Earthquake shaking table
There are several different experimental techniques that can be used to test the response of structures to verify their seismic performance, one of which is the use of an earthquake shaking table (a shaking table, or simply shake table). This is a device for shaking structural models or building components with a wide range of simulated ground motions, including reproductions of recorded earthquakes time-histories.
While modern tables typically consist of a rectangular platform that is driven in up to six degrees of freedom (DOF) by servo-hydraulic or other types of actuators, the earliest shake table, invented at the University of Tokyo in 1893 to categorize types of building construction, ran on a simple wheel mechanism.[1] Test specimens are fixed to the platform and shaken, often to the point of failure. Using video records and data from transducers, it is possible to interpret the dynamic behaviour of the specimen. Earthquake shaking tables are used extensively in seismic research, as they provide the means to excite structures in such a way that they are subjected to conditions representative of true earthquake ground motions.
They are also used in other fields of engineering to test and qualify vehicles and components of vehicles that must respect heavy vibration requirements and standards (i.e. aerospace,[2][3] military standards[4] etc.).
A world list of shaking tables
Below is an attempt to create a definitive list of shaking tables around the world that are used for seismic testing. The list is almost certainly not complete and not all the data has been verified by the shaking table owners. If you operate a shaking table please help by correcting and updating and adding to this list.
This list was originally based on information from the following documents: Experimental Facilities for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Worldwide, Directory of International Earthquake Engineering Research Facilities and papers by Chowdhury,[5] Duarte,[6] Kamimura and Nakashima [7] and EERI.[8]
Region | Country | State | Location | Size (m) | Payload (metric tonnes) | Degrees of Freedom | X Horiz Disp (mm) | Y Horiz Disp (mm) | Z Vert Disp (mm) | X Horiz Vel (mm/s) | Y Horiz vel (mm/s) | Z Vert vel (mm/s) | X Horiz accel (m/s2) | Y Horiz accel (m/s2) | Z Vert accel (m/s2) | Max Freq (Hz) | Details checked |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | Algeria | - | CGS Laboratory, Alger [9] | 6.1 x 6.1 | 60 | 6 | ±150 | ±250 | ±100 | ±1100 | ±1100 | ±1000 | ±10 | ±10 | ±8 | 100 | 30/6/2010 |
Africa | South Africa | - | University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg[10] | 4 x 4 | 10 | 1 | ±750 | n/a | n/a | ±1000 | n/a | n/a | ±10 | n/a | n/a | 40 | 17/7/2009 |
Asia | China | - | China Academy of Building Research, Beijing [11][12] | 6.1 x 6.1 | 60 | 6 | ±150 | ±250 | ±100 | ±1000 | ±1200 | ±800 | ±15 | ±10 | ±8 | 50 | ? |
Asia | China | - | Guangzhou University [13] | 3 x 3 | 20 | 6 | ±100 | ±100 | ±50 | ±1000 | ±1000 | ±1000 | ±26 | ±26 | ±50 | 50 | 10/7/2008 |
Asia | China | - | Nanjing University of Technology [12] | 3 x 5 | 15 | 3 | ±120 | ±120 | ±120 | ±500 | ±500 | ±500 | ±10 | ±10 | ±10 | 50 | ? |
Asia | China | - | Tongji University, Shanghai [12] | 4 x 4 | 25 | 6 | ±100 | ±50 | ±50 | ±1000 | ±600 | ±600 | ±40 | ±20 | ±40 | 50 | ? |
Asia | China | - | Fuzhou University, Fuzhou [12] | 4.1 x 4.1+2.54 x 2.54+2.54 x 2.54 | 40 | 3 | ±500 | ±500 | / | ±1000 | ±1000 | / | ±15 | ±15 | / | 50 | |
Asia | China | - | Xi'a University of Architecture & Technology | 2 x 2 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | Singapore | - | Nanyang Technological University | 3 x 3 | 10 | 1 | ±120 | n/a | n/a | ±650 | n/a | n/a | ±20 | n/a | n/a | 50 | 23/7/2008 |
Asia | Hong Kong | - | City University of Hong Kong | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | Hong Kong | - | Hong Kong Polytechnic University [14] | 3 x 3 | 10 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 10 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | India | Delhi | Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi [15] | 5 x 5 | 20 | 1 | ±500 | n/a | n/a | ? | ? | ? | ±20 | n/a | n/a | 100 | ? |
Asia | India | Assam | IIT Guwahati [16] | 2.5 x 2.5 | 5 | 1 | ±500 | n/a | n/a | ? | ? | ? | ±20 | n/a | n/a | 100 | ? |
Asia | India | Karnataka | CPRI Bangalore,[17] Karnataka | 3 x 3 | 10 | 6 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | India | Karnataka | IISc, Bangalore [18] | 1 x 1 | 0.5 | 6 | ±220 | ±220 | ±100 | ±570 | ±570 | ±570 | ±30 | ±30 | ±20 | 50 | 23/7/2008 |
Asia | India | Tamil Nadu | SERC, Chennai (1 of 3),[17] Tamil Nadu | 4 x 4 | 30 | 3 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | India | Tamil Nadu | SERC, Chennai (2 of 3),[17] Tamil Nadu | 2 x 2 | 5 | 3 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | India | Tamil Nadu | SERC, Chennai (3 of 3),[19] Tamil Nadu | 3 x 3 | 10 | 6 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | India | Tamil Nadu | Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research(IGCAR), Chennai,Tamil Nadu | 3 x 3 | 10 | 6 | ±100 | ±100 | ±100 | 300 | 300 | ? | ±14.715 | ±14.715 | 9.81 | 100 | ? |
Asia | India | Uttarakhand | IIT Roorkee,[17][20] Uttarakhand | 3.5 x 3.5 | 20 | 2 | ? | n/a | ? | ? | n/a | ? | ? | n/a | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | India | Uttar Pradesh | IIT Kanpur,[21] Uttar Pradesh | 1.2 x 1.8 | 4 | 1 | ±75 | n/a | n/a | ±1500 | n/a | n/a | ±50 | n/a | n/a | 50 | 25/6/2009 |
Asia | India | West Bengal | Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur,[22] West Bengal | 1.5 x 1.5 | ? | 1 | ? | n/a | n/a | ? | n/a | n/a | ? | n/a | n/a | ? | 19/11/2009 |
Asia | Iran | - | International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology(IIEES) | 1.4 x 1.2 | 2 | 1 | ±35 | n/a | n/a | ? | n/a | n/a | ±40 | n/a | n/a | ? | ? |
Asia | Iran | - | Iran University of Science & Technology (IUST) | 2 x 0.5 | 5 | 1 | ±60 | n/a | n/a | ? | n/a | n/a | ±6.5 | n/a | n/a | ? | ? |
Asia | Iran | - | Sharif University of Technology (SUT)) | 4 x 4 | 30 | 3 | ±125 | ±200 | ? | ±500 | ±800 | ? | ±50 | ±40 | ? | 50 | 7/19/2011 |
Asia | Japan | - | Aichi Institute of Technology | 11 x 6 | 136 | 1 | ±150 | ? | ? | ±1000 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Building Research Institute | 3 x 4 | 20 | 3 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry [23] | 5 x 5 | 60 | 1 | ±500 | n/a | n/a | ±1500 | n/a | n/a | ±10 | n/a | n/a | 30 | 12/3/2008 |
Asia | Japan | - | NIED ‘E-Defence’ Laboratory, Miki City [24] | 20 x 15 | 1200 | 6 | ±1000 | ±1000 | ±500 | ±2000 | ±2000 | ±700 | ±9 | ±9 | ±15 | 50 | 3/3/2008 |
Asia | Japan | - | Fujita Corporation | 4 x 4 | 25 | 1 | ±500 | n/a | n/a | ±1500 | n/a | n/a | ±10 | n/a | n/a | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Hazama Corp Ltd. | 6 x 4 | 80 | 3 | ±300 | ±150 | ±100 | ±1150 | ? | ? | ±20 | ±3 | ±2 | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Hitachi Engineering Corp | 4 x 4 | 20 | 1 | ±150 | ? | ? | ±750 | ? | ? | ±20 | ? | ? | 30 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Corp. | 4.5 x 4.5 | 35 | 6 | ±100 | ±100 | ±67 | ±750 | ±750 | ±500 | ±15 | ±15 | ±10 | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | JDC Corp. | ? | 20 | 6 | ±300 | ? | ? | ±1000 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Kawasaki Heavy Industries Corp. | ? | 30 | 3 | ±75 | ? | ? | ±400 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Kajima Corp. Ltd. (1 of 2) [25] | 5 x 5 | 50 | 6 | ±200 | ±200 | ±100 | ±1000 | ±1000 | ±500 | ±20 | ±20 | ±20 | 60 | 3/3/2008 |
Asia | Japan | - | Kajima Corp. Ltd. (2 of 2) | 4 x 4 | 20 | 2 | ±150 | n/a | ±75 | ±1140 | n/a | ±4450 | ±20 | n/a | ±10 | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Kumagai-Gumi Corp Ltd | 5 x 5 | 64 | 6 | ±80 | ±260 | ±50 | ±600 | ±1500 | ±500 | ±30 | ±10 | ±10 | 70 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Kyoto University | 5 x 3 | 14 | 6 | ±300 | ? | ? | ±1500 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Kyoto University Disaster Prevention Research Centre [26] | 3.5 diameter | ? | 6 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Ministry of Construction | 6 x 8 | 100 | 2 | ±75 | n/a | ? | ±600 | n/a | ? | ±7 | n/a | ? | 30 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Mitsubishi Electric Corp. | ? | 40 | 2 | ±100 | ? | ? | ±700 | ? | ? | ±25 | ? | ? | 30 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Corp. | ? | 100 | 3 | ±50 | ? | ? | ±1500 | ? | ? | ±20 | ? | ? | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | National Research Institute of Agriculture Engineering | 6 x 4 | 45 | 3 | ±150 | ? | ? | ±750 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 40 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | NIED (Nat. Inst. for Disaster Prevention) (1 of 2) | 6 x 6 | 1100 | 3 | ±1000 | ? | ? | ±2000 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 15 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | NIED (Nat. Inst. for Disaster Prevention) (2 of 2) | 12 x 12 | 500 | 1 | ±220 | ? | ? | ±900 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Nishimatsu Construction Corp | 5.5 x 5.5 | 65 | 6 | ±500 | ? | ? | ±1500 | ? | ? | ±20 | ? | ? | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation | 15 x 15 | 908 | 2 | ±200 | n/a | ±100 | ±750 | n/a | ±375 | ±18 | n/a | ±9 | 30 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | NYK Corporation | 2.6 x 2.6 | 20 | 6 | ±200 | ? | ? | ±600 | ? | ? | ±20 | ? | ? | 80 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Obayashi-Gumi Corporation | 5 x 5 | 46 | 3 | ±600 | ? | ? | ±2000 | ? | ? | ±30 | ? | ? | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Okumura Corp. | ? | 60 | 6 | ±125 | ? | ? | ±1000 | ? | ? | ±30 | ? | ? | 70 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Penta-Ocean Construction Co. Ltd. (1 of 2) | ? | 60 | 6 | ±300 | ? | ? | ±1000 | ? | ? | ±5 | ? | ? | 70 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Penta-Ocean Construction Co. Ltd. (2 of 2) | ? | 60 | 6 | ±200 | ? | ? | ±750 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 70 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Port and Airport Research Institute | 3.4 x 3.4 | 55 | 2 | ±200 | n/a | ±100 | ±750 | ±500 | n/a | ±8 | ±15 | n/a | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) [27] | 8 x 8 | 300 | 6 | ±600 | ±600 | ±300 | ±2000 | ±2000 | ±1000 | ±20 | ±20 | ±10 | 50 | 10/5/2008 |
Asia | Japan | - | Sanryo Heavy Industries Corporation | 6 x 6 | 90.7 | 3 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Shimizu Corporation | 4 x 4 | 20 | 3 | ±200 | ? | ? | ±1000 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Taisei Corp Ltd | 4 x 4 | 20 | 2 | ±200 | ? | ? | ±450 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 50 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Tobishima Corp Ltd | 4 x 4 | 20 | 2 | ±75 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ±15 | ? | ? | 30 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Tobishima Corp Ltd | ? | 20 | 6 | ±200 | ? | ? | ±800 | ? | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 30 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Tokyu Const. Corp. | 4 x 4 | 30 | 6 | ±500 | ±200 | ±100 | ±1500 | ±1000 | ? | ±10 | ? | ? | 30 | ? |
Asia | Japan | - | Toshiba Electric Co. | 5 x 5 | 20 | 2 | ±750 | n/a | ±380 | ±400 | n/a | ±250 | ±10 | n/a | ±7 | 30 | ? |
Asia | South Korea | - | Hyundai Institute of Construction Technology Development (1 of 2) [28] | 2 x 2 | 5 | 2 | ±75 | ±75 | n/a | ±500 | ±500 | n/a | ±10 | ±10 | n/a | ? | 5/2/2009 |
Asia | South Korea | - | Hyundai Institute of Construction Technology Development (2 of 2) | 5 x 3 | 30 | 1 | ±100 | n/a | n/a | ±500 | n/a | n/a | ±10 | n/a | n/a | ? | 5/2/2009 |
Asia | South Korea | - | Korea Institute of Machinery and Metals, Changwon | 4 x 4 | 30 | 6 | ±200 | ±200 | ±134 | ±750 | ±750 | ±500 | ±15 | ±15 | ±10 | 50 | ? |
Asia | Korea | - | Pusan National University (1 of 3) [29] | 5 x 5 | 30 | 3 | ±300 | ±200 | n/a | ±1000 | ±1000 | n/a | ±20 | ±20 | n/a | 60 | 24/7/2008 |
Asia | Korea | - | Pusan National University (2 of 3) [29] | 5 x 5 | 60 | 3 | ±300 | ±200 | n/a | ±1000 | ±1000 | n/a | ±30 | ±30 | n/a | 60 | 24/7/2008 |
Asia | Korea | - | Pusan National University (3 of 3) [29] | 4 x 4 | 30 | 6 | ±300 | ±200 | ±150 | ±1500 | ±1500 | ±1000 | ±20 | ±20 | ±40 | 60 | 24/7/2008 |
Asia | Malaysia | - | Sabah University | 1.5 x 1.5 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Asia | Taiwan | - | National Center for Research in Earthquake Engineering [30] | 5 x 5 | 50 | 6 | ±250 | ±100 | ±100 | ±1000 | ±600 | ±500 | ±10 | ±30 | ±10 | 50 | 12/3/2008 |
Oceania | Australia | Victoria | University of Melbourne | 2 x 2 | 3 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Oceania | Australia | New South Wales | University of Technology, Sydney | 3 x 3 | 10 | 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 50 | 15/12/2009 |
North America | Canada | Ontario | Royal Military College of Canada,[31] Kingston | 2.7 x 2.7 | 5 | 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
North America | Canada | British Columbia | University of British Columbia (EERF Lab), Vancouver | 4 x 4 | 30 | 6 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
North America | Canada | Québec | University of Sherbrooke | ? x ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Europe | France | - | Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), AZALEE (1 of 3) [32] | 6 x 6 | 100 | 6 | ±125 | ±125 | ±100 | ±700 | ±700 | ±700 | ±10 | ±10 | ±25 | 50 | 27/01/2011 |
Europe | France | - | Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), VESUVE (2 of 3) [32] | 4 x 3 | 20 | 1 | ±125 | n/a | n/a | ±1000 | n/a | n/a | ±10 | n/a | n/a | 50 | 27/01/2011 |
Europe | France | - | Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), TOURNESOL (3 of 3) [32] | 2 x 2 | 10 | 3 | ±125 | n/a | ±100 | ±2000 | n/a | ±1300 | ±10 | n/a | 10 | 50 | 27/01/2011 |
Europe | France | - | FCBA Institut technologique,[33] Bordeaux | 6 x 6 | 10 | 1 | ±125 | n/a | n/a | ±800 | n/a | n/a | ±20 | n/a | n/a | 50 | 02/2011 |
Europe | Greece | - | Aristotle University of Thessaloniki | 1.2 x 1.2 | 15 | 2 | ±50 | n/a | ±50 | ? | n/a | ? | ? | n/a | ? | 30 | ? |
Europe | Greece | - | National Technical University of Athens [34] | 4 x 4 | 10 | 6 | ±100 | ±100 | ±100 | ±1000 | ±1000 | ±1000 | ±20 | ±20 | ±40 | 100 | 12/3/2008 |
Europe | Italy | - | Ansaldo Nucleare, Genoa [35] | 3.5 x 3.5 | 6 | 3 | ±70 | ? | ? | ±860 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 60 | ? |
Europe | Italy | - | Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples [36] - Shake Table | 4 x 4 | 20 | 2 | ±250 | ±250 | n/a | ±1000 | ±1000 | n/a | 10 | 10 | n/a | 50 | - |
Europe | Italy | - | ENEA (Casaccia R. C.) - System 1 [37] Shake Table (1 of 2) | 4 x 4 | 30 | 6 | ±125 | ±125 | ±125 | ±500 | ±500 | ±500 | ±30 | ±30 | ±30 | 50 | 13/6/2015 |
Europe | Italy | - | ENEA (Casaccia R. C.) - System 2 [37] Shake Table (2 of 2) | 2 x 2 | 5 | 6 | ±150 | ±150 | ±150 | ±1000 | ±1000 | ±1000 | ±50 | ±50 | ±50 | 100 | 13/6/2015 |
Europe | Italy | - | CESI S.p.A., Static & Dynamic Testing Laboratories, Seriate (BG) | 4 x 4 | 30 | 6 | ±100 | ±100 | ±100 | ±440 | ±440 | ±440 | ±50 | ±50 | ? | 120 | 13/6/2015 |
Europe | Italy | - | European Centre for Training & Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE) [38] - Shake Table | 5.6 x 7 | 140 | 1 | ±500 | - | - | ±2200 | - | - | 59 | - | - | 50 | - |
Europe | Italy | - | European Centre for Training & Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE) [38] - Bearing Testing System | 1.6 x 4.4 | 5000 (vertical load) | 5 | ±500 | ±265 | 140 | ±2200 | ±600 | ±250 | 18 | - | - | 20 | - |
Europe | Italy | - | European Centre for Training & Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE) [38] - Damper Testing System | 1.5 x 2 | 50 | 1 | ±250 | - | - | ±1180 | - | - | 10 | - | - | 20 | - |
Europe | Macedonia | - | Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje (1 of 2) [39] | 5 x 5 | 40 | 5 | n/a | ±125 | ±60 | n/a | ±1000 | ±500 | n/a | ±30 | ±15 | 80 | 20/9/2011 |
Europe | Macedonia | - | Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje (2 of 2) [39] | 1.4 x 2.5 | 8 | 1 | ±100 | n/a | n/a | ? | n/a | n/a | ±20 | n/a | n/a | 80 | 7/7/2008 |
Europe | The Netherlands | - | European Space Agency (ESA) ESTEC Test Centre,[40] Noordwijk | 5.5 x 5.5 | 22.5 | 6 | ±70 | ±70 | ±70 | ±800 | ±800 | ±800 | ±50 | ±50 | ±50 | 2-100 | 23/7/2008 |
Europe | Portugal | - | Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Lisbon | 5.6 x 5.6 | 40 | 3 | ±175 | ±175 | ±175 | ±200 | ±200 | ±200 | ±18 | ±11 | ±6 | 20 | ? |
Europe | Russia | - | Hydroproject Research Institute | 5 x 5 | 50 | 3 | ±70 | ±70 | ±40 | ±600 | ? | ? | ±20 | ±20 | ? | 40 | ? |
Europe | Spain | - | CEDEX, Madrid [41][42] | 3 x 3 | 10 | 6 | ±100 | ±100 | ±50 | ? | ? | ? | ±10 | ±10 | ±20 | 60 | 13/6/2015 |
Europe | Turkey | - | Istanbul Technical University, ITU-STEELab (Structural and Earthquake Engineering Laboratory), Istanbul [43][44][45] | 2.35x2.35 | 30 | 1 | ±325 | - | - | ±1250 | - | - | ±20 | - | - | 8 | |
Europe | Turkey | - | Bogazici University, Istanbul (1 of 2) [46] | 3 x 3 | 10 | 1 | ±120 | n/a | n/a | ±650 | n/a | n/a | ±20 | n/a | n/a | 50 | 3/3/2008 |
Europe | Turkey | - | Bogazici University, Istanbul (2 of 2) [46] | 0.7 x 0.7 | 0.1 | 3 | ±120 | ±120 | ±120 | ±1200 | ±1200 | ±1200 | ±100 | ±100 | ±100 | 40 | 3/3/2008 |
Europe | Turkey | - | Middle East Technical University, Ankara [47] | 2 x 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Europe | Bulgaria | Sofia | Lab for numerical and experimental dynamic modelling, UACEG, Sofia [48] | 0.5 x 0.36 | 0.01 | 1 | ±30 | n/a | n/a | ±300 | n/a | n/a | ±5 | n/a | n/a | 5 | 18/02/2016 |
Europe | UK | - | University of Bristol (EERC) [49] | 3 x 3 | 17 | 6 | ±150 | ±150 | ±150 | ±1100 | ±1100 | ±1100 | ±60 | ±60 | ±60 | 100 | 29/2/2008 |
Asia | Pakistan | - | Earthquake Engineering Center, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar [50] | 6.0 x 6.0 | 60 | 6 | ±300 | ±300 | ±300 | ±1100 | ±1100 | ±1100 | ±14.7 | ±14.7 | ±14.7 | 50 | |
North America | Mexico | Mexico D. F. | Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City [51] | 4 x 4 | 20 | 5 | ±150 | ±150 | ±75 | ±1100 | ±1100 | ±450 | ±10 | ±10 | ±10 | 60 | 10/9/2008 |
North America | USA | Colorado | ANCO Engineers, Inc Boulder, Colorado [52] | 3 x 3 | 10 | 3 | ±200 | ±200 | ±200 | ±2000 | ±2000 | ±2000 | ±30 | ±30 | ±30 | 40 | 16/10/2012 |
North America | USA | Alabama | NASA | 3 x 4.5 | 1 | 6 | ±2440 | ? | ? | ±100 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
North America | USA | Ohio | NASA Mechanical Vibration Facility (MVF), Glenn's Space Power Facility,[53] Sandusky | 6.7 diameter | 34 | 6 | ±15 | ±15 | ? | ±338 | ±338 | ? | ? | ? | ? | 150 | 23/6/2015 |
North America | USA | Alabama | Wyle Laboratories (1 of 3) [54] | 6.1 x 5.5 | 27 | 2 | ±152 | ? | ? | ±890 | ? | ? | ±60 | ? | ? | 100 | 16/10/2012 |
North America | USA | Alabama | Wyle Laboratories (2 of 3) [54] | 2.7 x 2.7 | 4.5 | 3 | ±250 | ±250 | ±250 | ±1120 | ±1120 | ±1120 | ±45 | ±45 | ±45 | 100 | 16/10/2012 |
North America | USA | Alabama | Wyle Laboratories (3 of 3) [54] | 2.4 x 2.4 | 4.5 | 2 | ±305 | n/a | ±228 | ±1168 | n/a | ±838 | ±70 | n/a | ±80 | 70 | 16/10/2012 |
North America | USA | North Carolina | Duke University [55] | 1.2 x 1.2 | 5 | 1 | ±75 | n/a | n/a | ±500 | n/a | n/a | ±50 | n/a | n/a | 60 | 15/4/2008 |
North America | USA | California | University of California at Berkeley [56] | 6.1 x 6.1 | 85 | 6 | ±127 | ±127 | ±51 | ±762 | ±762 | ±254 | ±30 | ±30 | ±20 | 40 | 30/4/2008 |
North America | USA | California | California State University, Fresno [57] | 2.4 x 2.0 | ? | 1 | ±125 | n/a | n/a | ? | n/a | n/a | ? | n/a | n/a | ? | 19/11/2009 |
North America | USA | California | University of California at San Diego [58] | 12.2 x 7.6 | 2000 | 1 | ±750 | n/a | n/a | ±1800 | n/a | n/a | ±10 | n/a | n/a | 20 | 7/7/2008 |
North America | USA | Connecticut | University of Connecticut [59] | 1.5 x 1.5 | 1 | 1 | ±150 | n/a | n/a | ? | n/a | n/a | ±20 | n/a | n/a | 50 | 8/5/2008 |
North America | USA | Indiana | Purdue University | 3.7 x 3.7 | 5 | 1 | ±50 | n/a | n/a | 305 | n/a | n/a | 19.6 | n/a | n/a | 50 | 2016-06-03 |
North America | USA | New York | University at Buffalo (State University of New York) (2 identical tables of 3) [60] | 3.6 x 3.6 | 50 | 6 | ±150 | ±150 | ±75 | ±1250 | ±1250 | ±500 | ±12 | ±12 | ±12 | 100 | 12/3/2008 |
North America | USA | New York | University at Buffalo (State University of New York) (3 of 3) [60] | 3.7 x 3.7 | 50 | 5 | ±150 | n/a | ±75 | ±762 | n/a | ±500 | ±12 | n/a | ±23 | 50 | 12/3/2008 |
North America | USA | New York | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute[61] | 1.7 x 2.6 | 5 | 1 | ±130 | n/a | n/a | ±270 | n/a | n/a | ±20 | n/a | n/a | 50 | 8/5/2008 |
North America | USA | Nevada | University of Nevada at Reno (3 identical biaxial tables) [62] | 4.3 x 4.5 | 45 | 2 | ±300 | ±300 | n/a | ±1270 | ±1270 | n/a | ±20 | ±20 | n/a | 50 | 8/2/2010 |
North America | USA | Nevada | University of Nevada at Reno (6 axis table) [63] | 2.75 x 2.75 | 50 | 6 | ±75 | ±300 | ±100 | ? | ? | ? | ±20 | ±40 | ±10 | 50 | 13/3/2008 |
North America | USA | Nevada | Dynamic Certification Laboratories [64] | 2.0 diameter | 4.5 | 6 | ±140 | ±120 | ±150 | ±1000 | ±1000 | ±1200 | ±98 | ±98 | ±108 | 100 | 17/7/2012 |
North America | USA | Texas | Rice University [65] | 0.465m² | 7 | 1 | ±75 | n/a | n/a | ±1400 | n/a | n/a | ±20 | n/a | n/a | 50 | 8/5/2008 |
North America | USA | Illinois | Civil Engineering Research Lab U.S. Army, Champaign | 3.6 x 3.6 | 45 | 3 | ±300 | ? | ? | ±1300 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 250 | ? |
North America | USA | Virginia | The George Washington University - Virginia Campus [66] | 3 x 3 | ? | 6 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
North America | USA | Virginia | AREVA, Inc Lynchburg, Virginia [67] | 10 x 10 | 8 | 6 | ±142 | ±142 | ±142 | ±1778 | ±1778 | ±1778 | ±70 | ±70 | ±70 | 40 | 8/02/2017 |
Notes: This list is restricted to shaking tables bigger than 2m by 2m or with a capacity of more than 4 tonnes (i.e. tables suitable for seismic testing).
References
- ^ Reitherman, Robert (2012). Earthquakes and Engineers: An International History. Reston, VA: ASCE Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9780784410714.
- ^ NASA’s Space Power Facility
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- ^ United States Department of Defense, ed. (31 Oct 2008). "MIL-STD-810G, Department of Defense Test Method Standard for Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests" (PDF).
- ^ Chowdhury AH (1983). Shaking table testing facilities around the world. Proceedings of the 4th Engineering Mechanics Division Specialty Conference: Recent Advances in Engineering Mechanics and their Impact on Civil Engineering Practice., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Vol. 1, pp. 617-620.
- ^ Duarte RT (1994). Report of the EAEE Working Group 11: Development of shaking table testing techniques. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vienna, Austria. Vol. 4, pp. 3135-3144.
- ^ Kamimura K, Nakashima M (1983). Seismic test facilities for building structures in Japan. Proceedings of the 4th Engineering Mechanics Division Specialty Conference: Recent Advances in Engineering Mechanics and their Impact on Civil Engineering Practice., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Vol. 1, pp. 638-641.
- ^ EERI (1995). Assessment of earthquake engineering research and testing capabilities in the United States. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Committee on Experimental Research, Oakland, CA. Publication No. WP-01, pp. 1-23.
- ^ Presentation on Current activities in Algeria Retrieved 30/6/2010
- ^ Press release about Hydraform Donating Earthquake Shake Table to Wits University Retrieved 22/10/2009
- ^ China Academy of Building Research - Major Laboratories Archived March 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10/7/2008
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- ^ IIT Guwahati, Department of Civil Engineering,Assam
- ^ a b c d Earthquake Resistant design practice and research in India, The Structural Engineer, 18 March 2008
- ^ Development of a digitally-controlled three-axis earthquake shake table,Karnataka Retrieved on 10/7/2008
- ^ SERC Chennai Advanced Seismic Testing and Research Laboratory Retrieved on 22/10/09
- ^ IIT Roorkee, Department of Earthquake Engineering
- ^ IIT Kanpur, Department of Civil Engineering
- ^ School of Disaster Mitigation Engineering (SDME)
- ^ CRIEPI Hybrid Seismic Testing System Shaking table Retrieved 12/3/2008
- ^ The NIED ‘E-Defence’ Laboratory in Miki City Retrieved on 3/3/2008
- ^ Kajima’s English Website Retrieved on 3/3/2008
- ^ MTS website Retrieved on 3/3/2008
- ^ Public Works Research Institute large 3D shaking table Retrieved on 10/5/2008
- ^ See p 14 of document - Hyundai Institute of Construction Technology Development Retrieved on 10/1/2009
- ^ a b c KOCED Multi platform seismic simulation facility Retrieved on 1/12/2010
- ^ NCREE's English Website Retrieved on 29/2/2008
- ^ [3] Retrieved on 13/6/2015
- ^ a b c Seismic Mechanic Studies Laboratory Retrieved 27/11/2011
- ^ [4] Retrieved on 13/6/2015
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- ^ [5] Retrieved on 13/6/2015
- ^ [6] Retrieved 29/11/2013
- ^ a b ENEA DySCo virtual lab facilities Retrieved 05/05/2015
- ^ a b c EUCENTRE TREES Lab Retrieved 06/09/2008
- ^ a b Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS Retrieved on 20/09/2011
- ^ HYDRA multi-axis vibration test facility Retrieved 23/7/2008
- ^ CEDEX Structures laboratory Retrieved on 23/11/2009
- ^ [7] Retrieved on 13/6/2015
- ^ "YEM".
- ^ "ITU".
- ^ "Milliyet".
- ^ a b Bogazici University Shaking Table Laboratory Retrieved on 3/3/2008
- ^ [8] Retrieved 13/6/2015
- ^ Lab for numerical and experimental dynamic modelling, UACEG, Sofia Retrieved on 18/02/2016
- ^ Bristol University Earthquake Engineering Research Centre Retrieved on 29/2/2008
- ^ NWFP UET Earthquake Research and Education Centre
- ^ Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM, Mesa Vibradora Laboratorios
- ^ ANCO Engineers shaking tables Retrieved on 15/10/2012
- ^ NASA Mechanical Vibration Facility (MVF)
- ^ a b c Wyle Laboratories shaking tables Retrieved on 16/10/2012
- ^ Duke University Structural Dynamics and the Seismic Response Control Laboratory Retrieved on 15/4/2008
- ^ University of California, Berkeley, Earthquake Simulator Laboratory Retrieved on 30/4/2008
- ^ Department of Civil Engineering Retrieved 19/11/2009
- ^ UCSD Large High Performance Outdoor Shake Table Retrieved 12/3/2008
- ^ University of Connecticut Advanced Hazards Mitigation Lab Retrieved 8/5/2008
- ^ a b University at Buffalo’s Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory (SEESL) Retrieved on 13/3/2008
- ^ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Structural Engineering Laboratories Retrieved 8/5/2008
- ^ NEES Equipment Site at the University of Nevada, Reno Retrieved 12/3/2008
- ^ NEES Equipment Site at the University of Nevada, Reno Retrieved 8/2/2010
- ^ Dynamic Certification Laboratories Retrieved 17/7/2012
- ^ Rice University, Dynamic Systems Laboratory Retrieved 8/5/2008
- ^ [9] Retrieved 8/13/2013
- ^ AREVA shaking tables Retrieved on 15/10/2012