Son-Rise
Son-Rise is a home-based program for children and adults with autism spectrum disorders and other developmental disabilities, which was developed by Barry Neil Kaufman and Samahria Lyte Kaufman for their autistic son, Raun, who is claimed to have fully recovered from his condition.[1] The program is described by contributors to Kaufman's Autism Treatment Center of America (ATCA) as a home based, parent directed play therapy.[2]
Parents are trained at the Autism Treatment Center - the division of The Option Institute in Sheffield, Massachusetts that teaches The Son-Rise Program. There, the Kaufman family and their fellow staff members teach families and professionals how to be aware of their attitudes—a core principle of the therapy—for bonding and relationship building, as well as creating a low-stimulus, distraction-free playroom or a room of attention environment so the autistic person (child or adult) can feel secure and in control of the over-stimulation. Parents and facilitators join in an autistic person's exclusive and restricted stimming behavior until the child or the adult shows social cues for willing engagement. Then encouragement for more complex social activities is done in a non-coercive way. If the autistic person moves away from social interaction, the facilitator gives the autistic person their space by using parallel play in order to gain the child's or the adult's trust. To encourage skill acquisition, the program uses the autistic person's particular motivation for learning.[3]
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2017) |
The program's developers claim if the parents learn to accept their loved one without judgement that they will teach themselves to interact with others, and that this will allow them to engage in social interaction because they chose to learn the skills.[1][4] A 2003 study found that involvement with the program led to more drawbacks than benefits for the involved families over time, though there was a strong correlation between patterns of intervention implementation and parental perceptions of intervention efficacy.[5] A 2006 study found that the program is not always implemented as it is described in the literature, which means it will be difficult to evaluate its success and failure rate.[6]
History
In the 1970s, Barry and Samahria Kaufman created the treatment modality for their son, Raun, who had been diagnosed with severe autism. However, it remains unclear if Raun Kaufman had ever been autistic. Of the five clinics who evaluated the boy in New York State—each describing him as "socially withdrawn and uncommunicative," it was only the sixth clinic that felt he was autistic.[7]
In 1976, Barry Neil Kaufman published Son-Rise, a book recounting his son's claimed recovery, which he self published in 1995 with the title Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues.[1] The book was adapted into a televised docudrama film, called Son-Rise: A Miracle of Love and aired on NBC in 1979.
Today, Raun Kaufman is the Director of Global Education for the Autism Treatment Center of America.[8] A 1997 BBC documentary followed the family of a five-year-old autistic boy treated by the program.[9]
Effectiveness
In late 2013, the first peer reviewed journal article providing evidence for effectiveness of the Son-Rise Program was published by researchers at Northwestern University. Children in the experimental group received 40 hours of Son-Rise program for one week. The study found that children in the experimental group had a significant increase in the rate of head orientation and gestures exhibited during 15- minute probes as compared to a control group that received no intervention. However, the study did not use random allocation or a single-blind experimental design, rather the control groups were chosen by the parents based on their perception over the effectiveness of the intervention. The researchers suggests more research should "evaluate the difference between parental attitudes and the actual effectiveness of the intervention."[4]
Criticism and lack of cured cases
There are no documented normalizations with older children, and it may be that success "depends on a certain level of intellectual potential".[10] Some professionals have questioned the emphasis placed on eye contact and its potential problems for some children.[11] The consensus within the medical community is that there is no cure for autism and only a very few treatments have empirical evidence for improvements in symptoms.[12] A 2003 study found that involvement with the Son-Rise Program led to more drawbacks than benefits for the involved families over time, although family stress levels did not rise in all cases.[5] A 2006 study found that the Son-Rise Program is not always implemented as it is typically described in the literature, which suggests it will be difficult to evaluate its efficacy.[6]
References
- ^ a b c Kaufman BN (1995). Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues. HJ Kramer. ISBN 0-915811-61-8.[self-published source?]
- ^ One Moms Son-Rise Program Journey at the Autism Treatment Center website.
- ^ "autismspeaks". Archived from the original on 2010-08-09. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b Houghton, Kat; Schuchard, Julia; Lewis, Charlie; Thompson, Cynthia K. (September 2013). "Promoting child-initiated social-communication in children with autism: Son-Rise Program intervention effects". Journal of Communication Disorders. 46 (5–6): 495–506. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2013.09.004. PMID 24209427.[non-primary source needed]
- ^ a b Williams KR, Wishart JG (2003). "The Son-Rise Program intervention for autism: an investigation into family experiences". J Intellect Disabil Res. 47 (4–5): 291–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00491.x. PMID 12787161.
- ^ a b Williams KR (2006). "The Son-Rise Program intervention for autism: prerequisites for evaluation". Autism. 10 (1): 86–102. doi:10.1177/1362361306062012. PMID 16522712.
- ^ Herbert JD, Sharp IR, Gaudiano BA (2002). "Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism: a scientific review of the evidence". Sci Rev Ment Health Pract. 1 (1): 23–43.
- ^ "Raun R Kaufman". Autism Treatment Center of America. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
- ^ "I Want My Little Boy Back". 1997. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
- ^ Jordan R, Powell S (1993). "Reflections of the Option method as a treatment for autism". J Autism Dev Disord. 23 (4): 682–5. doi:10.1007/BF01046111. PMID 8106309.
- ^ Hauser C (2005). "The Son-Rise Program". National Autistic Society. Retrieved 2008-06-04.[dead link]
- ^ Lack of support for interventions:
- Aman, MG (2005). "Treatment planning for patients with autism spectrum disorders". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 66 Suppl 10: 38–45. PMID 16401149.
- Francis, K (16 June 2005). "Autism interventions: a critical update". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 47 (7): 493–499. doi:10.1017/s0012162205000952. PMID 15991872.
- Howlin, P. (2005). "The effectiveness of interventions for children with autism". Neurodevelopmental Disorders. pp. 101–119. doi:10.1007/3-211-31222-6_6. ISBN 3-211-26291-1. PMID 16355605.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Rao PA, Beidel DC, Murray MJ (2008). "Social skills interventions for children with Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning autism: a review and recommendations". J Autism Dev Disord. 38 (2): 353–61. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0402-4. PMID 17641962.
