1900–01 United States Senate elections
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30 of the 90 seats in the U.S. Senate (as well as special elections) 46 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The United States Senate elections of 1900 and 1901 were elections in which the Democratic Party gained two seats in the United States Senate, and which corresponded with President William McKinley's landslide re-election. By the beginning of the next Congress, however, the Republicans gained five additional seats, giving them a ten-seat majority.
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.
Results summary
Senate Party Division, 57th Congress (1901–1903)
- Majority Party: Republican (53)
- Minority Party: Democratic (28)
- Other Parties: Populist (2); Silver Republican 3; Vacant 4
- Total Seats: 90
Change in Senate composition
Before the elections
At the beginning of 1900.
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | |||||
| D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 | D10 | D9 | D8 | D7 | D6 |
| D16 Ran |
D17 Ran |
D18 Ran |
D19 Ran |
D20 Ran |
D21 Ran |
D22 Retired |
D23 Retired |
D24 Retired |
D25 Retired |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SR2 | SR1 | S1 | S2 | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 Ran |
D26 Retired |
| SR3 Ran |
R51 Retired |
R50 Unknown |
R49 Ran |
R48 Ran |
R47 Ran |
R46 Ran |
R45 Ran |
R44 Ran |
V1 |
| Majority → | V2 | ||||||||
| R36 Ran |
R37 Ran |
R38 Ran |
R39 Ran |
R40 Ran |
R41 Ran |
R42 Ran |
R43 Ran |
V3 | |
| R35 Ran |
R34 | R33 | R32 | R31 | R30 | R29 | R28 | R27 | R26 |
| R16 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 |
| R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | R6 |
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | |||||
Result of the general elections
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | |||||
| D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 | D10 | D9 | D8 | D7 | D6 |
| D16 Re-elected |
D17 Re-elected |
D18 Re-elected |
D19 Re-elected |
D20 Re-elected |
D21 Hold |
D22 Hold |
D23 Hold |
D24 Hold |
D25 Hold |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SR1 | S1 | S2 | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | D28 Gain from P |
D27 Gain from R |
D26 Gain from R |
| SR2 | SR3 Gain from R |
R48 Gain from SR |
R47 Re-elected |
R46 Re-elected |
R45 Re-elected |
R44 Hold |
R43 Re-elected |
V5 D Loss |
V1 |
| Majority → | V4 R Loss |
V2 | |||||||
| R36 Re-elected |
R37 Re-elected |
R38 Re-elected |
R39 Re-elected |
R40 Re-elected |
R41 Re-elected |
R42 Hold |
V3 | ||
| R35 Re-elected |
R34 | R33 | R32 | R31 | R30 | R29 | R28 | R27 | R26 |
| R16 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 |
| R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | R6 |
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | |||||
Beginning of the next Congress
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | |||||
| D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 | D10 Change from SR |
D9 | D8 | D7 | D6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D16 | D17 | D18 | D19 | D20 | D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 |
| R52 Gain from V |
R53 Gain from V |
SR2 | SR1 | P1 | P2 | P3 | D28 | D27 | D26 |
| R51 Change from P |
R50 Change from S |
R49 Change from S |
R48 | R47 | R46 | R45 | R44 | V4 D Loss |
V1 |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| R36 | R37 | R38 | R39 | R40 | R41 | R42 | R43 | V3 | V2 |
| R35 | R34 | R33 | R32 | R31 | R30 | R29 | R28 | R27 | R26 |
| R16 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 |
| R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | R6 |
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | |||||
| Key: |
|
|---|
Race summaries
Elections during the 56th Congress
In these elections, the winner was seated in the current (56th) Congress during 1900 or in 1901 before March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Mississippi (Class 2) |
William V. Sullivan | Democratic | 1898 (Appointed) | Interim appointee elected January 16, 1900. Winner was not a candidate in the election for the next term, see below. |
√ William V. Sullivan (Democratic) Unopposed[1] |
| California (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected February 7, 1900. Republican gain. |
√ Thomas R. Bard (Republican) 85 votes James D. Phelan (Democratic) 30 votes Stephen M. White (Democratic) 1 vote[2] | ||
| Vermont (Class 3) |
Jonathan Ross | Republican | 1899 (Appointed) | Interim appointee retired. New senator elected October 18, 1900.[1] Republican hold. |
√ William P. Dillingham (Republican) 162 votes W.W. Grout (Republican) 96 votes Seneca Hazleton (Democratic) 6 votes Jonathan Ross (Republican) 5 votes C.A. Prouty (Republican) 1 vote[1] |
| Pennsylvania (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. Predecessor appointed, but declared not entitled to the seat.[3] Predecessor re-elected January 16, 1901. Republican gain. |
√ Matthew S. Quay (Republican) 130 votes James M. Guffey (Democratic) 56 votes John Dalzell (Republican) 34 votes Charles E. Smith (Republican) 12 votes George Franklin Huff (Republican) 7 votes John Stewart (Republican) 3 votes Others, 1 each, see below[4] | ||
| Minnesota (Class 1) |
Charles A. Towne | Democratic | 1900 (Appointed) | Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected January 23, 1901. Republican gain. |
√ Moses E. Clapp (Republican) 135 votes Charles A. Towne (Democratic) 38 votes[5] |
| Utah (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect.[1] New senator elected January 23, 1901. Republican gain. |
√ Thomas Kearns (Republican) 37 votes A.W. McCune (Democratic) 25 votes[6] | ||
| Delaware (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect to begin the term. Legislature again failed to elect to finish the term.[7] |
John Edward Addicks (Republican) Charles F. Richards (Republican) Willard Saulsbury (Democratic)[7] | ||
In this election, the winner was seated in the 58th Congress, starting March 4, 1903.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Louisiana (Class 3) |
Samuel D. McEnery | Democratic | 1896 | Incumbent re-elected early May 22, 1900 for the term beginning March 4, 1903.[1][8] | √ Samuel D. McEnery (Democratic) 148 votes Unopposed[3] |
Elections leading to the 57th Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1901; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Alabama | John Tyler Morgan | Democratic | 1876 1882 1888 1894 |
Incumbent re-elected November 27, 1900.[9] | √ John Tyler Morgan (Democratic) Unopposed[2] |
| Arkansas | James Berry | Democratic | 1885 (Special) 1889 1895 |
Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.[10] | √ James Berry (Democratic) 123 votes H. L. Remmel (Republican) 2 votes.[10] |
| Colorado | Edward O. Wolcott | Republican | 1889 1895 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 15, 1901.[11] Democratic gain. |
√ Thomas M. Patterson (Democratic) 91 votes Edward O. Wolcott (Republican) 8 votes[11] |
| Delaware | Richard R. Kenney | Democratic | 1897 (Special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. |
John Edward Addicks (Republican) Henry A. Dupont (Republican) Anthony Higgins (Republican) Richard R. Kenney (Democratic)[7] |
| Georgia | Augustus Bacon | Democratic | 1894 | Incumbent re-elected November 6, 1900.[1] | √ Augustus Bacon (Democratic) Unopposed[1] |
| Idaho | George Shoup | Republican | 1890 1895 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 16, 1901.[12][13] Silver Republican gain. New senator changed party to Democratic. |
√ Fred Dubois (Silver Republican) 37 votes George Shoup (Republican) 27 votes[7] |
| Illinois | Shelby M. Cullom | Republican | 1882 1888 1894 |
Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.[7][14] | √ Shelby M. Cullom (Republican) 100 votes Samuel Alschuler (Democratic) 85 votes[7] |
| Iowa | John H. Gear | Republican | 1894 | Incumbent re-elected January 17, 1900.[15][1] Incumbent died July 14, 1900.[1] A new senator was appointed to finish the term and to the next term.[1] |
√ John H. Gear (Republican) 111 votes Fred E. White (Democratic) 32 votes[15][16] |
| Kansas | Lucien Baker | Republican | 1895 | style="background:#DDDDDD" Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.[17] | √ Joseph R. Burton (Republican) 109 votes David Overmyer (Democratic) 51 votes[7] |
| Kentucky | William Lindsay | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 16, 1900, after an election January 10, 1900[1] was cast in doubt.[18] Democratic hold. |
√ Joseph Blackburn (Democratic) 79 votes William O. Bradley (Republican) 54 votes |
| Louisiana | Donelson Caffery | Democratic | 1894 (Appointed) 1894 (Special) 1894 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected May 22, 1900.[8] Democratic hold. |
√ Murphy J. Foster (Democratic) 148 votes Unopposed[1] |
| Maine | William P. Frye | Republican | 1881 (Special) 1883 1889 1895 |
Incumbent re-elected January 15, 1901.[19][20] | √ William P. Frye (Republican) 131 votes Swasey M. Staples (Democratic) 14 votes[20][19] |
| Massachusetts | George Frisbie Hoar | Republican | 1877 1883 1889 1895 |
Incumbent re-elected January 15, 1901.[5][21] | √ George Frisbie Hoar (Republican) 77 votes Richard Olney (Democratic) 56 votes Charles H. Bradley (Social Democratic) 1 vote.[5][21] |
| Michigan | James McMillan | Republican | 1889 1895 |
Incumbent re-elected January 15, 1901.[5][22] | √ James McMillan (Republican) 116 votes Thomas E. Barkworth 1 vote[22][5] |
| Minnesota | Knute Nelson | Republican | 1895 | Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.[5] | √ Knute Nelson (Republican) 136 votes R.R. Nelson (Democratic) 40 votes[5] |
| Mississippi | William V. Sullivan | Democratic | 1898 (Appointed) | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 16, 1900. Democratic hold. Winner was not a candidate to finish the term, see above. |
√ Anselm J. McLaurin (Democratic) Unopposed[1] |
| Montana | Thomas H. Carter | Republican | 1895 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 16, 1901.[5] Democratic gain. The election was later challenged.[1] |
√ William A. Clark (Democratic) 57 votes Thomas H. Carter (Republican) 31 votes Martin Maginnis (Democratic) 4 votes R.B. Smith (Democratic) 1 vote[23] |
| Nebraska | John Mellen Thurston | Republican | 1895 | Legislature failed to elect.[24] Republican loss. |
[data missing] |
| New Hampshire | William E. Chandler | Republican | 1889 (Special) 1895 |
Incumbent lost remomination. New senator elected January 15, 1901.[25][4] Republican hold. |
Henry Burnham (Republican) 301 votes Charles F. Stone (Democratic) 84 votes Henry M. Baker (Independent) 1 vote[25][4] |
| New Jersey | William Sewell | Republican | 1895 | Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.[4][26] | √ William Sewell (Republican) 62 votes Alvah A. Clark (Democratic) 17 votes[4][26] |
| North Carolina | Marion Butler | Populist | 1894 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 22, 1901.[4][27] Democratic gain. |
√ Furnifold M. Simmons (Democratic) 124 votes Richmond Pearson (Republican) 26 votes[4] |
| Oregon | George W. McBride | Republican | 1895 | Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected February 24, 1901.[4][28] Republican hold. |
√ John H. Mitchell (Republican) 46 votes Henry W. Corbett (Republican) 29 votes A. S. Bennett (Democratic) 16 votes[4][28] |
| Rhode Island | George P. Wetmore | Republican | 1894 | Incumbent re-elected June 12, 1900.[29] | √ George P. Wetmore (Republican) 88 votes Samuel R. Honey (Democratic) 10 votes[1] |
| South Carolina | Benjamin Tillman | Democratic | 1894 | Incumbent re-elected January 15, 1901.[6][30] | √ Benjamin Tillman (Democratic) Unopposed[6] |
| South Dakota | Richard F. Pettigrew | Silver Republican | 1889 1894 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 22, 1901.[6][31] Republican gain. |
√ Robert J. Gamble (Republican) 115 votes Richard F. Pettigrew (Silver Republican) 13 votes[6][31] |
| Tennessee | Thomas B. Turley | Democratic | 1883 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 16, 1901.[6][32] Democratic hold. |
√ Edward W. Carmack (Democratic) 99 votes Thomas N. Burkett (Republican) 24 votes[6] |
| Texas | Horace Chilton | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 22, 1901.[6][33] Democratic hold. |
√ Joseph Weldon Bailey (Democratic) 137 votes E.A. Atlee (Democratic) 2 votes Horace Chilton 2 votes M.M. Crane (Democratic) 1 vote John H. Reagan (Democratic) 1 vote[6][33] |
| Virginia | Thomas S. Martin | Democratic | 1893 (Early) | Incumbent re-elected early December 19, 1899. | √ Thomas S. Martin (Democratic) [data missing] |
| West Virginia | Stephen B. Elkins | Republican | 1895 | Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.[6][34] | √ Stephen B. Elkins (Republican) 61 votes John T. McGraw (Democratic) 23 votes[6] |
| Wyoming | Francis E. Warren | Republican | 1890 1893 (Lost) 1895 |
Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.[6] | √ Francis E. Warren (Republican) 52 votes John E. Osborne (Democratic) 3 votes[6][35] |
Elections during the 57th Congress
In this election, the winner was elected in 1901 after March 4 and seated in the 57th Congress.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Montana (Class 1) |
Vacant | William A. Clark had resigned May 15, 1900, and was later elected to the state's other seat, see above. New senator elected March 7, 1901.[5] Democratic gain. |
√ Paris Gibson (Democratic) 47 votes Thomas H. Carter (Republican) 33 votes H.L. Frank (Democratic) 1 vote John MacGinnis (Democratic)11 votes[5] | ||
| Nebraska (Class 1) |
William V. Allen | Populist | 1893 1899 (Lost) 1899 (Appointed) |
Interim appointee lost election as a Fusion candidate.[36] New senator elected March 28, 1901.[24] Republican gain. |
√ Charles H. Dietrich (Republican) 70 votes William V. Allen (Fusion)[36] 58 votes George W. Berge 2 votes[24] |
| Nebraska (Class 2) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect, see above. New senator elected March 28, 1901.[24] Republican gain. |
√ Joseph Millard (Republican) 70 votes W.H. Thompson (Fusion)[36] 52 votes G.M. Hitchcock (Fusion)[36] 8 votes[24] | ||
Pennsylvania (Special)
The special election in Pennsylvania was held on January 15, 1901, after the regularly scheduled legislative election in January–April 1899 failed to elect a Senator. Former Senator Matthew Quay, who had left the Senate for nearly two years because of the political stalemate, was again elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[37][38]
Republican Matthew Quay was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in the 1893 election. With Sen. Quay's term expiring on March 4, 1899, the General Assembly convened on January 18, 1899, to elect a Senator for the next term. Between January 18 and April 19, 1899, seventy-nine ballots were recorded in an attempt to elect a Senator. Instead, the legislature adjourned sine die without electing a Senator due to a dispute between Sen. Quay's political machine and an anti-Quay faction within the Republican Party, along with Democratic Party opposition.[37]
Sen. Quay's term expired on March 4, 1899. Since a Senator had not been elected for the successive term, the seat was vacated. At the time, Quay was under indictment for misuse of funds. He was acquitted, after which Governor William Stone appointed Quay to the vacated Senate seat (a power the Governor did not legally have until the ratification of the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913). The Senate refused to recognize Quay's appointment, and the seat remained vacant until a Senator could be officially elected (which would ultimately be Quay himself, after a nearly two-year hiatus). This incident, among others, would later be cited by supporters of the 17th Amendment, which mandated the direct election of U.S. Senators.[37]
The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 15, 1901, for a special election to elect a Senator to serve out the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1899. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Matthew Quay | 130 | 51.18 | |
| Democratic | James M. Guffey | 56 | 22.05 | |
| Republican | John Dalzell | 34 | 13.39 | |
| Republican | Charles E. Smith | 12 | 4.72 | |
| Republican | George Franklin Huff | 7 | 2.76 | |
| Republican | John Stewart | 3 | 1.18 | |
| Socialist | John H. Harris | 1 | 0.39 | |
| Republican | William McConway | 1 | 0.39 | |
| Republican | Henry C. McCormick | 1 | 0.39 | |
| Republican | Marlin Olmsted | 1 | 0.39 | |
| Prohibition | Silas C. Swallow | 1 | 0.39 | |
| Republican | Charles Tubbs | 1 | 0.39 | |
| N/A | Not voting | 6 | 2.36 | |
| Totals | 254 | 100.00% | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Tribune Almanac (1901), p. 300.
- ^ a b Tribune Almanac (1901), pp. 299–300.
- ^ a b Tribune Almanac (1901), p. 299.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Tribune Almanac (1902), p. 300.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tribune Almanac (1902), p. 298.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tribune Almanac (1902), p. 301.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tribune Almanac (1902), p. 297.
- ^ a b "Louisiana Senators Elected". The New York Times. May 23, 1900. p. 2.
- ^ "Senator morgan re-elected". The New York Times. November 28, 1900. p. 7.
- ^ a b "Another Term for Berry of Arkansas". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ a b "Patterson wins in colorado". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. p. 3.
- ^ "Dubois lands the prize". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. January 16, 1901. p. 1.
- ^ "Dubois chosen on first ballot". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. January 16, 1901. p. 1.
- ^ "Cullom of Illinois Succeeds Himself". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ a b Clark, p. 245.
- ^ A different source tallied the results with an additional vote for both Gear and White.[1]
- ^ "J.R. Burton the Choice in Kansas". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ "Blackburn's Election Duplicated". The New York Times. January 17, 1900. p. 2.
- ^ a b Tribune Almanac (1902), pp. 297–298.
- ^ a b "Frye Wins Out in Maine". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. p. 3.
- ^ a b "Democrats Help Re-elect Hoar". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. p. 3.
- ^ a b "McMillan of Michigan Re-elected". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. p. 3.
- ^ Tribune Almanac (1902), p. 299.
- ^ a b c d e Tribune Almanac (1902), pp. 299–300.
- ^ a b "Burnham Is New Hampshire's Choice". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. p. 3.
- ^ a b "Senator sewell re-elected". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ "North Carolina Elects a Democrat". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ a b "Oregon elects a senator". The New York Times. February 25, 1901. p. 1.
- ^ "Senator wetmore re-elected". The New York Times. June 13, 1900. p. 2.
- ^ "Tillman South Carolina's Choice". The New York Times. January 24, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ a b "R.J. Gamble Succeeds Pettigrew". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ "Tennessee Elects Carmack". The New York Times. January 17, 1901. p. 2.
- ^ a b "Bailey a Senator from Texas". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ "Elkins Re-elected in West Virginia". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ "Warren Wins in Wyoming". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ a b c d "Fusion" here meant Democratic.Tribune Almanac (1902), pp. 299–300
- ^ a b c "U.S. Senate Election - 1899" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
- ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 15 January 1901" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
- ^ "PA US Senate - Special Election". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
References
- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
- Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
- Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link) - The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1901. New York: The Tribune Association. 1901. pp. 299–301.
- The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1902. New York: The Tribune Association. 1902. pp. 297–301.