Jump to content

Ismenius Lacus quadrangle

Coordinates: 47°30′N 330°00′W / 47.5°N 330°W / 47.5; -330
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ismenius Lacus quadrangle
Map of Ismenius Lacus quadrangle from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. The highest elevations are red and the lowest are blue.
Coordinates47°30′N 330°00′W / 47.5°N 330°W / 47.5; -330
Image of the Ismenius Lacus Quadrangle (MC-5). The northern area contains relatively smooth plains; the central area, mesas and buttes; and the southern area, numerous craters.

The Ismenius Lacus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is located in the northwestern portion of Mars' eastern hemisphere and covers 0° to 60° east longitude (300° to 360° west longitude) and 30° to 65° north latitude. The quadrangle uses a Lambert conformal conic projection at a nominal scale of 1:5,000,000 (1:5M). The Ismenius Lacus quadrangle is also referred to as MC-5 (Mars Chart-5).[1] The southern and northern borders of the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle are approximately 3,065 km (1,905 mi) and 1,500 km (930 mi) wide, respectively. The north-to-south distance is about 2,050 km (1,270 mi) (slightly less than the length of Greenland).[2] The quadrangle covers an approximate area of 4.9 million square km, or a little over 3% of Mars' surface area.[3] The Ismenius Lacus quadrangle contains parts of Acidalia Planitia, Arabia Terra, Vastitas Borealis, and Terra Sabaea.[4]

The Ismenius Lacus quadrangle contains Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae, two places that are of special interest to scientists. They contain evidence of present and past glacial activity. They also have a landscape unique to Mars, called fretted terrain. The largest crater in the area is Lyot Crater, which contains channels probably carved by liquid water.[5][6]

Origin of names

[edit]
Cadmus slaying the dragon of the Ismenian Spring

Ismenius Lacus is the name of a telescopic albedo feature located at 40° N and 30° E on Mars. The term is Latin for Ismenian Lake, and refers to the Ismenian Spring near Thebes in Greece where Cadmus slew the guardian dragon. Cadmus was the legendary founder of Thebes, and had come to the spring to fetch water. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1958.[7]

There appeared to be a large canal in this region called Nilus. Since 1881–1882 it was split into other canals, some were called Nilosyrtis, Protonilus (first Nile),and Deuteronilus (second Nile).[8]

Physiography and geology

[edit]

In eastern Ismenius Lacus, lies Mamers Valles, a giant outflow channel.

The channel shown below goes quite a long distance and has branches. It ends in a depression that may have been a lake at one time. The first picture is a wide angle, taken with CTX; while the second is a close up taken with HiRISE.[9]

Lyot Crater

[edit]

The northern plains are generally flat and smooth with few craters. However, a few large craters do stand out. The giant impact crater, Lyot, is easy to see in the northern part of Ismenius Lacus.[10] Lyot Crater is the deepest point in Mars's northern hemisphere.[11] One image below of Lyot Crater Dunes shows a variety of interesting forms: dark dunes, light-toned deposits, and dust devil tracks. Dust devils, which resemble miniature tornados create the tracks by removing a thin, but bright deposit of dust to reveal the darker underlying surface. Light-toned deposits are widely believed to contain minerals formed in water. Research, published in June 2010, described evidence for liquid water in Lyot crater in the past.[5][6]

Many channels have been found near Lyot Crater. Research, published in 2017, concluded that the channels were made from water released when the hot ejecta landed on a layer of ice that was 20 to 300 meters thick. Calculations suggest that the ejecta would have had a temperature of at least 250 degrees Fahrenheit. The valleys seem to start from beneath the ejecta near the outer edge of the ejecta. One evidence for this idea is that there are few secondary craters nearby. Few secondary craters were formed because most landed on ice and did not affect the ground below. The ice accumulated in the area when the climate was different. The tilt or obliquity of the axis changes frequently. During periods of greater tilt, ice from the poles is redistributed to the mid-latitudes. The existence of these channels is unusual because although Mars used to have water in rivers, lakes, and an ocean, these features have been dated to the Noachian and Hesperian periods—4 to 3 billion years ago.[12][13][14]

Other craters

[edit]

Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them; in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter), they usually have a central peak.[15] The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact.[16] Sometimes craters will display layers in their walls. Since the collision that produces a crater is like a powerful explosion, rocks from deep underground are tossed unto the surface. Hence, craters are useful for showing us what lies deep under the surface.

Fretted terrain

[edit]

The Ismenius Lacus quadrangle contains several interesting features such as fretted terrain, parts of which are found in Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae. Fretted terrain contains smooth, flat lowlands along with steep cliffs. The scarps or cliffs are usually 1 to 2 km high. Channels in the area have wide, flat floors and steep walls. Many buttes and mesas are present. In fretted terrain the land seems to transition from narrow straight valleys to isolated mesas.[19] Most of the mesas are surrounded by forms that have been called a variety of names: circum-mesa aprons, debris aprons, rock glaciers, and lobate debris aprons.[20] At first they appeared to resemble rock glaciers on Earth. But scientists could not be sure. Even after the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) took a variety of pictures of fretted terrain, experts could not tell for sure if material was moving or flowing as it would in an ice-rich deposit (glacier). Eventually, proof of their true nature was discovered by radar studies with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed that they contain pure water ice covered with a thin layer of rocks that insulated the ice.[21][22]

Glaciers

[edit]

Glaciers formed much of the observable surface in large areas of Mars. Much of the area in high latitudes, especially the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, is believed to still contain enormous amounts of water ice.[16][21][23] In March 2010, scientists released the results of a radar study of an area called Deuteronilus Mensae that found widespread evidence of ice lying beneath a few meters of rock debris.[24] The ice was probably deposited as snowfall during an earlier climate when the poles were tilted more.[25] It would be difficult to take a hike on the fretted terrain where glaciers are common because the surface is folded, pitted, and often covered with linear striations.[26] The striations show the direction of movement. Much of this rough texture is due to sublimation of buried ice. The ice goes directly into a gas (this process is called sublimation) and leaves behind an empty space. Overlying material then collapses into the void.[27] Glaciers are not pure ice; they contain dirt and rocks. At times, they will dump their load of materials into ridges. Such ridges are called moraines. Some places on Mars have groups of ridges that are twisted around; this may have been due to more movement after the ridges were put into place. Sometimes chunks of ice fall from the glacier and get buried in the land surface. When they melt, a more or less round hole remains.[28] On Earth we call these features kettles or kettle holes. Mendon Ponds Park in upstate New York has preserved several of these kettles. The picture from HiRISE below shows possible kettles in Moreux Crater.

Much of the Martian surface is covered with a thick ice-rich, mantle layer that has fallen from the sky a number of times in the past.[29][30][31]

Climate change caused ice-rich features

[edit]

Many features on Mars, especially ones found in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, are believed to contain large amounts of ice. The most popular model for the origin of the ice is climate change from large changes in the tilt of the planet's rotational axis. At times the tilt has even been greater than 80 degrees[32][33] Large changes in the tilt explains many ice-rich features on Mars.

Studies have shown that when the tilt of Mars reaches 45 degrees from its current 25 degrees, ice is no longer stable at the poles.[34] Furthermore, at this high tilt, stores of solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimate, thereby increasing the atmospheric pressure. This increased pressure allows more dust to be held in the atmosphere. Moisture in the atmosphere will fall as snow or as ice frozen onto dust grains. Calculations suggest this material will concentrate in the mid-latitudes.[35][36] General circulation models of the Martian atmosphere predict accumulations of ice-rich dust in the same areas where ice-rich features are found.[33] When the tilt begins to return to lower values, the ice sublimates (turns directly to a gas) and leaves behind a lag of dust.[37][38] The lag deposit caps the underlying material so with each cycle of high tilt levels, some ice-rich mantle remains behind.[39] Note that the smooth surface mantle layer probably represents only relative recent material.

Upper Plains Unit

[edit]

Remnants of a 50–100 meter thick mantling, called the Upper Plains Unit, has been discovered in the mid-latitudes of Mars. First investigated in the Deuteronilus Mensae region, but it occurs in other places as well. The remnants consist of sets of dipping layers in craters and along mesas.[40][41] Sets of dipping layers may be of various sizes and shapes—some look like Aztec pyramids from Central America.

This unit also degrades into brain terrain. Brain terrain is a region of maze-like ridges 3–5 meters high. Some ridges may consist of an ice core, so they may be sources of water for future colonists.

Some regions of the upper plains unit display large fractures and troughs with raised rims; such regions are called ribbed upper plains. Fractures are believed to have started with small cracks from stresses. Stress is suggested to initiate the fracture process since ribbed upper plains are common when debris aprons come together or near the edge of debris aprons—such sites would generate compressional stresses. Cracks exposed more surfaces, and consequently more ice in the material sublimates into the planet's thin atmosphere. Eventually, small cracks become large canyons or troughs.

Small cracks often contain small pits and chains of pits; these are thought to be from sublimation of ice in the ground.[42][43] Large areas of the Martian surface are loaded with ice that is protected by a meters thick layer of dust and other material. However, if cracks appear, a fresh surface will expose ice to the thin atmosphere.[44][45] In a short time, the ice will disappear into the cold, thin atmosphere in a process called sublimation. Dry ice behaves in a similar fashion on the Earth. On Mars sublimation has been observed when the Phoenix lander uncovered chunks of ice that disappeared in a few days.[46][47] In addition, HiRISE has seen fresh craters with ice at the bottom. After a time, HiRISE saw the ice deposit disappear.[48]

The upper plains unit is thought to have fallen from the sky. It drapes various surfaces, as if it fell evenly. As is the case for other mantle deposits, the upper plains unit has layers, is fine-grained, and is ice-rich. It is widespread; it does not seem to have a point source. The surface appearance of some regions of Mars is due to how this unit has degraded. It is a major cause of the surface appearance of lobate debris aprons.[43] The layering of the upper plains mantling unit and other mantling units are believed to be caused by major changes in the planet's climate. Models predict that the obliquity or tilt of the rotational axis has varied from its present 25 degrees to maybe over 80 degrees over geological time. Periods of high tilt will cause the ice in the polar caps to be redistributed and change the amount of dust in the atmosphere.[50][51][52]

Dipping layers

[edit]

In many locations around Mars are features that have been called "dipping layers" These features are groups of layers in protected place like inside of craters or against slopes. Although they once covered a wide area, today they exist only in certain spots because erosion has removed most of the material. Several ideas have been advanced for how they were formed.[53] The material that formed them may have dropped from the sky as ice-rich dust.[54] [55] [56] Another idea for their origin was presented at 55th LPSC (2024) by an international team of researchers. They suggest that the layers are from past ice sheets.[57]

Deltas

[edit]

Researchers have found a number of examples of deltas that formed in Martian lakes. Deltas are major signs that Mars once had a lot of water because deltas usually require deep water over a long period of time to form. In addition, the water level needs to be stable to keep sediment from washing away. Deltas have been found over a wide geographical range. Below, is a pictures of a one in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.[58]

Pits and cracks

[edit]

Some places in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle display large numbers of cracks and pits. It is widely believed that these are the result of ground ice sublimating (changing directly from a solid to a gas). After the ice leaves, the ground collapses in the shape of pits and cracks. The pits may come first. When enough pits form, they unite to form cracks.[59]

Mesas formed by ground collapse

[edit]

Volcanoes under ice

[edit]

There is evidence that volcanoes sometimes erupt under ice, as they do on Earth at times. What seems to happen it that much ice melts, the water escapes, and then the surface cracks and collapses.[60] These exhibit concentric fractures and large pieces of ground that seemed to have been pulled apart. Sites like this may have recently had held liquid water, hence they may be fruitful places to search for evidence of life.[61][62]

Exhumed craters

[edit]

Some features on Mars seem to be in the process of being uncovered. So, the thought is that they formed, were covered over, and now are being exhumed as material is being eroded. These features are quite noticeable with craters. When a crater forms, it will destroy what is under it and leave a rim and ejecta. In the example below, only part of the crater is visible. if the crater came after the layered feature, it would have removed part of the feature.

Fractures forming blocks

[edit]

In places large fractures break up surfaces. Sometimes straight edges are formed and large cubes are created by the fractures.

Polygonal patterned ground

[edit]

Polygonal, patterned ground is quite common in some regions of Mars.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69] It is commonly believed to be caused by the sublimation of ice from the ground. Sublimation is the direct change of solid ice to a gas. This is similar to what happens to dry ice on the Earth. Places on Mars that display polygonal ground may indicate where future colonists can find water ice. Patterned ground forms in a mantle layer, called latitude dependent mantle, that fell from the sky when the climate was different.[29][30][70][71]

Dunes

[edit]

Sand dunes have been found in many places on Mars. The presence of dunes shows that the planet has an atmosphere with wind, for dunes require wind to pile up the sand. Most dunes on Mars are black because of the weathering of the volcanic rock basalt.[72][73] Black sand can be found on Earth on Hawaii and on some tropical South Pacific islands.[74] Sand is common on Mars due to the old age of the surface that has allowed rocks to erode into sand. Dunes on Mars have been observed to move many meters.[75][76] Some dunes move along. In this process, sand moves up the windward side and then falls down the leeward side of the dune, thus caused the dune to go toward the leeward side (or slip face).[77] When images are enlarged, some dunes on Mars display ripples on their surfaces.[78] These are caused by sand grains rolling and bouncing up the windward surface of a dune. The bouncing grains tend to land on the windward side of each ripple. The grains do not bounce very high so it does not take much to stop them.

Ocean

[edit]

Many researchers have suggested that Mars once had a great ocean in the north.[79][80][81][82][83][84][85] Much evidence for this ocean has been gathered over several decades. New evidence was published in May 2016. A large team of scientists described how some of the surface in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle was altered by two tsunamis. The tsunamis were caused by asteroids striking the ocean. Both were thought to have been strong enough to create 30 km diameter craters. The first tsunami picked up and carried boulders the size of cars or small houses. The backwash from the wave formed channels by rearranging the boulders. The second came in when the ocean was 300 m lower. The second carried a great deal of ice which was dropped in valleys. Calculations show that the average height of the waves would have been 50 m, but the heights would vary from 10 m to 120 m. Numerical simulations show that in this particular part of the ocean two impact craters of the size of 30 km in diameter would form every 30 million years. The implication here is that a great northern ocean may have existed for millions of years. One argument against an ocean has been the lack of shoreline features. These features may have been washed away by these tsunami events. The parts of Mars studied in this research are Chryse Planitia and northwestern Arabia Terra. These tsunamis affected some surfaces in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle and in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle.[86][87][88][89]

Gullies

[edit]

Gullies were thought for a time to have been caused by recent flows of liquid water. However, further study suggests they are formed today by chunks of dry ice moving down steep slopes.[90]

Layered features

[edit]

Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Scientists are excited to find layers of rocks on Mars, as water is often involved in their formation, A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars.[91] Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. Layers often are indication that the climate has changed.[92] Layers may be formed by groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments. The hardened layers are consequently more protected from erosion. This process may occur instead of layers forming under lakes.

Ring mold craters

[edit]

Ring Mold Craters are a kind of crater on the planet Mars, that look like the ring molds used in baking. They are believed to be caused by an impact into ice. The ice is covered by a layer of debris. They are found in parts of Mars that have buried ice. Laboratory experiments confirm that impacts into ice result in a "ring mold shape." They are also bigger than other craters in which an asteroid impacted solid rock. Impacts into ice warm the ice and cause it to flow into the ring mold shape.

However, another idea for their formation has emerged.[93] The other idea for their formation revolves around the impacting body going through layers of different densities. Later erosion could have helped shape them. It was thought that ring-mold craters could only exist in areas with large amounts of ground ice. However, with more extensive analysis of larger areas, it was found the ring mold craters are sometimes formed where there is not as much ice underground.[94] [95]

Mounds

[edit]

Channels

[edit]

Landslide

[edit]

Other images

[edit]

Other Mars quadrangles

[edit]
The image above contains clickable linksClickable image of the 30 cartographic quadrangles of Mars, defined by the USGS.[96][97] Quadrangle numbers (beginning with MC for "Mars Chart")[98] and names link to the corresponding articles. North is at the top; 0°N 180°W / 0°N 180°W / 0; -180 is at the far left on the equator. The map images were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor.
()

Interactive Mars map

[edit]
Map of MarsAcheron FossaeAcidalia PlanitiaAlba MonsAmazonis PlanitiaAonia PlanitiaArabia TerraArcadia PlanitiaArgentea PlanumArgyre PlanitiaChryse PlanitiaClaritas FossaeCydonia MensaeDaedalia PlanumElysium MonsElysium PlanitiaGale craterHadriaca PateraHellas MontesHellas PlanitiaHesperia PlanumHolden craterIcaria PlanumIsidis PlanitiaJezero craterLomonosov craterLucus PlanumLycus SulciLyot craterLunae PlanumMalea PlanumMaraldi craterMareotis FossaeMareotis TempeMargaritifer TerraMie craterMilankovič craterNepenthes MensaeNereidum MontesNilosyrtis MensaeNoachis TerraOlympica FossaeOlympus MonsPlanum AustralePromethei TerraProtonilus MensaeSirenumSisyphi PlanumSolis PlanumSyria PlanumTantalus FossaeTempe TerraTerra CimmeriaTerra SabaeaTerra SirenumTharsis MontesTractus CatenaTyrrhena TerraUlysses PateraUranius PateraUtopia PlanitiaValles MarinerisVastitas BorealisXanthe Terra
The image above contains clickable linksInteractive image map of the global topography of Mars. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted.


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, M.E.; Batson, R.M.; Wu, S.S.C. "Geodesy and Cartography" in Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S., Eds. Mars. University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1992.
  2. ^ Distances calculated using NASA World Wind measuring tool. http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/ Archived 2018-01-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ Approximated by integrating latitudinal strips with area of R^2 (L1-L2)(cos(A)dA) from 30° to 65° latitude; where R = 3889 km, A is latitude, and angles expressed in radians. See: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1340223/calculating-area-enclosed-by-arbitrary-polygon-on-earths-surface.
  4. ^ "Planetary Names: Search Results".
  5. ^ a b Carter, J.; Poulet, F.; Bibring, J.-P.; Murchie, S. (2010). "Detection of Hydrated Silicates in Crustal Outcrops in the Northern Plains of Mars". Science. 328 (5986): 1682–1686. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1682C. doi:10.1126/science.1189013. PMID 20576889. S2CID 7337256.
  6. ^ a b http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news.cfm?release=2010-209[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Mars. http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/.
  8. ^ Blunck, J. 1982. Mars and its Satellites. Exposition Press. Smithtown, N.Y.
  9. ^ "HiRISE | A Fresh, Shallow Valley in Northern Arabia Terra (ESP_039997_2170)".
  10. ^ U.S. department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey, Topographic Map of the Eastern Region of Mars M 15M 0/270 2AT, 1991
  11. ^ "Mars: What We Know About the Red Planet". Space.com. October 2021.
  12. ^ Weiss, David K. (2017). "Extensive Amazonian-aged fluvial channels on Mars: Evaluating the role of Lyot crater in their formation". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (11): 5336–5344. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.5336W. doi:10.1002/2017GL073821. S2CID 27711077.
  13. ^ Weiss, D.; et al. (2017). "Extensive Amazonian-aged fluvial channels on Mars: Evaluating the role of Lyot crater in their formation". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (11): 5336–5344. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.5336W. doi:10.1002/2017GL073821. S2CID 27711077.
  14. ^ "Hot Rocks Led to Relatively Recent Water-Carved Valleys on Mars - SpaceRef". 14 June 2017.[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ "Stones, Wind, and Ice: A Guide to Martian Impact Craters".
  16. ^ a b Hugh H. Kieffer (1992). Mars. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-1257-7. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  17. ^ http://www.uahirise.org/epo/nuggets/expanded-secondary.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  18. ^ Viola, D., et al. 2014. "Expanded Craters in Arcadia Planitia: Evidence for >20 MYR Old Subsurface Ice". Eighth International Conference on Mars (2014). 1022pdf.
  19. ^ Sharp, R. 1973. "Mars Fretted and chaotic terrains". J. Geophys. Res.: 78. 4073–4083
  20. ^ http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1053.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  21. ^ a b Plaut, J. et al. 2008. "Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars". Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2290.pdf
  22. ^ Plaut, J.; Safaeinili, A.; Holt, J.; Phillips, R.; Head, J.; Seu, R.; Putzig, N.; Frigeri, A. (2009). "Radar evidence for ice in lobate debris aprons in the midnorthern latitudes of Mars". Geophys. Res. Lett. 36 (2): n/a. Bibcode:2009GeoRL..36.2203P. doi:10.1029/2008GL036379. S2CID 17530607.
  23. ^ "European Space Agency". www.esa.int.
  24. ^ http://news.discovery.com/space/mars-ice-sheet-climate.html [dead link]
  25. ^ Madeleine, J. et al. 2007. "Exploring the northern mid-latitude glaciation with a general circulation model". In: Seventh International Conference on Mars. Abstract 3096.
  26. ^ "HiRISE | Glacier? (ESP_018857_2225)". www.uahirise.org.
  27. ^ "HiRISE | Fretted Terrain Valley Traverse (PSP_009719_2230)".
  28. ^ "HiRISE | Jumbled Flow Patterns (PSP_006278_2225)". hirise.lpl.arizona.edu.
  29. ^ a b Hecht, M (2002). "Metastability of water on Mars". Icarus. 156 (2): 373–386. Bibcode:2002Icar..156..373H. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6794.
  30. ^ a b Mustard, J.; et al. (2001). "Evidence for recent climate change on Mars from the identification of youthful near-surface ground ice". Nature. 412 (6845): 411–414. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..411M. doi:10.1038/35086515. PMID 11473309. S2CID 4409161.
  31. ^ Pollack, J.; Colburn, D.; Flaser, F.; Kahn, R.; Carson, C.; Pidek, D. (1979). "Properties and effects of dust suspended in the martian atmosphere". J. Geophys. Res. 84: 2929–2945. Bibcode:1979JGR....84.2929P. doi:10.1029/jb084ib06p02929.
  32. ^ Touma, J.; Wisdom, J. (1993). "The Chaotic Obliquity of Mars". Science. 259 (5099): 1294–1297. Bibcode:1993Sci...259.1294T. doi:10.1126/science.259.5099.1294. PMID 17732249. S2CID 42933021.
  33. ^ a b Laskar, J.; Correia, A.; Gastineau, M.; Joutel, F.; Levrard, B.; Robutel, P. (2004). "Long term evolution and chaotic diffusion of the insolation quantities of Mars" (PDF). Icarus. 170 (2): 343–364. Bibcode:2004Icar..170..343L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.005. S2CID 33657806.
  34. ^ Levy, J.; Head, J.; Marchant, D.; Kowalewski, D. (2008). "Identification of sublimation-type thermal contraction crack polygons at the proposed NASA Phoenix landing site: Implications for substrate properties and climate-driven morphological evolution". Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 (4): L04202. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..35.4202L. doi:10.1029/2007GL032813.
  35. ^ Levy, J.; Head, J.; Marchant, D. (2009a). "Thermal contraction crack polygons on Mars: Classification, distribution, and climate implications from HiRISE observations". J. Geophys. Res. 114 (E1): E01007. Bibcode:2009JGRE..114.1007L. doi:10.1029/2008JE003273.
  36. ^ Hauber, E., D. Reiss, M. Ulrich, F. Preusker, F. Trauthan, M. Zanetti, H. Hiesinger, R. Jaumann, L. Johansson, A. Johnsson, S. Van Gaselt, M. Olvmo. 2011. Landscape evolution in Martian mid-latitude regions: insights from analogous periglacial landforms in Svalbard. In: Balme, M., A. Bargery, C. Gallagher, S. Guta (eds). Martian Geomorphology. Geological Society, London. Special Publications: 356. 111–131
  37. ^ Mellon, M.; Jakosky, B. (1995). "The distribution and behavior of Martian ground ice during past and present epochs". J. Geophys. Res. 100 (E6): 11781–11799. Bibcode:1995JGR...10011781M. doi:10.1029/95je01027. S2CID 129106439.
  38. ^ Schorghofer, N (2007). "Dynamics of ice ages on Mars". Nature. 449 (7159): 192–194. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..192S. doi:10.1038/nature06082. PMID 17851518. S2CID 4415456.
  39. ^ Madeleine, J., F. Forget, J. Head, B. Levrard, F. Montmessin. 2007. "Exploring the northern mid-latitude glaciation with a general circulation model". In: Seventh International Conference on Mars. Abstract 3096.
  40. ^ "HiRISE | Layered Mantling Deposits in the Northern Mid-Latitudes (ESP_048897_2125)". www.uahirise.org.
  41. ^ Carr, M (2001). "Mars Global Surveyor observations of martian fretted terrain". J. Geophys. Res. 106 (E10): 23571–23593. Bibcode:2001JGR...10623571C. doi:10.1029/2000je001316. S2CID 129715420.
  42. ^ Morgenstern, A., et al. 2007
  43. ^ a b Baker, D., J. Head. 2015. Extensive Middle Amazonian mantling of debris aprons and plains in Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars: Implication for the record of mid-latitude glaciation. Icarus: 260, 269–288.
  44. ^ Mangold, N (2003). "Geomorphic analysis of lobate debris aprons on Mars at Mars Orbiter Camera scale: Evidence for ice sublimation initiated by fractures". J. Geophys. Res. 108 (E4): 8021. Bibcode:2003JGRE..108.8021M. doi:10.1029/2002je001885.
  45. ^ Levy, J. et al. 2009. Concentric
  46. ^ "Bright Chunks at Phoenix Lander's Mars Site Must Have Been Ice" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine – Official NASA press release (19.06.2008)
  47. ^ a b "NASA - Bright Chunks at Phoenix Lander's Mars Site Must Have Been Ice". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  48. ^ Byrne, S.; et al. (2009). "Distribution of Mid-Latitude Ground Ice on Mars from New Impact Craters". Science. 325 (5948): 1674–1676. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1674B. doi:10.1126/science.1175307. PMID 19779195. S2CID 10657508.
  49. ^ Smith, P.; et al. (2009). "H2O at the Phoenix Landing Site". Science. 325 (5936): 58–61. Bibcode:2009Sci...325...58S. doi:10.1126/science.1172339. PMID 19574383. S2CID 206519214.
  50. ^ Head, J. et al. 2003.
  51. ^ Madeleine, et al. 2014.
  52. ^ Schon; et al. (2009). "A recent ice age on Mars: Evidence for climate oscillations from regional layering in mid-latitude mantling deposits". Geophys. Res. Lett. 36 (15): L15202. Bibcode:2009GeoRL..3615202S. doi:10.1029/2009GL038554.
  53. ^ R.J. Soare et al. 2013. Sub-kilometre (intra-crater) mounds in Utopia Planitia, Mars: character, occurrence and possible formation hypotheses, Icarus, 225, 982–991.
  54. ^ Morgenstern, A,, et al. 2007. Deposition and degradation of a volatile-rich layer in Utopia Planitia and implications for climate history on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research Planets. Volume 112. IssueE6
  55. ^ Carr, M. 2001. "Mars Global Surveyor observations of martian fretted terrain". J. Geophys. Res. 106, 23571-23593.
  56. ^ Baker, D., J. Head. 2015. "Extensive Middle Amazonian mantling of debris aprons and plains in Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars: Implication for the record of mid-latitude glaciation". Icarus: 260, 269-288
  57. ^ Blanc, E., et al. 2024. ORIGIN OF WIDESPREAD LAYERED DEPOSITS ASSOCIATED WITH MARTIAN DEBRIS COVERED GLACIERS. 55th LPSC (2024). 1466.pdf
  58. ^ Irwin III, R. et al. 2005. "An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 2. Increased runoff and paleolake development." Journal of Geophysical Research: 10. E12S15
  59. ^ "HiRISE | Fretted Terrain Valley Traverse (PSP_009719_2230)". Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  60. ^ Smellie, J., B. Edwards. 2016. Glaciovolcanism on Earth and Mars. Cambridge University Press.
  61. ^ a b Levy, J.; et al. (2017). "Candidate volcanic and impact-induced ice depressions on Mars". Icarus. 285: 185–194. Bibcode:2017Icar..285..185L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.021.
  62. ^ University of Texas at Austin. "A funnel on Mars could be a place to look for life". ScienceDaily. 10 November 2016. .
  63. ^ "Refubium - Search" (PDF).
  64. ^ Kostama, V.-P.; Kreslavsky, Head (2006). "Recent high-latitude icy mantle in the northern plains of Mars: Characteristics and ages of emplacement". Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 (11): L11201. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3311201K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.553.1127. doi:10.1029/2006GL025946. S2CID 17229252.
  65. ^ Malin, M.; Edgett, K. (2001). "Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission". J. Geophys. Res. 106 (E10): 23429–23540. Bibcode:2001JGR...10623429M. doi:10.1029/2000je001455. S2CID 129376333.
  66. ^ Milliken, R.; et al. (2003). "Viscous flow features on the surface of Mars: Observations from high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images". J. Geophys. Res. 108 (E6): E6. Bibcode:2003JGRE..108.5057M. doi:10.1029/2002JE002005. S2CID 12628857.
  67. ^ Mangold, N (2005). "High latitude patterned grounds on Mars: Classification, distribution and climatic control". Icarus. 174 (2): 336–359. Bibcode:2005Icar..174..336M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.030.
  68. ^ Kreslavsky, M.; Head, J. (2000). "Kilometer-scale roughness on Mars: Results from MOLA data analysis". J. Geophys. Res. 105 (E11): 26695–26712. Bibcode:2000JGR...10526695K. doi:10.1029/2000je001259.
  69. ^ Seibert, N.; Kargel, J. (2001). "Small-scale martian polygonal terrain: Implications or liquid surface water". Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (5): 899–902. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28..899S. doi:10.1029/2000gl012093.
  70. ^ Kreslavsky, M.A., Head, J.W., 2002. "High-latitude Recent Surface Mantle on Mars: New Results from MOLA and MOC". European Geophysical Society XXVII, Nice.
  71. ^ Head, J.W.; Mustard, J.F.; Kreslavsky, M.A.; Milliken, R.E.; Marchant, D.R. (2003). "Recent ice ages on Mars". Nature. 426 (6968): 797–802. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..797H. doi:10.1038/nature02114. PMID 14685228. S2CID 2355534.
  72. ^ "HiRISE | Dunes and Inverted Craters in Arabia Terra (ESP_016459_1830)". hirise.lpl.arizona.edu.
  73. ^ Michael H. Carr (2006). The surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87201-0. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  74. ^ "Sand Dunes - Phenomena of the Wind - DesertUSA". www.desertusa.com.
  75. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Curiosity Rover Report (Dec. 15, 2015): First Visit to Martian Dunes – via YouTube.
  76. ^ "The Flowing Sands of Mars". 9 May 2012.
  77. ^ Namowitz, S., Stone, D. 1975. Earth science the world we live in. American Book Company. New York.
  78. ^ "NASA Rover's Sand-Dune Studies Yield Surprise". Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  79. ^ Parker, T. J.; Gorsline, D. S.; Saunders, R. S.; Pieri, D. C.; Schneeberger, D. M. (1993). "Coastal geomorphology of the Martian northern plains". J. Geophys. Res. 98 (E6): 11061–11078. Bibcode:1993JGR....9811061P. doi:10.1029/93je00618.
  80. ^ Fairén, A. G.; et al. (2003). "Episodic flood inundations of the northern plains of Mars" (PDF). Icarus. 165 (1): 53–67. Bibcode:2003Icar..165...53F. doi:10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00144-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  81. ^ Head, J. W.; et al. (1999). "Possible ancient oceans on Mars: Evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data". Science. 286 (5447): 2134–2137. Bibcode:1999Sci...286.2134H. doi:10.1126/science.286.5447.2134. PMID 10591640.
  82. ^ Parker, T. J., Saunders, R. S. & Schneeberger, D. M. Transitional morphology in west Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars: Implications for modification of the lowland/upland boundary" Icarus 1989; 82, 111–145
  83. ^ Carr, M. H.; Head, J. W. (2003). "Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate". J. Geophys. Res. 108 (E5): 5042. Bibcode:2003JGRE..108.5042C. doi:10.1029/2002JE001963.
  84. ^ Kreslavsky, M. A.; Head, J. W. (2002). "Fate of outflow channel effluent in the northern lowlands of Mars: The Vastitas Borealis Formation as a sublimation residue from frozen ponded bodies of water". J. Geophys. Res. 107 (E12): 5121. Bibcode:2002JGRE..107.5121K. doi:10.1029/2001JE001831.
  85. ^ Clifford, S. M. & Parker, T. J. The evolution of the martian hydrosphere: Implications for the fate of a primordial ocean and the current state of the northern plains" Icarus 2001; 154, 40–79
  86. ^ "Ancient Tsunami Evidence on Mars Reveals Life Potential" (Press release). May 20, 2016.
  87. ^ Rodriguez, J.; et al. (2016). "Tsunami waves extensively resurfaced the shorelines of an early Martian ocean". Scientific Reports. 6: 25106. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625106R. doi:10.1038/srep25106. PMC 4872529. PMID 27196957.
  88. ^ Rodriguez, J. Alexis P.; Fairén, Alberto G.; Tanaka, Kenneth L.; Zarroca, Mario; Linares, Rogelio; Platz, Thomas; Komatsu, Goro; Miyamoto, Hideaki; Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Yan, Jianguo; Gulick, Virginia; Higuchi, Kana; Baker, Victor R.; Glines, Natalie (2016). "Tsunami waves extensively resurfaced the shorelines of an early Martian ocean". Scientific Reports. 6: 25106. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625106R. doi:10.1038/srep25106. PMC 4872529. PMID 27196957.
  89. ^ Cornell University. "Ancient tsunami evidence on Mars reveals life potential." ScienceDaily, 19 May 2016. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160519101756.htm.
  90. ^ Harrington, J.D.; Webster, Guy (July 10, 2014). "RELEASE 14-191 – NASA Spacecraft Observes Further Evidence of Dry Ice Gullies on Mars". NASA. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  91. ^ Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.
  92. ^ "HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment". Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?psp_008437_1750. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
  93. ^ Baker, D., L. Carter. 2018. Formation of Impact Crater Landforms within Glacial Deposits on Mars. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 1589.pdf
  94. ^ Baker, David M.H.; Carter, Lynn M. (2019). "Probing supraglacial debris on Mars 2: Crater morphology". Icarus. 319: 264–280. Bibcode:2019Icar..319..264B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.09.009. S2CID 126156734.
  95. ^ Baker, D. and L. Carter. 2019. Probing supraglacial debris on Mars 2: Crater morphology. Icarus. Volume 319. Pages 264-280
  96. ^ Morton, Oliver (2002). Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World. New York: Picador USA. p. 98. ISBN 0-312-24551-3.
  97. ^ "Online Atlas of Mars". Ralphaeschliman.com. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  98. ^ "PIA03467: The MGS MOC Wide Angle Map of Mars". Photojournal. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory. February 16, 2002. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
[edit]