Battle of Belmont (1899)

Battle of Belmont
Battle of Belmont
	Part of the Second Boer War
	; The Coldstream Guards storming Sugarloaf Hill
Date	23 November 1899
Location	Belmont kopje, Orange Free State29°24′58″S 24°22′19″E / 29.41611°S 24.37194°E
Result	British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom New South Wales;	South African Republic; Orange Free State
Commanders and leaders
Lord Methuen	Jacobus Prinsloo
Strength
8,000; 16 field guns	2,000
Casualties and losses
75 killed; 233 wounded	83 killed; 20 wounded; 30 captured

The Battle of Belmont was an engagement of the Second Boer War on 23 November 1899, where the British under Lord Methuen assaulted a Boer position on Belmont kopje.

Methuen's three brigades were on their way to raise the Boer siege of Kimberley. A Boer force of about 2,000 men had entrenched on the range of Belmont kopje to delay their advance. Methuen sent the Guards Brigade on a night march to outflank the Boers, but due to faulty maps the Grenadier Guards found themselves in front of the Boer position instead.

The Guards, the 9th Brigade and the Naval Brigade assaulted the Boers over open ground, suffering about 200 casualties. Before the British came to use their bayonets, the Boers retreated by pony and re-formed in another entrenched position at Graspan, where the pattern was repeated with the British suffering another 197 casualties: one sailor reporting that "at 200 yards we fixed bayonets, and we just saw their heels; they didn't wait when they heard the rattle".^[1]

Background

In the first days of the Second Boer War, Boer forces besieged British garrisons at Kimberley and Ladysmith.^[2] A 40,000-strong Army Corps under the command of General Sir Redvers Buller was dispatched to South Africa and arrived in early November 1899.^[3] To relieve Kimberley and Ladysmith, Buller divided his forces,^[4] leading one division in an advance on Ladysmith, while the 1st Division of Lieutenant General Lord Methuen was tasked with breaking the Siege of Kimberley.^[5]

Methuen planned to advance along the Western Railway from the Orange River to Kimberley, both in order to remain close to his supply line due to a lack of fresh water in the region and pack animals, and to utilize the railway to evacuate all civilians from Kimberley as ordered by Buller. Expecting little resistance, the march was undertaken without secrecy and no attempt was made to deceive the Boers as to its direction. After the arrival of the Naval Brigade with its 4.7-inch guns, it began on 21 November.^[6]

Due to a shortage of cavalry, the British force was unable to conduct effective reconnaissance and thus were unaware of the Boer strength and composition, while the latter were appraised of the exact strength and composition of Methuen's force. As prior reconnaissance had located a Boer position slightly north of the Belmont station, 19 miles (31 km) from the march's starting point at the Orange River station, Methuen anticipated that the first fighting would occur there.^[6]

Prelude

As the British force departed Orange River station, the 9th Lancers and Rimington's Guides conducted a reconnaissance from Fincham's Farm of the Belmont area, spotting several hundred Boers climbing up a kopje. Methuen reached Thomas' Farm, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Belmont, a day later, where his vanguard was fired upon by the Boers. The Boer fire ceased after British artillery began shelling them, and the British force bivouacked at midnight, anticipating battle in the morning. Without detailed reconnaissance, Methuen planned to focus the attack on the Boer positions running 100 ft above and to the east of the railroad, parallel to the railway line. These were Table Mountain and Gun Hill to the south. After capturing both positions, the British force would advance to the east against the other Boer line running parallel to the railway, which included Sugar Loaf Hill and Razor Back to the south and Mount Blanc, which, 100 ft higher than Table Mountain, dominated the region.^[7]

Order of Battle

British Forces

1st Division	Lieutenant-General Lord Paul Sanford Methuen GCB, GCMG, GCVO
Division Troops
9th Lancers	9th Brigade: Major-General Charles Whittingham Douglas
18th Field Battery, Royal Artillery	1st Battalion Northumberland Fusiliers
7th Field Company, Royal Engineers^[8]	1st Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment
Ammunition Column	2nd Battalion Northamptonshire Regiment
75th Field Battery, Royal Artillery	2nd Battalion King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry
Army Service Corps	2nd Manchester Regiment
1st Royal Munster Fusiliers	New South Wales Lancers
Rimington's Guides
Infantry Brigades^[9]
1st (Guards) Brigade: Major-General Henry Edward Coleville
3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards
1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards Commanded by: Alfred E. Codrington
2nd Battalion, Coldstream Guards
1st Battalion, Scots Guards
No 18 Bearer Company
No 19 Company Army Service Corps

Boer Forces

Commandos under command of Jacobus Prinsloo
Jacobsdal Commando
Winburg Commando
Fauresmith Commando
Bloemfontein Commando
Transvaal State Artillery section. (4x 7.5 cm Krupp Gun and 2x QF 1 pounder pom-pom guns)

Battle

Lord Methuen planned to assault the Belmont-kopje by surprise before dawn, with the troops marching out at 3 AM. The 9th Brigade headed towards Table Mountain, whilst the Guards Brigade moved towards Gun Hill. The plan was for the British to flank the Boer positions in an effort to minimize casualties and come to a quick victory. However the Guards Brigade moved too far to the right of the front, and instead were in position for a frontal assault, rather than a flanking maneuver. Sunrise came at ~4 AM, and at this point the British had advanced four miles, but were still a considerable distance from the Boers. Shortly after sunrise, the Boers began firing on the advancing British, with the 3rd Grenadiers and the 1st Scots returning fire, whilst the 9th Brigade continued to advance up Table Mountain. At 4:30 AM, British Artillery opened fire on Belmont, shelling the Boers with shrapnel artillery.

Aftermath

Lord Methuen wrote to his wife after the battle. "I detest war, people congratulate me; the men seem to look on me like a father, but I detest war the more I see of it.' Outside his tent he could now hear a "poor fellow groaning and dying, shot through the chest, he is silent now, so perhaps God has released him." As many historians of the period and since have pointed out, the reason for such great losses was due to a lack of mobility and poor intelligence in the field with virtually no detailed cartography at the scale needed.

References

^ Agnes Weston: My Life among the Bluejackets, James Nisbett: London, 1909. Page 203
^ Miller 1999, pp. 66–67.
^ Miller 1999, pp. 71, 78.
^ Miller 1999, p. 80.
^ Miller 1999, pp. 85–86.
^ ^a ^b Miller 1999, pp. 85–87.
^ Miller 1999, pp. 89–90.
^ German General Staff (1998), Vol II, p. 238
^ "Battles of Graspan (also known as Enslin)". www.britishbattles.com. Retrieved 15 November 2023.

Bibliography

Miller, Stephen M. (1999). Lord Methuen and the British Army: Failure and Redemption in South Africa. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4904-X.
Pakenham, Thomas (1992) [1979]. The Boer War (Paperback ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 9780380720019.

External links

British Battle.com

[1] Agnes Weston: My Life among the Bluejackets, James Nisbett: London, 1909. Page 203

[FOOTNOTEMiller199966–67-2] Miller 1999, pp. 66–67.

[FOOTNOTEMiller199971,_78-3] Miller 1999, pp. 71, 78.

[FOOTNOTEMiller199980-4] Miller 1999, p. 80.

[FOOTNOTEMiller199985–86-5] Miller 1999, pp. 85–86.

[FOOTNOTEMiller199985–87-6] Miller 1999, pp. 85–87.

[FOOTNOTEMiller199989–90-7] Miller 1999, pp. 89–90.

[GGS-8] German General Staff (1998), Vol II, p. 238

[:0-9] "Battles of Graspan (also known as Enslin)". www.britishbattles.com. Retrieved 15 November 2023.

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