoffer; Rusalka – Review". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
  18. ^ "Met cancels broadcast amidst anti-Semitism row" by Clive Paget, Limelight, 18 June 2014
  19. ^ 2014 performance information on Long Beach Opera website
  20. ^ Ginman, John (March 2004). "Opera as 'Information': The Dramaturgy of The Death of Klinghoffer". Contemporary Theatre Review. 14 (1): 51–59. doi:10.1080/1026716032000152217. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  21. ^ "Opera As A Source Of Healing". Newsweek. 1991-03-31. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  22. ^ Michael Walsh (1991-04-01). "Art And Terror in the Same Boat". Time. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  23. ^ Edward Rothstein (1991-09-15). "Klinghoffer Sinks Into Minimal Sea". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  24. ^ Allan Kozinn (1991-09-11). "Klinghoffer Daughters Protest Opera". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
  25. ^ a b Fink, Robert (July 2005). "Klinghoffer in Brooklyn Heights". Cambridge Opera Journal. 17 (2): 173–213. doi:10.1017/s0954586705001989. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  26. ^ Richard Taruskin (2001-12-09). "Music's Dangers And The Case For Control". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
  27. ^ John Rockwell (2003-12-04). "Is Klinghoffer Anti-Semitic?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  28. ^ Anna Picard (2002-01-13). "John Adams: 'It was a rant, a riff and an ugly personal attack'". The Independent. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  29. ^ Martin Kettle (2001-12-15). "The witch-hunt". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
  30. ^ Longobardi, Ruth Sara (2009). "Re-producing Klinghoffer: Opera and Arab Identity before and after 9/11". Journal of the Society for American Music. 3 (03): 273–310. doi:10.1017/s1752196309990435. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
  31. ^ Polisi, Joseph W. (February 2009). "Letters to the Editor: On The Death of Klinghoffer". Juilliard Journal. XXIV (5). Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  32. ^ Michaels, Sean; Tilden, Imogen (2014-06-18). "New York's Met cancel The Death of Klinghoffer simulcast". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
  33. ^ Ng, David (2014-06-17). "John Adams decries cancellation of 'Klinghoffer' cinema broadcast". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
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