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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
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A '''passive optical network''' ('''PON''') is a [[point-to-multipoint]], [[fiber to the premises]] network architecture in which unpowered [[optical splitter]]s utilizing [[Brewster's angle]] principles are used to enable a single [[optical fiber]] to serve multiple premises, typically 32-128. A PON consists of an [[Fiber to the x|optical line terminal]] (OLT) <!-- sorry, but I'm growing extremely weary of these people that don't seem to have a clue about how capital letters are SUPPOSED to be used in English --> at the service provider's central office and a number of [[Optical Network Unit|optical network units]] (ONUs) near end users. A PON configuration reduces the amount of fiber and central office equipment required compared with [[Network_topology#Point-to-point|point to point]] architectures. |
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(Redirected from Dane cook) |
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Jump to: navigation, search |
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Dane Cook |
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Cook at Comic Con 2007 promoting Good Luck Chuck |
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Birth name Dane Jeffrey Cook |
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Downstream signals are broadcast to each premises sharing a single fiber. [[Encryption]] is used to prevent [[eavesdropping]]. |
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Born March 18, 1972 (age 37) |
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Boston, Massachusetts, |
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United States |
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Medium Stand-up, film, television |
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Upstream signals are combined using a [[multiple access]] protocol, usually [[time division multiple access]] (TDMA). The OLTs "range" the ONUs in order to provide time slot assignments for upstream communication. |
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Nationality |
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== Standards == |
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American |
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Years active 1990–present |
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Genres |
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Stand-up comedy |
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Subject(s) observational comedy |
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** '''APON''' (ATM Passive Optical Network). This was the first Passive optical network standard. It was used primarily for business applications, and was based on ATM. |
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** '''BPON''' (Broadband PON) is a standard based on APON. It adds support for WDM, dynamic and higher upstream bandwidth allocation, and survivability. It also created a standard management interface, called OMCI, between the OLT and ONU/ONT, enabling mixed-vendor networks. |
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*[[IEEE]] [[IEEE 802.3ah|802.3ah]] |
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** '''EPON or GEPON''' (Ethernet PON) is an IEEE/EFM standard for using Ethernet for packet data. 802.3ah is now part of the IEEE 802.3 standard. There are currently over 15 million installed EPON ports. With China's 2008 EPON deployments total installed base is expected to reach nearly 20 million subscribers by year end 2008. |
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*[[ITU-T]] [[G.984]] |
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** '''GPON''' (Gigabit PON) is an evolution of the BPON standard. It supports higher rates, enhanced security, and choice of Layer 2 protocol (ATM, GEM, Ethernet). In early 2008, Verizon having installed over 800 thousand lines by mid year. British Telecom, mobily-saudiarabia, Etisalat-uae, and AT&T are in advanced trials. Also, other companies such as Independent fibre networks LTD are working with service providers such as See the Light provide high speed GPON connections and FTTH (fibre to the home). |
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*[[IEEE 802.3av]] |
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** '''[[10G-EPON]]''' (10 Gigabit Ethernet PON) is an IEEE Task Force for 10Gbit/s, backward compatible with 802.3ah EPON. 10GigEPON will use separate wavelengths for 10G and 1G downstream. 802.3av will continue to use a single wavelength for both 10G and 1G upstream with TDMA separation. |
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*[[SCTE]] [[SCTE IPS910|IPS910]] |
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** '''RFoG''' (RFoverGlass) is an SCTE Interface Practices Subcomittee standard in development for Point to Multipoint (P2MP) operations that has a proposed wavelength plan compatible with data PON solutions including EPON,GEPON and 10G-EPON. RFoG offers an FTTH PON like architecture for MSOs without having to select or deploy a PON technology. |
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Influences George Carlin, Richard Pryor, Denis Leary, Steve Martin |
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== History == |
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{{Repetition|date=December 2007}} |
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Early work on efficient fiber to the home architectures was done in the 1990s by the [http://www.fsanweb.org/ Full Service Access Network (FSAN)] working group, formed by major telecommunications service providers and system vendors. The [[International Telecommunications Union]] (ITU) did further work, and has since standardized on two generations of PON. The older ITU-T G.983 standard is based on [[asynchronous transfer mode]] (ATM), and has therefore been referred to as APON (ATM PON). Further improvements to the original APON standard – as well as the gradual falling out of favor of ATM as a protocol – led to the full, final version of ITU-T G.983 being referred to more often as broadband PON, or BPON. A typical APON/BPON provides 622 megabits per second (Mbit/s) ([[OC-12]]) of downstream bandwidth and 155 Mbit/s ([[OC-3]]) of upstream traffic, although the standard accommodates higher rates. |
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Notable works and roles Retaliation, Dane Cook: Vicious Circle, ISolated INcident |
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The ITU-T G.984 (GPON) standard represents a boost, compared to BPON, in both the total bandwidth and bandwidth efficiency through the use of larger, variable-length packets. Again, the standards permit several choices of bit rate, but the industry has converged on 2.488 gigabits per second (Gbit/s) of downstream bandwidth, and 1.244 Gbit/s of upstream bandwidth. GPON Encapsulation Method (GEM) allows very efficient packaging of user traffic with frame segmentation. |
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Website www.danecook.com |
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The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PON (EPON or GEPON) standard was completed in 2004 (http://www.ieee802.org/3/), as part of the Ethernet First Mile project. EPON uses standard 802.3 Ethernet frames with symmetric 1 gigabit per second upstream and downstream rates. EPON is applicable for data-centric networks, as well as full-service voice, data and video networks. 10Gbit/s EPON or 10G-EPON was ratified as an amendment IEEE 802.3av to IEEE 802.3. 10G-EPON supports 10Gbps/1Gbps. The downstream wavelength plan support simultaneous operation of 10Gbps on one wavelength and 1Gbps on a separate wavelength for operation of IEEE 802.3av and IEEE 802.3ah on the same PON concurrently. The upstream channel can support simultaneous operation of IEEE 802.3av and 1Gbps 802.3ah simultaneously on a single shared (1310nm) channel. |
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Dane Jeffrey Cook (born March 18, 1972) is an American stand-up comedian and film actor. He has released five comedy albums: Harmful If Swallowed; Retaliation; Vicious Circle; Rough Around The Edges: Live From Madison Square Garden; and Isolated Incident. Retaliation became the highest charting comedy album in 28 years[when?] and went double platinum.[1] Cook performed an HBO special in the Fall of 2006, Vicious Circle, a straight-to-DVD special entitled Rough Around The Edges (which is included in the album of the same name), and a Comedy Central special in 2009 entitled Isolated Incident. |
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A PON takes advantage of [[wavelength division multiplexing]] (WDM), using one wavelength for downstream traffic and another for upstream traffic on a single [Non-dispersion shifted fiber] (ITU-T G.652). BPON, EPON, GEPON, and GPON have the same basic wavelength plan and use the 1490 nanometer (nm) wavelength for downstream traffic and 1310 nm wavelength for upstream traffic. 1550 nm is reserved for optional overlay services, typically RF (analog) video. |
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As an actor, Cook has appeared in films since 1997, including Mystery Men, Waiting..., Employee of the Month, Good Luck Chuck, Dan in Real Life, Mr. Brooks (in a non-comedic role), and My Best Friend's Girl. |
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Contents |
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• 1 Early life |
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• 2 Career |
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o 2.1 Stand-up |
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2.1.1 Comedy style |
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2.1.2 Criticism |
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2.1.3 Accusations of plagiarism |
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2.1.4 Controversy |
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o 2.2 Film |
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• 3 Tours |
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• 4 Discography |
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o 4.1 Albums |
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o 4.2 Other releases |
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o 4.3 Singles |
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• 5 Filmography |
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• 6 References |
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• 7 External links |
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Early life |
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As with bit rate, the standards describe several optical budgets, most common is 28 [[decibel|dB]] of loss budget for both BPON and GPON, but products have been announced using less expensive optics as well. 28 dB corresponds to about 20 km with a 32-way split. [[Forward error correction]] (FEC) may provide another 2-3 dB of loss budget on GPON systems. As optics improve, the 28 dB budget will likely increase. Although both the GPON and EPON protocols permit large split ratios (up to 128 subscribers for GPON, up to 32,768 for EPON), in practice most PONs are deployed with a split ratio of 1x32 or smaller. |
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Dane Cook was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States,[2] the second son of George and Donna Cook. Cook has an older brother, Darryl, and four sisters. He was raised in Arlington, where he attended Arlington High School.[3] He made frequent trips to Stoney Point, where he was mentored by Michael Anderson. During this time, he developed a strong bond with him and, in later years, Anderson would prove to be crucial in his acting career, as he petitioned the Academy for a nomination for his role in "Good Luck Chuck". His father worked at a golf course before managing a lumber yard, a window business, and a rock club in Cambridge, Massachusetts, while his mother was an accountant. |
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Career |
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Stand-up |
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Cook performing in 2008. |
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In 1994, Cook moved to New York City and began performing. Two years later, he moved to Los Angeles, where he still lives today.[4] |
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Cook's big comedy break came in 1998 when he appeared on Comedy Central's Premium Blend. This started a relationship between Cook and Comedy Central that has lasted many years. In 2000, Cook did a half-hour special on Comedy Central Presents. Since then his special has won the Comedy Central Stand-up showdown twice in a row.[5] |
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In 2003, Cook released his first CD/DVD, Harmful If Swallowed. The success of the album landed him a recording contract with Comedy Central Records. The album is certified platinum. He released his second CD/DVD in 2005, entitled Retaliation. This album went double platinum and made Cook the first comic in 29 years to have an album at #4 on the Billboard charts.[5] This earned him a place alongside best-selling comedy vets Bill Cosby, George Carlin, and Steve Martin. The success of the album also landed him a comedy performance at the MTV Video Music Awards, and then afterwards he joined Snoop Dogg (who introduced him) in presenting the award for Best New Artist.[5] |
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On April 15, 2005 Cook performed his first HBO Special entitled Vicious Circle. Inspiration for this comedy was fueled by his late relationship with Amanda Muller. A Junior at SUNY Oneonta. Vicious Circle filmed "in the round" at the TD Banknorth Garden. The same year Cook shot two pilot episodes for his own sitcom, Cooked. The sitcom never got picked up and the two pilot episodes were later released on DVD as the Lost Pilot Episodes. That same year he embarked on a 30-day 20-show college tour called Tourgasm with his long time friends Robert Kelly, Gary Gulman, and Jay Davis. The tour was filmed and was later made into a 9-episode documentary on HBO. |
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On December 3, 2005, Cook hosted Saturday Night Live. It was one of the highest-rated SNLs of the season".[6] He would then go on to host the premiere of season 32 of SNL a year later. |
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In 2006 Cook headlined for Dave Attell's Insomniac Tour and hosted the 2006 Teen Choice Awards alongside Jessica Simpson. The following year he won the award for Best Comedian. On November 12, 2007, Cook became the second comic to sell out Madison Square Garden. He did two sold out shows in one night. The show was filmed and would later be put onto a DVD to be sold on Cook's third comedy album. Cook won the Big Entertainer Award at the VH1 Big in '06 Awards, and Rolling Stone magazine's Hot Comic of the Year. The following day, November 13, 2007, Cook released his third CD/DVD entitled Rough Around The Edges, which was filmed live at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The Album debuted at #1 on the Billboard Top Comedy Albums chart.[citation needed] During that time, he embarked on his first arena tour. |
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On April 10, 2007, Cook broke The Laugh Factory's endurance record (previously held by Richard Pryor)[7] by performing on stage for 3 hours and 50 minutes. Dave Chappelle would break the record five days later.[8] On January 1, 2008, Cook broke Chapelle's record, by performing on stage for 7 hours.[9] |
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From May 23, 2008 to May 25, 2008 Cook reunited with Robert Kelly and Al Del Bene for 3 shows at The Coliseum in Caesars Palace. From May 29, 2008 to June 4, 2008, the Trio went to Iraq to perform for the troops. During all of these shows Bene was the Emcee, Kelly was the Feature, and Cook was the headliner. |
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Cook recently finished his fourth album, "ISolated INcident"; it was also a special that aired on Comedy Central on May 17, 2009, with the release of the record following two days later. He kicked off that tour at Mohegan Sun, Uncasville, Connecticut on April 25, 2009. This album will be the last as part of Cook's four record deal with Comedy Central Records. The new album was performed at The Laugh Factory in Hollywood which is considered to be Cook's Home base, where he goes and works on new material. |
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Cook released the DVD version of Isolated Incident on November 17, 2009. It was released in stores and on iTunes. The DVD on the CD/DVD version is Dane talking about his experience doing this DVD special itself.[10] |
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Comedy style |
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Dane Cook's style is principally observational humor and wordplay with a casual attitude. Cook says his onstage persona is a combination of the personalities of his mom, Donna, and his dad, George. "My mother is like a Looney Tunes cartoon. She's wiggly ... She has the ability to tongue in cheek a lot, and do it in a way where she's being physical. My dad is the polar opposite. He always had a little 'what the fuck' in his voice. Even if he knew nothing about what he was talking about, he could sell it. So I looked at these two extremely funny people and created a style of comedy from absorbing their actions."[11] |
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He explains: |
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I wanted to create a stage persona for myself that allowed me to really speak about anything I want... So I can be a storyteller, I can be jokey, I can be corny, I can be a little vulgar, I can be a lot vulgar. And I'm not afraid to go anywhere to get the point of the joke across, even if I have to just blabber like a retard until it becomes apparent that I'm a retard and that the audience should laugh. |
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Criticism |
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Some commentators have characterized Dane Cook's humor as unfunny.[12][13][14] Comedian Ron White has criticized Dane Cook for his lack of real material and for his inflated ego; saying "[He] does not make me laugh, at all, in any way, shape or form."[15] When asked about his opinion of Cook on The Howard Stern Show, comedian Nick DiPaolo said "he doesn't make me laugh, but that doesn't mean he's not funny."[16] On Boston radio station WBCN, Dane Cook was named by radio show Toucher and Rich to a tournament of the top 16 "Worst Comedians" and, based on listener voting, was voted the "Worst Comedian" of all.[17] In the Michigan Daily, Elie Zwiebel wrote that "he's managed to become one of the most overrated comics ever" and that his act is "boringly stagnant".[18] |
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Jim Breuer talked about Cook's reputation within the comedy industry, saying: "Everyone kills this guy ... Not one comedian comes on [my Sirius radio show] and says 'I'm so happy for him', which is weird. ... They can't stand this poor guy." Breuer went on to say that he personally thinks Cook is a "tremendous performer". [19] |
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Accusations of plagiarism |
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In 2005, on the message boards of comedy web site 'A Special Thing', Louis C.K. posted a response to his fans who accused Cook of plagiarizing from him writing "Okay, this kid is stealing from me. And making lots of money. Three bits on one CD." Later, C.K. wrote "Just so you know, guys, I'm not going to do anything about this.... I'm not going to court over a bit called 'Itchy Asshole.'"[20] In an interview on the Free Beer & Hot Wings Morning Show in February 2007, C.K. stated that while the jokes are similar, the issue was "overblown" and may stem from a backlash against Cook's popularity. However, C.K. accused Cook of being "bullyish" and litigious towards comedians for having similar material to his despite Cook claiming elsewhere that comedians often have similar material and it is not a big issue to him. C.K. also stated "Too bad the guy [Cook] can't write enough." After pressure by the hosts for a statement, C.K. ended the interview by finally adding (possibly as a joke): "Fuck Dane Cook, he's a cunt."[21] Comedian Joe Rogan has claimed that Cook performed a bit on an episode of Premium Blend that Rogan had developed on I'm Gonna Be Dead Someday (sketch titled "Tigers Fucking"), and claimed to have performed the routine earlier in clubs with Cook present.[22] |
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Rob Sheffield also criticized Dane Cook's material in a Rolling Stone article from October 2006, claiming a joke he performed was originally done by Emo Philips.[23] |
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Controversy |
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On July 24, 2006, Cook asked for a guest spot at the Yuk-Yuks comedy club in Vancouver. Initially he was set to go up at the end of the night, but upon arriving at the club he requested to go up before the headliner, Peter Kelamis. Cook went over his allotted time, and after several minutes of the "wrap it up" light flashing, the club cut his microphone and attempted to "play him off" with music. Cook acted as though it was a mistake and continued his set for another five minutes until the process was repeated. Cook then dropped the mic and walked off-stage, furious. Kelamis then refused to take the stage, and later referred to Cook's actions as "the most arrogant thing that I've ever seen in my life".[24] Mark Breslin, the founder of the comedy club chain, quickly apologized and blamed the club's manager. Breslin stated in support of Cook, "I'm on Dane's side totally, 100 percent." Breslin added that Kelamis was the last show that evening and there was no reason he could not have gone on late, stating "the tradition is that stardom trumps everything".[24] |
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When asked by People magazine "What's something you did recently you wish you could take back?" Cook responded, "I went onstage and was the rudest, most obnoxious version of myself. Women came up to me after and said, 'Don't ever say those things again. That was horrible!'".[25] |
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Film |
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Cook has had small movie roles but his two most noticeable ones are Mystery Men as "The Waffler", and opposite Dennis Rodman in 1999's Simon Sez.[26] Also In 2005 he appeared in the film Waiting... as the unhygenic chef Floyd. |
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In 2006 Cook starred in his first leading role as the slacker box boy Zack Bradley in Employee of the Month, which co-starred Jessica Simpson and Dax Shepard. The movie debuted at #4 just behind Open Season. The movie was made on a $12 million budget, and has earned a little over $28 million in the United States. |
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In June 2007 Cook co-starred in his first dramatic role as the devious photographer "Mr. Smith" in Mr. Brooks, which starred Kevin Costner. The film debuted at #4 at the box office, just behind Shrek The Third. The movie grossed $10,017,067 in the opening weekend.[27] |
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In September 2007 Cook starred as Dentist Charlie Logan in Good Luck Chuck, which co-starred Jessica Alba and Dan Fogler. The film was the second-highest grossing film (#1 Comedy) at the U.S. box office in its opening weekend, grossing $13.6 million in 2,612 theaters. The film went on to have a total box office tally of approximately $35 million U.S. and $24 million foreign. |
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A month later, Cook co-starred as Mitch Burns in Dan In Real Life, which starred Steve Carell. The film grossed $11.8 million in 1,921 theaters its opening weekend, ranking #2 at the box office. As of July 6, 2008, it has grossed $62,745,217. |
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In 2008 Cook starred as air purifier call-center supervisor Tank Turner in My Best Friend's Girl with Kate Hudson, Jason Biggs, and Alec Baldwin. The film grossed $8.2 million and debuted at #3 at the box office, just behind Burn After Reading, and got a 50-50 rating on fandango.com.[28] |
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Tours |
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• Tourgasm 2006 (w/ Robert Kelly, Gary Gulman, Jay Davis) |
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• The Insomniac Tour 2006 (w/ Dave Attell, Greg Giraldo, Sean Rouse) |
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• Rough Around The Edges Tour 2007 |
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• Globo Thermo Tour 2009 (w/ Robert Kelly and Al Del Bene) - In a Shave Magazine review of the Globo Thermo tour, Jake Tomlinson expressed that "his live performance quite enjoyable", and gave the concert 4 out of 5 stars.[29] |
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Discography |
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Albums |
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Year Album Peak chart positions |
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Billboard 200 |
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Heatseekers Independent Comedy Canada |
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2003 Harmful If Swallowed |
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• Released: July 22, 2003 67 19 25 2 - • US Sales: 1,215,409 |
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• World Sales: TBA |
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2005 Retaliation |
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• Released: July 26, 2005 4 - 1 1 - • US Sales: 1,264,748 |
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• World Sales: TBA |
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2007 Rough Around the Edges: Live from Madison Square Garden |
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• Released: November 13, 2007 11 - 3 1 20 • US Sales: TBA |
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• World Sales: TBA |
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2009 Isolated Incident |
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• Released: May 19, 2009 4 - 22 2 - • US Sales: TBA |
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• World Sales: TBA |
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"—" denotes the album didn't chart. |
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Other releases |
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• 2006: Dane Cook's Tourgasm (3DVD) |
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• 2007: The Lost Pilots (DVD) Sony Pictures Television. |
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Singles |
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Year Title Chart positions Album |
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US Hot 100 |
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US Modern Rock |
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US Mainstream Rock |
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US Pop 100 |
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UK Singles Chart |
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Germany |
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2006 "I'll Never Be You" - - - 100 - 4 - |
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2007 "Forward" - - - - - - - |
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Cook co-wrote and performed the song "Ruthie Pigface Draper" for the Dan In Real Life movie with Norbert Leo Butz.[30] |
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Filmography |
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Year Title Role Notes |
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1997 Flypaper |
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Tim |
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Buddy |
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Fair Cop |
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1999 [Spiral] David |
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Simon Sez |
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Nick Miranda |
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Mystery Men |
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The Waffler |
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2000 Comedy Central Presents |
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Himself Stand-up comedy series |
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Episode: June 28, 2000 |
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1999–2001 The Late Show |
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A PON consists of a central office node, called an optical line terminal (OLT), one or more user nodes, called optical network units (ONUs) or optical network terminals (ONTs), and the fibers and splitters between them, called the optical distribution network (ODN). ONT is an ITU-T term, whereas ONU is an IEEE term. In Multiple Tenant Units, the ONT may be bridged to a customer premise device within the individual dwelling unit using technologies such as Ethernet over twisted pair, [[G.hn]] (a high-speed [[ITU-T]] standard that can operate over any existing home wiring - [[Power line communication|power lines]], phone lines and [[Ethernet over coax|coaxial cables]]) or [[DSL]]. An ONT is a device that terminates the PON and presents customer service interfaces to the user. Some ONUs implement a separate subscriber unit to provide services such as telephony, Ethernet data, or video. |
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Himself Episode: April 12, 1999 |
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Episode: March 14, 2001 |
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2002 L.A.X. Terrell Chasman |
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The Touch |
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Bob |
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2003 Stuck on You |
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Officer Fraioli |
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8 Guys |
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Dane |
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Windy City Heat |
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Roman Polanski TV Movie |
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2004 Mr. 3000 |
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Sausage Mascot Voice |
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Torque |
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Neal Luff |
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2005 Waiting... |
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Floyd |
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London |
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George |
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2006 Employee of the Month |
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Zack Bradley |
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2007 Farce of the Penguins |
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Online Penguin Voice |
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Mr. Brooks |
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Mr. Smith |
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Good Luck Chuck |
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Chuck/Charlie |
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Dan in Real Life |
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Mitch Burns |
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2008 My Best Friend's Girl |
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Tank Turner |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dane Cook |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Dane Cook |
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The OLT provides the interface between the PON and the service providers network services. These typically include: |
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* [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) traffic over Gigabit, 10G, or 100 Mbit/s Ethernet |
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* standard [[time division multiplex]]ed (TDM) interfaces such as [[SONET]] or [[SDH]] |
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* [[ATM UNI]] at 155-622 Mbit/s |
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References |
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The ONT or ONU terminates the PON and presents the native service interfaces to the user. These services can include voice ([[plain old telephone service]] (POTS) or voice over IP ([[VoIP]])), data (typically [[Ethernet]] or V.35), [[video]], and/or [[telemetry]] (TTL, ECL, RS530, etc.). Often, the ONT functions are separated into two parts: |
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1. ^ Time's 100 Most Influential People |
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* the ONT or ONU, which terminates the PON and presents a converged interface – such as xDSL, coax, or multiservice Ethernet – toward the user, and |
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2. ^ "Biography for Dane Cook". biography. http://www.biography.com/articles/Dane-Cook-201310. Retrieved 2009-05-14. |
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* network termination equipment (NTE), which provides the separate, native service interfaces directly to the user |
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3. ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0176981/bio |
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4. ^ Punchline Magazine interview |
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5. ^ a b c Comedy Central.com biodata on Cook |
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6. ^ TF.org |
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7. ^ Dane Cook breaks comedy endurance record |
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8. ^ Dave Chappelle's standup marathon: 6 hours, 12 minutes |
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9. ^ Dane Cook breaks Dave Chappelle's endurance record |
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10. ^ http://twitter.com/danecook/status/5809373196 |
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11. ^ Dane Cook: All Aboard the Dane Train, Punchline magazine |
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12. ^ "Dane Cook - Not Funny?" |
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13. ^ "Overcooked", Salon.com |
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14. ^ "Pop Life: The Joke's on Us: How can any comedian get as famous as Dane Cook has with no jokes?" by Rob Sheffield, Rolling Stone, October 19, 2006. |
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15. ^ "Ron White Interview" by David Medsker. |
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16. ^ Scott the emotional engineer - The Howard Stern Show |
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17. ^ http://www.nypost.com/seven/04012008/gossip/pagesix/pagesix_u.htm |
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18. ^ "The Michigan Daily, "Dane Cook? Not so much."". http://www.michigandaily.com/content/dane-cook-not-so-much. |
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19. ^ "Comics Question the Rise of Dane Cook", Free Press Release, November 9, 2006. |
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20. ^ Getlen, Larry (2007-02-14). "Take the Funny and Run". Radar. http://www.radaronline.com/from-the-magazine/2007/02/take_the_funny_and_run_2.php. Retrieved 2007-09-14. |
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21. ^ www.freebeerandhotwings.com, Louis C.K. interview, accessed February 3, 2007 |
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22. ^ "Joe Rogan Exposes Dane Cook" |
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23. ^ "Pop Life: The Joke's on Us: How can any comedian get as famous as Dane Cook has with no jokes?" by Rob Sheffield, Rolling Stone, October 19, 2006. |
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24. ^ a b Guy Macpherson, "Dane Cook Gets the Hook at Yuk Yuk's". The Province, July 25, 2006. |
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25. ^ People magazine, November 17, 2008, page 142 |
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26. ^ IMDb |
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27. ^ Mr. Brooks gross earnings |
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28. ^ My Best Friend's Girl Fandango rating |
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29. ^ "Review: Dane Cook Global Thermo Tour". ShaveMagazine.com. http://www.shavemagazine.com/concerts/reviews/091002. |
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30. ^ Dan in Real Life (2007) - Soundtracks |
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This article needs additional citations for verification. |
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A PON is a shared network, in that the OLT sends a single stream of downstream traffic that is seen by all ONTs. Each ONT only reads the content of those packets that are addressed to it. Encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping on downstream traffic. |
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Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009) |
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External links |
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== Upstream bandwidth allocation == |
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• Dane Cook at the Internet Movie Database |
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• Official website |
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News articles and interviews |
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• Cook, Dane. "Dane Cook Does The Howard Stern Show", November 4, 2009 |
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• Cook, Dane. "Dane Cook: Don't Do These 10 Things at a Concert!". SPIN.com, November 2009. |
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• Barone, James. "The Hits Just Keep on Coming: Dane Cook’s Art of Hustle". Submerge Magazine, October 2009. |
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• Kolakowski, Nick. "The Reason Your Daughter Just Stole this Magazine: Dane Cook". Private Air, August 2008. |
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• Bensinger, Graham. "One-on-One w/ Dane Cook". ESPN The Magazine, December 2007. |
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• Bolohan, Scott. "People Love to Hate Dane Cook". Real Detroit Weekly, November 21, 2007. |
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• Gonulsen, Jason. "There's Only One Dane Cook". Glide Magazine, November 12, 2007. |
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• Shmuel Reuven. A Dramatic Turn in Mr. Brooks. JewReview.net, May 28, 2007. |
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• Gladstone, Neil. "Sex, Jobs, and Rock 'n' Roll". AOL Comedy, November 2, 2006. |
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• Havrilesky, Heather. /"Overcooked". Salon, September 3, 2006. |
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• Zoglin, Richard. "Dane Cook: Standing Out in the Art of Stand-Up.". Time, May 8, 2006. From Time 100 issue. |
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• Kharakh, Ben. Interview with Dane Cook. One Trick Pony. January 2006. |
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• Casey, Susan. "Everybody Likes Dane". Entertainment Weekly, September 30, 2005. |
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v • d • e |
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The OLT is responsible for allocating upstream bandwidth to the ONTs. Because the optical distribution network (ODN) is shared, ONT upstream transmissions could collide if they were transmitted at random times. ONTs can lie at varying distances from the OLT, meaning that the transmission delay from each ONT is unique. The OLT measures delay and sets a register in each ONT via PLOAM (physical layer operations and maintenance) messages to equalize its delay with respect to all of the other ONTs on the PON. |
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Dane Cook |
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CD/DVDs Harmful If Swallowed • Retaliation • Vicious Circle • Rough Around the Edges: Live from Madison Square Garden • ISolated INcident |
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Once the delay of all ONTs has been set, the OLT transmits so-called grants to the individual ONTs. A grant is permission to use a defined interval of time for upstream transmission. The grant map is dynamically re-calculated every few milliseconds. The map allocates bandwidth to all ONTs, such that each ONT receives timely bandwidth for its service needs. |
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Singles "I'll Never Be You" • "Forward" |
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Other releases Dane Cook's Tourgasm • The Soundtrack from Dane Cook's Tourgasm • The Lost Pilots |
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Cook" |
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Some services – [[POTS]], for example – require essentially constant upstream bandwidth, and the OLT may provide a fixed bandwidth allocation to each such service that has been provisioned. [[Digital Signal 1|DS1]] and some classes of data service may also require constant upstream bit rate. But much data traffic – internet surfing, for example – is bursty and highly variable. Through [[dynamic bandwidth allocation]] (DBA), a PON can be oversubscribed for upstream traffic, according to the [[traffic engineering (telecommunications)|traffic engineering]] concepts of [[statistical multiplexing]]. (Downstream traffic can also be oversubscribed, in the same way that any LAN can be oversubscribed. The only special feature in the PON architecture for downstream oversubscription is the fact that the ONT must be able to accept completely arbitrary downstream time slots, both in time and in size.) |
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Categories: 1972 births | Living people | People from Middlesex County, Massachusetts | Actors from Massachusetts | American comedians | American film actors | American stand-up comedians |
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Hidden categories: Wikipedia semi-protected pages | Vague or ambiguous time | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 | Articles needing additional references from September 2009 | All articles needing additional references |
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In GPON there are two forms of DBA, status-reporting (SR) and non-status reporting (NSR). |
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In NSR DBA, the OLT continuously allocates a small amount of extra bandwidth to each ONT. If the ONT has no traffic to send, it transmits idle frames during its excess allocation. If the OLT observes that a given ONT is not sending idle frames, it increases the bandwidth allocation to that ONT. Once the ONT's burst has been transferred, the OLT observes a large number of idle frames from the given ONT, and reduces its allocation accordingly. NSR DBA has the advantage that it imposes no requirements on the ONT, and the disadvantage that there is no way for the OLT to know how best to assign bandwidth across several ONTs that need more. |
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In SR DBA, the OLT polls ONTs for their backlogs. A given ONT may have several so-called traffic containers (T-CONTs), each with its own priority or traffic class. The ONT reports each T-CONT separately to the OLT. The report message contains a logarithmic measure of the backlog in the T-CONT queue. By knowledge of the [[service level agreement]] for each T-CONT across the entire PON, as well as the size of each T-CONT's backlog, the OLT can optimize allocation of the spare bandwidth on the PON. |
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EPON systems use a DBA mechanism equivalent to GPON's SR DBA solution. The OLT polls ONUs for their queue status and grants bandwidth using the MPCP GATE message, while ONUs report their status using the MPCP REPORT message. |
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== Current Status of PON == |
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===TDM-PON=== |
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Both APON/BPON and EPON/GEPON have been deployed widely, but most networks designed in 2008 use GPON or GEPON. GPON has less than 2 million installed ports. GEPON has approximately 15 million deployed ports. |
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=== DOCSIS over EPON or DPON === |
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Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification ([[DOCSIS]]) PON, or D-PON/DPON, is a type of passive optical networking, being proposed by several companies, that implements the DOCSIS service layer interface on existing Ethernet PON (EPON, GEPON or 10G-EPON) [[Media Access Control]] (MAC) and [[Physical layer]] (PHY) standards. In short it implements the DOCSIS Operations Administration Maintenance and Provisioning (OAMP) functionality on existing EPON equipment. It makes the EPON OLT look and act like a DOCSIS Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTS) platform. Some DPON systems may optionally support the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) 9 and 14 specifications for the delivery of Ethernet Transport services including Ethernet LANs (ELAN), Ethernet Virtual Private Line (EVPL), and point to point Ethernet Transport (ELINE) services. In these instances the DPON system also acts as an IP/MPLS Provider Edge (PE) Router. |
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=== RF-PON or RFoG=== |
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Radio Frequency PON (RF-PON) or Radio Frequency over Glass [[RFoG | (RFOG)]] or Hybrid-Fiber-Coax PON (HFC-PON) or Cable PON, is a type of passive optical networking, that proposes to transport RF signals that are now transported over copper (principally over a hybrid fiber and coaxial cable) over PON. In the forward direction RF-PON is either a stand alone P2MP system or an optical overlay for existing PON such as GPON or GEPON/EPON. The overlay for RF-PON works in the same way that some CWDM PON or potential WDM-PON overlays work. Reverse RF support is provided by transporting the upstream or return RF into on a separate lamda from the PON return wavelength. Implementations vary by vendor there because the standard is not yet complete. The Society of Cable and Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) Interface Practices Subcomittee (IPS) Work Group 5, is currently working on IPS 910 RF over Glass. RF-PON offers backwards compatibility with existing RF modulation technology, but offers no additional bandwidth for RF based services. It offers a means to support RF technologies in locations where only fiber is available or where copper is not permitted or feasible. This technology is targeted towards Cable TV operators and their existing HFC networks. |
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=== WDM-PON === |
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Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON, or WDM-PON, is a non-standard type of passive optical networking, being developed by some companies. |
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The multiple wavelengths of a WDM-PON can be used to separate Optical Network Units (ONUs) into several virtual PONs co-existing on the same physical infrastructure. Alternatively the wavelengths can be used collectively through statistical multiplexing to provide efficient wavelength utilization and lower delays experienced by the ONUs. |
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There is not standard for WDM-PON nor any unanimously agreed upon definition of the term. By some definitions WDM-PON is a dedicated wavelength for each ONU. Other more liberal definitions suggest the use of more than one wavelength in any one direction on a PON is WDM-PON. It is difficult to point to an un-biased list of WDM-PON vendors when there is no such unanimous definition. |
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== Enabling technologies for PON == |
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Due to the topology of PON, the transmission modes for downstream (i.e., from OLT to ONU) and upstream (i.e., from ONU to OLT) are different. For the downstream transmission, the OLT broadcasts optical signal to all the ONUs in continuous mode (CM), i.e., the downstream channel always has optical data signal. However, in the upstream channel, ONUs can not transmit optical data signal in CM. Use of CM would result in all of the signals transmitted from the ONUs converging (with attenuation) into one fiber by the power splitter (serving as power coupler), and overlapping. To solve this problem, burst mode (BM) transmission is adopted for upstream channel. The given ONU only transmits optical packet when it is allocated a time slot and it needs to transmit, and all the ONUs share the upstream channel in the time division multiplexing (TDM) mode. The phases of the BM optical packets received by the OLT are different from packet to packet, since the ONUs are not synchronized to transmit optical packet in the same phase, and the distance between OLT and given ONU are random. Since the distance between the OLT and ONUs are not uniform, the optical packets received by the OLT may have different amplitudes. In order to compensate the phase variation and amplitude variation in a short time (e.g., within 40 ns for GPON<ref>Rec. G.984, Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON), ITU-T, 2003.</ref>), [[burst mode clock and data recovery]] ([[BM-CDR]]) and burst mode amplifier (e.g., [[burst mode TIA]]) need to be employed, respectively. Furthermore, the BM transmission mode requires the transmitter to work in burst mode. Such a [[burst mode transmitter]] is able to turn on and off in short time. The above three kinds of circuitries in PON are quite different from their counterparts in the point-to-point continuous mode optical communication link. |
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==Fiber to the premises== |
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Passive optical networks do not use electrically powered components to split the signal. Instead, the signal is distributed using [[beam splitter]]s. Each splitter typically splits the signal from a single fiber into 16, 32, or 64 fibers, depending on the manufacturer, and several splitters can be aggregated in a single cabinet. |
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A beam splitter cannot provide any switching or buffering capabilities; the resulting connection is called a [[Link (telecommunications)#Point-to-multipoint|point-to-multipoint link]]. For such a connection, the optical network terminals on the customer's end must perform some special functions which would not otherwise be required. For example, due to the absence of switching capabilities, each signal leaving the central office must be [[Broadcasting (computing)|broadcast]] to all users served by that splitter (including to those for whom the signal is not intended). It is therefore up to the optical network terminal to filter out any signals intended for other customers. In addition, since beam splitters cannot perform buffering, each individual optical network terminal must be coordinated in a [[multiplexing]] scheme to prevent signals leaving the customer from colliding at the intersection. Two types of multiplexing are possible for achieving this: [[wavelength-division multiplexing]] and [[time-division multiplexing]]. With wavelength-division multiplexing, each customer transmits their signal using a unique wavelength. With time-division multiplexing (TDM), the customers "take turns" transmitting information. TDM equipment has been on the market longest; WDM-PON equipment became available in 2005 <ref>[http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=80646 Novera's Got a New PON Spin ] from Light Reading, retrieved on 2009-09-02.</ref>. |
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Passive optical networks have both advantages and disadvantages over active networks. They avoid the complexities involved in keeping electronic equipment operating outdoors. They also allow for [[analog signal|analog]] broadcasts, which can simplify the delivery of [[analog television]]. However, because each signal must be pushed out to ''everyone'' served by the splitter (rather than to just a single switching device), the central office must be equipped with a particularly powerful piece of transmitting equipment called an [[optical line terminal]] (OLT). In addition, because each customer's optical network terminal must transmit all the way to the central office (rather than to just the nearest switching device), customers can't be as far from the central office as is possible with active optical networks. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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*'''Kramer, Glen''', ''Ethernet Passive Optical Networks'', McGraw-Hill Communications Engineering, 2005. |
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*[http://www.cable360.net/ct/sections/features/31025.html Blake, Victor R. Chasing Verizon FiOS, Communications Technology, August 2008] |
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*[http://www.broadbandtrends.com/News_Articles/Articles_2008/May_2008/TotalTel_05012008.htm Rubenstein, Roy. Broadband Access Networks: PON Life] |
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• This page was last modified on 1 January 2010 at 03:14. |
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