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Economy of Saint Martin (island)

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Economy of Saint Martin (island)
CurrencyEuro (EUR) in French part; Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG) in Dutch part
calendar year
Trade organisations
Windward Islands Federation of Labour
Statistics
Population38,247 Dutch side - 36,992 French side
GDP$1.394 billion ($794.7 million Sint Maarten[1]/$599 million Saint Martin[2])
(2008 est, nominal)
GDP growth
1.6% (2008 est.)
GDP per capita
$15,400 (2008 est.)
GDP by sector
agriculture: 1%; industry: 15%; services: 84% (2009 est.)[3]
1.2% (June 2015)[1]
Labour force
~45,000 (23,200 in St. Maarten)'08[1]
Labour force by occupation
agriculture: 1.2%; industry: 16.9; services: 83.7% (2006)
Unemployment11.5% (Census 2011 Labour & Income)[4]
Main industries
tourism, light industry, heavy industry [5]
External
Export goods
sugar
Main export partners
China 23.49% United States 10.91% Japan 5.92% (2009 est.)[1]
Import goods
foods, manufactured goods,
Main import partners
China 17.35% Japan 14.79% United States 8.96% Saudi Arabia 6.89% (2009 est.)[1]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.


The economy of Saint Martin, divided between the French Collectivity of Saint Martin (north side) and the Dutch Sint Maarten (south side), is primarily driven by tourism. For more than two centuries, exports have generally been salt and locally grown commodities, like sugar.

Tourism accounts for 80% of the economy and about four-fifths of the labor force is engaged in this sector. As an island in the Caribbean Sea, Saint Martin enjoys the kind of weather and natural geography that supports tourism. Its proximity to the rest of the Caribbean has also provided economic benefits with its largest airport, Princess Juliana International Airport on the Sint Maarten side, serving as the main gateway to the Leeward Islands and the larger post-Panamax cruise ships making regular stops to the island. The island offers duty-free shopping and there are few business restrictions to hinder growth. Though the French and Dutch parts differ slightly in terms of their economies and types of tourists, they share the Caribbean's largest lagoon, which is frequented by yachts.

Nearly 1.8 million visitors came to the island by cruise ship and roughly 500,000 visitors arrived through Princess Juliana International Airport in 2013. Cruise ships and yachts also call on Saint Martin's numerous ports and harbors. Limited agriculture and local fishing means that almost all food must be imported. Energy resources and manufactured goods are also imported. The Dutch territory of Sint Maarten has the highest per capita income among the five islands that formerly comprised the Netherlands Antilles.[6][7]


History

In the 1630s just after colonization by the Dutch, the Dutch East India Company started major salt mining operations on the island which in turn made the island more attractive to the Spanish (who wanted to control the salt trade, a fifteen-year war ensued). When the Spanish left in 1648, the Dutch and the French re-established their presence. By the late 17th century cotton, tobacco and sugar were cultivated on the island.[8]

Until the 1950s, the economic activity of the island is based on two main activities, agriculture (sugar) and the exploitation of salt.

At the beginning of the 20th century, went through an economic slump because the salt works only provided a living for a limited population and the work was seasonal. The poorer segments of the population migrate to work on neighboring islands.

The Second World War took the island out of its isolation. In 1939, the island became duty-free, making transactions inexpensive. During and after the war, the trade with the USA intensified to the point that they became the sole provider of the island because of the blockade of the Allied Forces. This period was prosperous for many traders of merchandise such as cigarettes, fabrics, and food.

When peace returned, the island took advantage of an American tourism market attracted by the Caribbean climate and environment. From 1950 to 1970, the hotel development was mainly in the Dutch part. Then, tax exemption laws allowed a real estate boom on the French side.

The main commercial centers are Philipsburg and Simpson Bay on Dutch/South side and Marigot and Grand Case on the French/North side of the island.

Currencies

The Euro the official currency in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (French/North), it replaced the French franc in 2002. The Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG), a currency pegged to the United States dollar, is the official currency in Sint Maarten (Dutch/South) since 1940.

The US dollar is also commonly used on both sides of the island.

Tourism

Both sides of the island largely depend on tourism, but the French part of the island is falling behind economically, as the main airport, casino’s and facilities for larger cruise ships are located on the Dutch part of the island. St. Maarten is a major destination for large cruise ships in the Caribbean.

Most tourists come from the US, which makes the island highly exposed to the US economic business cycle. In addition, its potential growth level is low, as it is hard to reach substantial productivity gains in the services sector.

While the south is known for its casinos, exotic drinks, jewelry and nightlife while the north is better known for its beaches, shopping and restaurants, the north "French side" of the island is known for having the best food culture in the Caribbean.[9]

In the south (Netherlands), there are 37 beaches; in the north (French West Indies) beaches allow sunbathers to go topless (there is also the clothing optional Orient Beach).[10] At the border between the French and Dutch territories is the Caribbean's largest lagoon, Simpson Bay, which attracts tourists with yachts.

Cruise Ship Tourism

During the 2014/2015 cruise year cruise tourism generated nearly $423 million in direct expenditures. For the entire 2014/2015 cruise year, the estimated 1.85 million cruise passengers who visited St. Maarten spent a total of $354.7 million ($US) and the estimated 377,390 crew who visited St. Maarten spent an estimated total of $45.0 million ($US).

The total cruise tourism expenditures in St. Maarten generated direct employment of 4,897 residents of St. Maarten paying $101.6 million in annual wages. Adding the indirect contribution that results from the spending of those local businesses that are the direct recipients of passenger, crew and cruise line expenditures, the direct cruise tourism expenditures generated a total employment contribution of 9,259 jobs and $189.1 million in wage income in St. Maarten during the 2014/2015 cruise year.

This analyses called “Economic contribution of tourism to the destination economies” of cruise-related spending and its impact on the economies of the participating destinations was conducted by the Business Research and Economic Advisors (BREA) on behalf of the Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association (FCCA) and participating cruise destinations an analysis.[11]

The Port St. Maarten Group of Companies reported that the Y2Y comparison (2014-2015) shows that a 5% decline in cruise passengers visiting St. Maarten in 2015.[12]

According to the St. Maarten’s Government Department of Statistics, cruise ship arrivals in the first quarter of 2016 was down -15.2% y-t-y[13]

Airport Economic Impact

The Princess Juliana International Airport, which is located on the Dutch/South side of the island, is the main gateway by air to St. Maarten and other Leeward Islands. The airport is called 'SXM Airport' for short, handled 1,795,117 passengers in 2014. It is a crucial contributor to the economy of St. Maarten.

In 2014, SXM Airport and its users account for a total impact of 60% of St. Maarten’s GDP, 32.8% of GDP of the balance of payments/net, 7.5% of GDP of government revenues, 52.0% of total employment.

In 2014, the airport itself has Revenues of 106,954,353 ANG (USD 59,751,353) and Net Income 8,737,639 ANG (USD 4,881,362). It employed 268 people.[14]

Import

The island has a high import dependency, making the it vulnerable for strong price fluctuations of both oil and foodstuffs.

Companies

Winair (Windward Island Airways), a major regional airline in the Caribbean, is headquartered in Sint Maarten.

The entire island has over 300 restaurants and is considered an economic center for the NE Caribbean.[15]

Because of the Concordia Agreement (1648) and policies implemented by the Dutch in the 1980s, there is very little in the way of business restrictions.[16][17]

Taxes

The St. Maarten (Dutch/South) tax system[18] consists of taxes on corporations and taxes on individuals. For tax purposes, corporations are classified as either resident or non-resident. The taxes on corporations are the income tax (inkomstenbelasting), profits tax (winstbelasting), dividend tax (dividendbelasting) and the company turnover tax (belasting op bedrijfsomzetten or BBO). The turnover tax (BBO) is levied on the delivery of goods and all services rendered ‘within the territory’ by resident or non-resident entrepreneurs within the scope of their business. The BBO rate is 5%. One of the taxes on individuals is payroll tax (loonbelasting). A 5% room tax (logeergastenbelasting) is levied from non-resident guests of hotels and other guesthouses, including rentals of vacation villa's and condos. Time-share guests pay a fixed fee of NAF 90 (USD 50) per week which is included in the annual maintenance fee. Gasoline and cigarettes are subject to an excise duty. A transfer tax (overdrachtsbelasting) of 4% is levied on the transfer of real estate. Furthermore, there is a Real Estate Property tax (grondbelasting). This annual tax is levied on the value of the real estate. The tax rate amounts to 0,3% of the value of both unimproved property and improved land with structure, and is charged to the owner of the properties. A person who inherits money or property on the estate of a person who has died has to pay inheritance tax (successiebelasting).

The Collectivité St. Martin (French/North) tax environment[19] The Collectivité is not authorized to vote in tax rules that are retroactive. Possibility for companies to obtain an official ruling (prise de position officielle) regarding their situation, which guarantees that the tax system applied to them will not be changed in the future. Existence of extensive jurisprudence rendered over a period of several decades by the French justice system, and which is nearly always transferable locally since local tax rules are, for the most part, based on concepts and definitions that are identical to those prescribed by tax laws in France. Company income tax: The tax base that is limited to profits made in Saint-Martin. Almost total exemption for dividends and capital gains on the sale of shareholdings. Rates of taxation: 10% or 20%. Carry-forward of losses that is unlimited in time and amount. A 10% tax rate for revenue from industrial property rights (patents, trademarks) and copyrights, as well as rights for the production of objects using 3D printing technology. A 10% tax rate for revenue from securities giving access to capital (convertible bonds, bonds with warrants). Tax-Free repatriation of profits: Absence of any withholding tax for payments to beneficiaries resident outside Saint-Martin, on dividends, interest, or royalties. Tax concessions for investment: “Tax exemption” scheme equivalent to a “tax holiday” system (exemption from corporate tax so long as the aggregate amount of taxable income is less than the amount of productive investments made). Exemption from property tax for five years for new commercial premises. Reduced transfer tax on the acquisition of land for the purposes of priority activities. No tax on imports: Apart from a specific tax on petrol products, there is no duty charged on the introduction of goods into Collectivité territory. Similarly, the TGCA tax (an indirect tax similar in some ways to VAT) is not levied on the imports of goods.

Debt

On November 2, 2006, the Dutch government set aside 65 million guilders (NAF) to pay off St. Maarten's debts. The Dutch portion of the island became a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 2010. While this was beneficial in some ways, the decision has shifted more responsibilities over to the island and with those, more debt.[20] Since St. Maarten became an autonomous country in 2010, it has never had a balanced budget and it has accumulated a debt of 200 million guilders (NAF) according to a statement by the Minister of Finance in December 2015.[21][22]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "CIA World Factbook:Sint Maarten". Archived from the original on 2010-10-22. Retrieved 24 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ INSEE, CEROM. "Estimation du PIB de Saint-Barthélemy et de Saint-Martin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "CIA saint Martin". Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2015-10-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ "CIA Factbook:Saint Martin". Archived from the original on 2018-03-20. Retrieved 24 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "CIA Factbook : Saint Martin". Archived from the original on 2018-03-20. Retrieved 24 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "CIA Factbook : Sint Martin". Archived from the original on 2010-10-22. Retrieved 24 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Destination of the Week#45". 2010.
  9. ^ 'Restaurants of Saint Martin' Archived 2016-01-04 at the Wayback Machine from "Grand Case Blog"
  10. ^ "Facts and Information about St. Maarten, St. Martin and St. Barth Islands". Archived from the original on 2011-06-02. Retrieved 24 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-21. Retrieved 2015-10-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2016-07-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ "Welcome to St Maarten". Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-06-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Island Info". 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-06-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "treaty of Concordia". 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2015-10-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ "Shigemoto requests 78 million in debt relief payment arrears funds". 2011-03-14. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/54066-govt-requests-naf-5-million-overdraft-to-meet-payments
  22. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

See also


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