Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{About|the destroyed Palestinian village near Jaffa| | Beit Dajan (disambiguation){{!}}Beit Dajan}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bayt Dajan
| native_name = {{lang|ar|بيت دجن}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name = Beit Dajan, Bait Dajan, Dajūn, Beit Dejan
| settlement_type =
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| image_skyline = Bait Dajan.jpg
| imagesize = 200
| image_caption = Bayt Dajan, before 1935. From the [[Khalil Raad]]-collection.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, pp. 231, 605, 606</ref>
| etymology = "The house of Dagon"<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/213/mode/1up 213]</ref>
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|32|0|13|N|34|49|46|E|type:city_region:IL|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]]
| grid_position = 134/156
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type = [[Geopolitical entity]]
| subdivision_name = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Mandatory Palestine|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jaffa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Jaffa]]
<!-- established -->
| established_title1 = Date of depopulation
| established_date1 = 25 April 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR18 xviii], village #219. Also gives cause(s) of depopulation.</ref>
| established_title2 = Repopulated dates
<!-- area -->
| area_footnotes = <ref name=Hadawi52/>
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_total_dunam = 17,327
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of = 1945
| population_total = 3,840<ref name=1945p27>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p27.jpg 27]</ref>
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1 = Influence of nearby town's fall
| blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Beit Dagan]]<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR21 xxi], Settlement #91.</ref><ref name="Khalidi3"/> [[Mishmar HaShiv'a]]<ref name="Khalidi3"/> [[Hemed]]<ref name="Khalidi3"/> [[Ganot]]<ref name="Khalidi3"/>
}}
'''Bayt Dajan''' ({{lang-ar|بيت دجن|Bayt Dajan}}; {{lang-he-n|בית דג'אן}}), also known as '''Dajūn''', was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian Arab]] village situated approximately {{convert|6|km|mi|sp=us}} southeast of [[Jaffa]]. It is thought to have been the site of the biblical town of [[Beth Dagon]], mentioned in the [[Book of Joshua]] and in ancient [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] and [[Ancient Egypt]]ian texts.
In the mid-16th century, Bayt Dajan formed part of an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[waqf]] established by [[Roxelana]], the wife of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], and by the late 16th century, it was part of the [[nahiya]] of [[Ramla]] in the [[Liwa (Arabic)|liwa]] of [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. Villagers paid taxes to the Ottoman authorities for property and agricultural goods and animal husbandry conducted in the villages, including the cultivation of wheat, barley, fruit, and sesame, as well as on goats, beehives and vineyards. In the 19th Century, the village women were also locally renowned for the intricate, high quality [[embroidery]] designs, a ubiquitous feature of traditional [[Palestinian costumes]].
By the time of the [[Mandatory Palestine]], the village housed two elementary schools, a library and an agronomic school. After an assault by the [[Alexandroni Brigade]] during [[Operation Hametz]] on 25 April 1948 in the lead up to the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war]], the village was entirely depopulated.<ref name=PR>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Bayt Dajan|publisher=Palestine Remembered|accessdate=2007-12-04|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Jaffa/Bayt-Dajan/index.html}}</ref> The Israeli town of [[Beit Dagan]] was founded at the same site in October 1948.<ref name=Gelberp394>Gelber, 2006, p. 394.</ref>
Another [[Beit Dajan, Nablus|Bayt Dajan]], not to be confused with this one, is located southeast of [[Nablus]].<ref name=Smithp396/>
==History==
===Iron Age===
The village has a millennium-long history. It is mentioned in [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] and [[Ancient Egypt]]ian texts as "Bīt Dagana" and ''bet dgn'', respectively.<ref name=Sharonp89/> Its [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name, Bayt Dajan, preserves its ancient name.<ref name=Sharonp89/>
[[Beth Dagon]] appears in {{bibleverse||Joshua|15:41|HE}} among the list of "the uttermost cities of the tribe of the children of [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]] toward the coast of [[Edom]] southward."<ref name=Sharonp89/> It also appears in the [[Tosefta]] (''Ohalot'' 3:4) transcribed as "Beth Dagan".<ref name=Sharonp89/> [[Moshe Sharon]] writes that this latter spelling, which corresponds exactly to the Arabic name, may have arisen after the village was conquered by [[Judea]].<ref name=Sharonp89/> With [[Dagon]] being a head deity in the [[Philistine]] pantheon of gods, Sharon speculates that under Judean control, his name was changed to ''Dagan'', meaning "wheat", a symbol of prosperity.<ref name=Sharonp89/>
===Byzantine era===
[[Jerome]] describes the village in the 4th century CE as "very large", noting its name then as "Kafar Dagon" or "Caphardagon", situating it between [[Lod|Diospolis]] (modern Lod) and Yamnia ([[Yavne]]/[[Yibna]]).<ref name=Smithp396>Smith, 1854, p. 396.</ref><ref name=Sharonp89/> Bayt Dajan also appears on the 6th century [[Map of Madaba]] under the name ''[Bet]o Dagana''.<ref name=Sharonp89>Sharon, 1999, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q=&f=false p.89]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q=&f=false p90].</ref>
===Early Islamic era===
The nearby site of Khirbet Dajūn, a [[Tell (archaeology)|tel]] with ruins to the southwest of Bayt Dajan, preserves the ''Dagon'' rather than ''Dagan'' spelling.<ref name=Sharonp89/> In [[Arabic literature]], there are many references to ''Dajūn'', which was also used to refer to Bayt Dajan itself.<ref name=Sharonp89/><ref name=Wheatleyp486>Wheatley, 2000, p. 486.</ref>
During his reign of 724–743 CE, the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] caliph [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] built a palace in Bayt Dajan with [[white marble]] columns.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, pp. 236–237.</ref>
[[Arab]] geographer [[al-Muqaddasi]] mentions in the 10th century, a road in the [[Ramla]] area, ''darb dajūn'', as connecting to the town of Dajūn which had a Friday [[mosque]], and in a separate entry he adds that most of the town's inhabitants were [[Samaritans]]. By this time, one of the eight gates to the city of [[Ramla]] was also named "Dajūn".<ref name=Levyp492>Levy, 1995, p. 492.</ref><ref>Al-Muqaddasi, 1886, p. [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028534265#page/n58/mode/1up 33]</ref>
In the 11th century, Bayt Dajan served as a headquarters for the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] army in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref name=Gilp727>Gil and Broido, 1997, p. 727.</ref>
===Crusader and Ayyubid eras===
During the [[Crusades|Crusader]] period, [[Richard the Lionheart]] built a small castle in the village in 1191. Known as Casal Maen (or Casal Moein), it "was the utmost limit of inland occupation allowed [to the Crusaders] by Saladin," and was destroyed by [[Saladin]] following the signing of the Treaty of Jaffa on 2 September 1192.<ref name=Sharonp89/><ref name=Stubbsp364>Stubbs and Hassall, 1902, p. [https://archive.org/details/historicalintrod00stubiala/page/364/mode/1up 364]</ref><ref name=Ambroisep125>Ambroise et al., 2003, p. 125.</ref>
In 1226, during [[Ayyubid]] rule, [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] writes that it was "one of the villages in the district of Ramla" and devotes the rest of his discussion of it to Ahmad al-Dajani, also known as Abu Bakr Muhammad, a renowned [[List of Islamic studies scholars|Muslim scholar]] who hailed from there.<ref name=Sharonp89/>
===Ottoman era===
During early [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule in [[Palestine (region)#Ottoman rule (1516–1831 CE)|Palestine]], the revenues of the village of Bayt Dajan were in 1557 designated for the new ''[[waqf]]'' of [[Hasseki Sultan Imaret]] in [[Jerusalem]], established by Hasseki Hurrem Sultan ([[Roxelana]]), the wife of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>Singer, 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&pg=PA39&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0#PPA50,M1 p. 50]</ref> In the 1596 [[Defter|tax records]], Bayt Dajan was a village in the ''[[nahiya]]'' ("subdistrict") of Ramla, part of the [[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa of Gaza]]. It had a population of 115 [[Muslim]] households; an estimated 633 persons. The villagers paid taxes to the authorities for the crops that they cultivated, which included [[wheat]], [[barley]], fruit, and [[sesame]] as well as on other types of agricultural products, such as [[goat]]s, [[beehive]]s and vineyards; a total of 14,200 [[akçe]]. All of the revenue went to a [[waqf]].<ref name="Hut and Abd">Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 155. Quoted in {{Harvnb|Khalidi|1992|p=237}}</ref>
An Arabic inscription on marble dating to 1762 was found in Bayt Dajan. Held in the private collection of [[Moshe Dayan]], [[Moshe Sharon]] identified it as a dedicatory inscription for a [[Sufi]] maqam for a popular [[Egypt]]ian saint, Ibrahim al-Matbuli, who was buried in [[Isdud]].<ref name=Sharonp89/> The village appeared as a village on the map of [[Pierre Jacotin]] compiled in [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|1799]], though it was wrongly named as [[Al-Qubab|Qabab]].<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 171]</ref>
In 1838 ''Beit Dejan'' was among the villages [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]] noted from the top of the [[White Mosque, Ramla]].<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n47/mode/1up 30]</ref> It was further noted as a Muslim village, in the Lydda District.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2 appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/121/mode/1up 121]</ref> A headstone, made of limestone with a poetic inscription in Arabic from Bayt Dajan, dating to 1842, was also in Dayan's private collection.<ref name=Sharonp89/>
[[Albert Socin|Socin]] found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that Bayt Dajan had a population of 432, with a total of 184 houses, though the population count included men, only.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/145/mode/1up 145]</ref> [[Martin Hartmann|Hartmann]] found that ''Bet Dedschan'' had 148 houses.<ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n946/mode/1up 138]</ref>
In the late 19th century, Bayt Dajan was described as moderate-sized village surrounded by [[olive]] trees.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/251/mode/1up p. 251]. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 237.</ref> Philip Baldensperger noted of Bayt Dajan in 1895 that:<blockquote>The inhabitants are very industrious, occupied chiefly in making mats and [[Basket weaving|baskets]] for carrying earth and stones. They own [[camel]]s for carrying loads from [[Jaffa]] to [[Jerusalem]], cultivate the lands, and work at building etc., in Jaffa or on the railway works. The women flock every day to Jaffa and on Wednesday to [[Ramla]]—to the market held there, with chickens, eggs and milk.<ref>Weir, p. 207, citing Philip Baldensperger (1895): "Beth-Dejan", in ''Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly'', [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme27pale#page/n149/mode/1up p. 114] ff.</ref></blockquote>
In 1903, a cache of gold coins were found in Khirbet Dajun by villagers from Bayt Dajan, who used this site as a quarry. The discovery prompted [[R. A. Stewart Macalister|R. A. Macalister]] to visit the site. Based on his observations detailed in a report for the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] (PEF), Macalister suggests a continuity in settlement over the historical phases in Bayt Dajan's development :<blockquote>"Thus we have three epochs in the history of Beth-Dagon — the first on an as yet unknown site, from the [[Amorite]] to the [[Roman empire|Roman]] periods; the second at Dajiin, extending over the Roman and early Arab periods; the third at the modern Beit Dejan, lasting to the present day. It is probable that the present population could, had they the necessary documents, show a continuous chain of ancestry extending from the first city to the last."<ref name=PEF>Macalister, 1903, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme35pale#page/357/mode/1up 357]</ref></blockquote>
===British Mandate era===
By the 20th century, the village had two elementary schools, one for boys, and one for girls. The school for boys was established during the [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|British Mandate in Palestine]] in 1920. It housed a [[library]] of 600 books and had acquired 15 [[dunam]]s of land that were used for instruction in [[agronomy]].<ref name="Khalidi2">Khalidi, 1992, p. 237</ref>
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], ''Bait-Dajan'' had a population of 1,714 residents, all [[Muslim]]s<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jaffa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n22/mode/1up 20]</ref> increasing the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 2,664; 2,626 Muslims, 27 Christians and 11 Jews, in a total of 591 houses.<ref name=Census1931>Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 13].</ref>
In 1934, when [[Nashashibi|Fakhri al-Nashashibi]] established the [[Arab Workers Society]] (AWS) in [[Jerusalem]], an AWS branch was also opened in Bayt Dajan.<ref name=Matthewsp228>Matthews, 2006, p. 228.</ref> By 1940, 353 males and 102 females attended the schools.<ref name="Khalidi2"/>
In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population was 3,840; 130 Christians and 3,710 Muslims,<ref name=1945p27/> while the total land area was 17,327 [[dunam]]s.<ref name=Hadawi52/> Of this, a total of 7,990 [[dunam]]s of land was used for [[citrus]] and [[banana]] cultivation, 676 dunams for [[cereals]] and 3,195 dunams were irrigated or used for orchards,<ref name="Khalidi2"/><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945''. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jaffa/Page-095.jpg 95]</ref> while 14 dunams were classified as built-up areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jaffa/Page-145.jpg 145]</ref>
[[File:Beit Dajan 1929.jpg|thumb|Bayt Dajan 1929 1:20,000]]
[[File:Bat Yam 1945.jpg|thumb|Bayt Dajan 1945 1:250,000]]
===1948 Palestine War===
[[File:Palmach Bayt Dajan.jpg|thumb|[[Palmach]] HQ in Bayt Dajan,1947]]
The village of Bayt Dajan was depopulated in the [[1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|weeks leading up to]] the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war]], during the [[Haganah]]'s offensive ''Mivtza Hametz'' ([[Operation Hametz]]) on 28–30 April 1948. This operation was held against a group of villages east of Jaffa, including Bayt Dajan. According to the preparatory orders, the objective was to "opening the way [for Jewish forces] to Lydda". Though there was no explicit mention of the prospective treatment of the villagers, the order spoke of "cleansing the area" [''tihur hashetah''].<ref>HGS\Operations to Alexandroni, etc., "Orders for Operation "Hametz", 26 Apr. 1948. IDFA 6647\49\\15. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA217 217], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA286 286]</ref> The final operational order stated: "Civilian inhabitants of places conquered would be permitted to leave after they are searched for weapons."<ref>Operation Hametz [[Headquarters|HQ]] to [[Givati Brigade|Givati]], etc., 27 Apr. 1948, 14:00 hours, IDFA 67\51\\677. See also [[Alexandroni Brigade|Alexandroni]] to battalions, 27 Apr. 1948, IDFA 922\75\\949. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA217 217], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA286 286]</ref> On the 30 April, it was reported that the inhabitants of the Bayt Dajan had left, and that Iraqi irregulars had moved into the village.<ref>54th Battalion to [[Givati Brigade|Givati]], "Subject: Summary for 29.4.48", 30 Apr. 1948, IDFA 1041\49\\18. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA176 176], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA269 269]</ref>
Bayt Dajan was one of at least eight villages destroyed by Israel's First Transfer Committee between June and July 1948 under the leadership of [[Joseph Weitz]].<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA314 314]</ref><ref name=Fischbachp14>Fischbach, 2003, p. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=oIWrNpuMjLAC&pg=PA14 14]</ref> On 16 June 1948, [[David Ben-Gurion]], almost certainly based on a progress report from Weitz, noted Bayt Dajan as one of the Palestinian villages that they had destroyed.<ref>Entry for 16 June 1948, [[David Ben-Gurion|DBG]]-YH II, 523–24. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA350 350], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA398 398]</ref> On 23 September 1948 General Avner named Bayt Dajan as a suitable village for resettlement for new Jewish immigrants ([[Aliyah|olim]]) to Israel.<ref>Protocol of Meeting of Military Government Committee, 23 Sep. 1948, ISA FM 2564\11. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA394 394], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA413 413]</ref>
===Israel===
Following the war the area was incorporated into the [[Israel|State of Israel]]. Four villages, [[Beit Dagan]] (established six months after the conquest), [[Mishmar HaShiv'a]] (1949), [[Hemed]] (1950) and [[Ganot]] (1953) were later established on land that had belonged to the Bayt Dajan.<ref name="Khalidi3">Khalidi, 1992, p. 238</ref>
The Palestinian historian [[Walid Khalidi]] described the village in 1992: "A number of houses remain; some are deserted, others are occupied by Jewish families, or used as stores, office buildings, or warehouses. They exhibit a variety of architectural features. One inhabited house is made of concrete and has a rectangular plan, a flat roof, rectangular front windows, and two arched side windows. Another has been converted into the Eli Cohen synagogue; it is made of concrete and has a flat roof and a round-arched front door and window. Stars of David have been painted on its front door and what appears to be a garage door. One of the deserted houses is made of concrete and has a gabled, tiled roof that is starting to collapse; others are sealed and stand amid shrubs and weeds. Cactuses and cypress, fig, and date palm trees grow on the site. The land in the vicinity is cultivated by Israelis."<ref name="Khalidi3"/>
==Demographics==
During early Ottoman rule in 1596, there were 633 inhabitants in Bayt Dajan.<ref name="Hut and Abd"/> In the 1922 British Mandate census, the village had 1,714 residents,<ref name=Census1922/> rising to 2,664 in 1931.<ref name=Census1931/> There were 591 houses in the latter year.<ref name="Khalidi1">Khalidi, 1992, p. 236.</ref> [[Sami Hadawi]] counted a population of 3,840 Arab inhabitants in his 1945 land and population survey.<ref name=Hadawi52>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jaffa/Page-052.jpg 52].</ref> From the 4th century CE to the 10th century, [[Samaritan]]s populated Bayt Dajan.<ref name="Khalidi1"/> In 1945, Most of the inhabitants were [[Muslim]]s, but a [[Arab Christians|Christian]] community of 130 also existed in the village.<ref name="Khalidi2"/> [[Palestinian refugee]]s amounted to 27,355 people in 1998.<ref name=PR/>
==Culture==
[[File:Bayt Dajan01.jpg|thumb|Bayt Dajan wedding dress, ca 1920]]
Bayt Dajan was known to be among the wealthiest communities in the Jaffa area, and their [[Palestinian costumes#Embroidery|embroideresses]] were reported to be among the most artistic.<ref name=Grutz>{{Cite web|title=Woven Legacy, Woven Language|author=Jane Waldron Grutz|publisher=[[Saudi Aramco World]]|date=January–February 1991|accessdate=2008-01-17|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199101/woven.legacy.woven.language.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219004053/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199101/woven.legacy.woven.language.htm|archive-date=2007-02-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> A center for weaving and embroidery, it exerted influences on many other surrounding villages and towns. Costumes from Beit Dajan were noted for their varied techniques, many of which were adopted and elaborated from other local styles.<ref name=PCA2/>
White linen garments inspired by [[Ramallah]] styles were popular, using patchwork and appliqued sequins in addition to embroidery.<ref name=PCA2>{{Cite web|title=Palestine costume before 1948: by region|publisher=Palestine Costume Archive|accessdate=2008-08-01|url=http://www.palestinecostumearchive.org/regional.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020913101705/http://www.palestinecostumearchive.org/regional.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-09-13 }}</ref> A key motif was the ''nafnuf'' design: a floral pattern thought to be inspired by the locally grown orange trees.<ref name=PCA2/> The ''nafnuf'' design evolved after [[World War I]] into embroidery running down the dress in long panels known as "branches" (''erq''). This ''erq'' style was the forerunner of the "6 branch" style dresses worn by Palestinian women in different regions today.<ref name=PCA2/> In the 1920s, a lady from [[Bethlehem]] named Maneh Hazbun came to live in Bayt Dajan after her brother bought some orange groves there. She introduced the ''rashek'' ([[couching]] with [[silk]]) style of embroidery, a local imitation of the Bethlehem style.<ref name=Weir225>Weir, 1989, pp. 225, 227.</ref>
The ''jillayeh'' (the embroidered outer garment for wedding costume) used in Bayt Dajan was quite similar to those of Ramallah. The difference was in decoration and embroidery. Typical for Bayt Dajan would be a motif consisting of two triangles, mirror-faced, with or without an embroidered stripe between them, and with inverted [[cypress]]es at the edges.<ref name=Stillmanp66/> A ''jillayeh'' from Bayt Dajan (c. 1920s) is exhibited at the [[British Museum]]. The caption notes that the dress would be worn by the bride at the final ritual of wedding week celebrations, a procession known as 'going to the well'. Accompanied by all the village women in their finest dress, the bride would go to the well to present a tray of sweets to the guardian of the well and fill her pitcher with water to ensure good fortune for her home.<ref name=BM>{{Cite web|title=Explore - Highlights: Coat dress|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/c/coat_dress.aspx|publisher=[[British Museum]]|accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> There are also several items from Bayt Dajan and the surrounding area is in the [[Museum of International Folk Art]] (MOIFA) collection at [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], United States.<ref name=Stillmanp66>Stillman, 1979, pp. 66, 67.</ref>
===Artistic representations===
Palestinian artist [[Sliman Mansour]] made Bayt Dajan the subject of one of his paintings. The work, named for the village, was one of a series of four on destroyed Palestinian villages that he produced in 1988; the others being [[Yalo]], [[Imwas]] and [[Yibna]].<ref name=Ankorip82>Ankori, 2006, p. 82.</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus]]
*[[List of villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict]]
*[[Sakher Habash]]
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}
==Bibliography==
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*{{cite book |title=Palestinian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_Q6FX0YFVwC|first=G.|last=Ankori|authorlink=Gannit Ankori|year=2006|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=1-86189-259-4}}
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*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}}
*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = Claudine | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =French|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Dayan |first1=Ayelet |last2=Eshed |first2=Vered |date= 2012-12-31 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2187&mag_id=119 |title=Bet Dagan |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=124}}
*{{cite book|title=Records of dispossession: Palestinian refugee property and the Arab–Israeli conflict|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=oIWrNpuMjLAC |first1=Michael R.|last1=Fischbach|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-231-12978-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Palestine, 1948: war, escape and the emergence of the Palestinian refugee problem|first=Y.|last=Gelber | authorlink1=Yoav Gelber |edition=2nd, illustrated|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84519-075-0}}
*{{cite book|title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099|first1=M.|last1=Gil|authorlink1=Moshe Gil|first2=Ethel|last2=Broido|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-521-59984-9}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher= }}
*{{cite journal|last1= Gorzalczany |first1=Amir |last2=Jakoel |first2= Eriola | |date= 2013-12-11 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=5419&mag_id=120 |title=Bet Dagan |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=125}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre}}
*{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first =M.| authorlink = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Jakoel|first1=Eriola|last2=Nagar|first2=Yossi | |date= 2014-07-13 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=8542&mag_id=121 |title=Bet Dagan, Ha-Havazzelet St. |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=126}}
*{{cite journal |author =Karmon, Y. |title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url=http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]]| volume = 10 |issue = 3,4 |year = 1960 |pages = 155–173; 244–253}}
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last=Khalidi|authorlink=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5 |ref=CITEREFKhalidi1992 }}
*{{cite book|title=The archaeology of society in the Holy Land|first=T.E.|last=Levy|authorlink=Thomas E. Levy|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7185-1388-7}}
*{{cite journal | author = Macalister, R.A.S. | authorlink= R. A. Stewart Macalister| title = Dajun and Beth-Dagon and the transference of Biblical place- names | journal = Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 35 | pages = 356–358 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme35pale | year = 1903}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Marcus |first1=Jenny |date= 2011-04-18 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=867&mag_id=114 |title=Bet Dagan Es-Sitt Nafisa |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=123}}
*{{cite book|title=Confronting an empire, constructing a nation: Arab nationalists and popular politics in mandate Palestine|first1=Weldon C.|last1=Matthews|edition=Annotated|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84511-173-1}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. |title=Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=B. |last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book|author=Mukaddasi |authorlink=Al-Muqaddasi |year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534265 |title= Description of Syria, including Palestine |location =London | publisher = [[Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society]] }}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Rauchberger |first1=Lior |date= 2008-04-03 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=763&mag_id=114 |title=Bet Dagan |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=120}}
*{{cite book |last=Rajab|first=J.|authorlink=Jehan Rajab|year=1989|title=Palestinian Costume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guffAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Indiana University|isbn= 0-7141-2517-2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|authorlink1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|authorlink2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, B-C |volume= 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC |first=M.|last=Sharon | authorlink =Moshe Sharon |year=1999|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11083-6}} (Bayt Dajan pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA89 89]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA93 93])
*{{cite book|last=Singer|first=A.|authorlink =Amy Singer (historian)|title=Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC |year=2002|publisher= [[State University of New York Press]]|location=Albany|ISBN = 0-7914-5352-9}}
*{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarygreek16smitgoog|first=W.|last=Smith|authorlink=William Smith (lexicographer)|publisher=Little, Brown & Co.|year=1854}}
*{{cite journal | last = Socin | first =A.| authorlink = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}}
*{{cite book|last=Stillman |first= Yedida Kalfon |year=1979 |title=Palestinian Costume and Jewelry|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=fZDYAAAAMAAJ|location= Albuquerque|publisher= [[University of New Mexico Press]]|isbn= 0-8263-0490-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Historical Introductions to the Rolls Series. Collected and Edited by Arthur Hassall|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalintrod00stubiala/page/363/mode/1up|first1=W.|last1=Stubbs|authorlink1=William Stubbs|first2=Arthur|last2=Hassall|authorlink2=|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|year=1902}}
*{{cite book|last=Weir|first=Shelagh|year=1989|title=Palestinian Costume|publisher=British Museum Publications Ltd.|isbn=0-7141-2517-2}} Exhibition catalog; see also chapters five and six (p. 203–270) on "Changing Fashions in Beit Dajan" and "Wedding Rituals in Beit Dajan".
*{{cite book|title=The places where men pray together: cities in Islamic lands, seventh through the tenth centuries|first=P.|last=Wheatley|authorlink=Paul Wheatley (geographer) |edition=Illustrated|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-226-89428-7}}
*{{cite journal|last=Yannai |first=Eli |date= 2008-08-24 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=867&mag_id=114 |title=Bet Dagan |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=120}}
*{{cite journal|last=Yechielov|first=Stella|date= 2013-05-23 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2231&mag_id=120 |title=Bet Dagan |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=125}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
*[[Widad Kawar]]/Shelagh Weir: [https://web.archive.org/web/20061009125716/http://arabheritage.org/bibliography.html ''Costumes and Wedding Customs in Bayt Dajan'']
==External links==
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Jaffa/Bayt-Dajan/index.html Palestine Remembered – Bayt Dajan]
*[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49057 Bayt Dajan], [[Zochrot]]
*[https://palestine-family.net/places-regions/bayt-dajan/ Bayt Dajan], palestine-family.net
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 13: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8375 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.13.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/c/coat_dress.aspx Coat dress], in British Museum
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020622215747/http://www.ntcsites.com/palestine/clothes/view_alone.nhtml?profile=clothes&UID=10002 Black Beit Dajan dress, with a rare embroidered scarf]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221409/http://www.ntcsites.com/palestine/clothes/view.nhtml?profile=clothes&UID=10007 Detail of a sleeve from a Beit Dajan ''thob al-abayed'', 1920s–30s (Tareq Rajab Museum, Kuwait)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070305193852/http://www.palestinianheritagecenter.com/Photo_Gallery/Posters%20and%20Postcards%20the%20Center%20Produces/slides/Jaffa.html Beit-Dajan dress, together with costumes from Safryieh and Asdoud]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928215600/http://www.inash.org/products/embroidered/embroidered5.html Thob of Beit Dajan (Jaffa District)]. This "thob" is rich in embroidery, main colour is red touched with lilac and green. It has "manajel" on the sides, and is worn with a belt.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100515042104/http://www.beitdajan-yaffa.com/ A Book about Beit Dajan - Jaffa (Pre-release)], لكي لا ننسى ... بيت دجن, by [https://web.archive.org/web/20100516140543/http://www.beitdajan-yaffa.com/about-en.htm Ayman J. Hammoudeh, MD, FACC]
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
[[Category:Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:District of Jaffa]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{About|the destroyed Palestinian village near Jaffa| | Beit Dajan (disambiguation){{!}}Beit Dajan}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bayt Dajan
| native_name = {{lang|ar|بيت دجن}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name = Beit Dajan, Bait Dajan, Dajūn, Beit Dejan
| settlement_type =
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| image_skyline = Bait Dajan.jpg
| imagesize = 200
| image_caption = Bayt Dajan, before 1935. From the [[Khalil Raad]]-collection.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, pp. 231, 605, 606</ref>
| etymology = "The house of Dagon"<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/213/mode/1up 213]</ref>
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|32|0|13|N|34|49|46|E|type:city_region:IL|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]]
| grid_position = 134/156
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type = [[Geopolitical entity]]
| subdivision_name = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Mandatory Palestine|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jaffa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Jaffa]]
<!-- established -->
| established_title1 = Date of depopulation
| established_date1 = 25 April 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR18 xviii], village #219. Also gives cause(s) of depopulation.</ref>
| established_title2 = Repopulated dates
<!-- area -->
| area_footnotes = <ref name=Hadawi52/>
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_total_dunam = 17,327
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of = 1945
| population_total = 3,840<ref name=1945p27>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p27.jpg 27]</ref>
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1 = Influence of nearby town's fall
| blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Beit Dagan]]<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR21 xxi], Settlement #91.</ref><ref name="Khalidi3"/> [[Mishmar HaShiv'a]]<ref name="Khalidi3"/> [[Hemed]]<ref name="Khalidi3"/> [[Ganot]]<ref name="Khalidi3"/>
}}
'''Bayt Dajan''' ({{lang-ar|بيت دجن|Bayt Dajan}}; {{lang-he-n|בית דג'אן}}), also known as '''Dajūn''', was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian Arab]] village situated approximately {{convert|6|km|mi|sp=us}} southeast of [[Jaffa]]. It is thought to have been the site of the biblical town of [[Beth Dagon]], mentioned in the [[Book of Joshua]] and in ancient [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] and [[Ancient Egypt]]ian texts.
In the mid-16th century, Bayt Dajan formed part of an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[waqf]] established by [[Roxelana]], the wife of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], and by the late 16th century, it was part of the [[nahiya]] of [[Ramla]] in the [[Liwa (Arabic)|liwa]] of [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. Villagers paid taxes to the Ottoman authorities for property and agricultural goods and animal husbandry conducted in the villages, including the cultivation of wheat, barley, fruit, and sesame, as well as on goats, beehives and vineyards. In the 19th Century, the village women were also locally renowned for the intricate, high quality [[embroidery]] designs, a ubiquitous feature of traditional [[Palestinian costumes]].
By the time of the [[Mandatory Palestine]], the village housed two elementary schools, a library and an agronomic school. After an assault by the [[Alexandroni Brigade]] during [[Operation Hametz]] on 25 April 1948 in the lead up to the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war]], the village was entirely depopulated.<ref name=PR>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Bayt Dajan|publisher=Palestine Remembered|accessdate=2007-12-04|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Jaffa/Bayt-Dajan/index.html}}</ref> The Israeli town of [[Beit Dagan]] was founded at the same site in October 1948.<ref name=Gelberp394>Gelber, 2006, p. 394.</ref>
Another [[Beit Dajan, Nablus|Bayt Dajan]], not to be confused with this one, is located southeast of [[Nablus]].<ref name=Smithp396/>
==History==
===Iron Age===
The village has a millennium-long history. It is mentioned in [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] and [[Ancient Egypt]]ian texts as "Bīt Dagana" and ''bet dgn'', respectively.<ref name=Sharonp89/> Its [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name, Bayt Dajan, preserves its ancient name.<ref name=Sharonp89/>
[[Beth Dagon]] appears in {{bibleverse||Joshua|15:41|HE}} among the list of "the uttermost cities of the tribe of the children of [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]] toward the coast of [[Edom]] southward."<ref name=Sharonp89/> It also appears in the [[Tosefta]] (''Ohalot'' 3:4) transcribed as "Beth Dagan".<ref name=Sharonp89/> [[Moshe Sharon]] writes that this latter spelling, which corresponds exactly to the Arabic name, may have arisen after the village was conquered by [[Judea]].<ref name=Sharonp89/> With [[Dagon]] being a head deity in the [[Philistine]] pantheon of gods, Sharon speculates that under Judean control, his name was changed to ''Dagan'', meaning "wheat", a symbol of prosperity.<ref name=Sharonp89/>
===Byzantine era===
[[Jerome]] describes the village in the 4th century CE as "very large", noting its name then as "Kafar Dagon" or "Caphardagon", situating it between [[Lod|Diospolis]] (modern Lod) and Yamnia ([[Yavne]]/[[Yibna]]).<ref name=Smithp396>Smith, 1854, p. 396.</ref><ref name=Sharonp89/> Bayt Dajan also appears on the 6th century [[Map of Madaba]] under the name ''[Bet]o Dagana''.<ref name=Sharonp89>Sharon, 1999, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q=&f=false p.89]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q=&f=false p90].</ref>
===Early Islamic era===
The nearby site of Khirbet Dajūn, a [[Tell (archaeology)|tel]] with ruins to the southwest of Bayt Dajan, preserves the ''Dagon'' rather than ''Dagan'' spelling.<ref name=Sharonp89/> In [[Arabic literature]], there are many references to ''Dajūn'', which was also used to refer to Bayt Dajan itself.<ref name=Sharonp89/><ref name=Wheatleyp486>Wheatley, 2000, p. 486.</ref>
During his reign of 724–743 CE, the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] caliph [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] built a palace in Bayt Dajan with [[white marble]] columns.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, pp. 236–237.</ref>
[[Arab]] geographer [[al-Muqaddasi]] mentions in the 10th century, a road in the [[Ramla]] area, ''darb dajūn'', as connecting to the town of Dajūn which had a Friday [[mosque]], and in a separate entry he adds that most of the town's inhabitants were [[Samaritans]]. By this time, one of the eight gates to the city of [[Ramla]] was also named "Dajūn".<ref name=Levyp492>Levy, 1995, p. 492.</ref><ref>Al-Muqaddasi, 1886, p. [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028534265#page/n58/mode/1up 33]</ref>
In the 11th century, Bayt Dajan served as a headquarters for the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] army in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref name=Gilp727>Gil and Broido, 1997, p. 727.</ref>
===Crusader and Ayyubid eras===
During the [[Crusades|Crusader]] period, [[Richard the Lionheart]] built a small castle in the village in 1191. Known as Casal Maen (or Casal Moein), it "was the utmost limit of inland occupation allowed [to the Crusaders] by Saladin," and was destroyed by [[Saladin]] following the signing of the Treaty of Jaffa on 2 September 1192.<ref name=Sharonp89/><ref name=Stubbsp364>Stubbs and Hassall, 1902, p. [https://archive.org/details/historicalintrod00stubiala/page/364/mode/1up 364]</ref><ref name=Ambroisep125>Ambroise et al., 2003, p. 125.</ref>
In 1226, during [[Ayyubid]] rule, [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] writes that it was "one of the villages in the district of Ramla" and devotes the rest of his discussion of it to Ahmad al-Dajani, also known as Abu Bakr Muhammad, a renowned [[List of Islamic studies scholars|Muslim scholar]] who hailed from there.<ref name=Sharonp89/>
===Ottoman era===
During early [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule in [[Palestine (region)#Ottoman rule (1516–1831 CE)|Palestine]], the revenues of the village of Bayt Dajan were in 1557 designated for the new ''[[waqf]]'' of [[Hasseki Sultan Imaret]] in [[Jerusalem]], established by Hasseki Hurrem Sultan ([[Roxelana]]), the wife of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>Singer, 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&pg=PA39&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0#PPA50,M1 p. 50]</ref> In the 1596 [[Defter|tax records]], Bayt Dajan was a village in the ''[[nahiya]]'' ("subdistrict") of Ramla, part of the [[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa of Gaza]]. It had a population of 115 [[Muslim]] households; an estimated 633 persons. The villagers paid taxes to the authorities for the crops that they cultivated, which included [[wheat]], [[barley]], fruit, and [[sesame]] as well as on other types of agricultural products, such as [[goat]]s, [[beehive]]s and vineyards; a total of 14,200 [[akçe]]. All of the revenue went to a [[waqf]].<ref name="Hut and Abd">Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 155. Quoted in {{Harvnb|Khalidi|1992|p=237}}</ref>
An Arabic inscription on marble dating to 1762 was found in Bayt Dajan. Held in the private collection of [[Moshe Dayan]], [[Moshe Sharon]] identified it as a dedicatory inscription for a [[Sufi]] maqam for a popular [[Egypt]]ian saint, Ibrahim al-Matbuli, who was buried in [[Isdud]].<ref name=Sharonp89/> The village appeared as a village on the map of [[Pierre Jacotin]] compiled in [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|1799]], though it was wrongly named as [[Al-Qubab|Qabab]].<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 171]</ref>
In 1838 ''Beit Dejan'' was among the villages [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]] noted from the top of the [[White Mosque, Ramla]].<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n47/mode/1up 30]</ref> It was further noted as a Muslim village, in the Lydda District.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2 appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/121/mode/1up 121]</ref> A headstone, made of limestone with a poetic inscription in Arabic from Bayt Dajan, dating to 1842, was also in Dayan's private collection.<ref name=Sharonp89/>
[[Albert Socin|Socin]] found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that Bayt Dajan had a population of 432, with a total of 184 houses, though the population count included men, only.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/145/mode/1up 145]</ref> [[Martin Hartmann|Hartmann]] found that ''Bet Dedschan'' had 148 houses.<ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n946/mode/1up 138]</ref>
In the late 19th century, Bayt Dajan was described as moderate-sized village surrounded by [[olive]] trees.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/251/mode/1up p. 251]. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 237.</ref> Philip Baldensperger noted of Bayt Dajan in 1895 that:<blockquote>The inhabitants are very industrious, occupied chiefly in making mats and [[Basket weaving|baskets]] for carrying earth and stones. They own [[camel]]s for carrying loads from [[Jaffa]] to [[Jerusalem]], cultivate the lands, and work at building etc., in Jaffa or on the railway works. The women flock every day to Jaffa and on Wednesday to [[Ramla]]—to the market held there, with chickens, eggs and milk.<ref>Weir, p. 207, citing Philip Baldensperger (1895): "Beth-Dejan", in ''Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly'', [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme27pale#page/n149/mode/1up p. 114] ff.</ref></blockquote>
In 1903, a cache of gold coins were found in Khirbet Dajun by villagers from Bayt Dajan, who used this site as a quarry. The discovery prompted [[R. A. Stewart Macalister|R. A. Macalister]] to visit the site. Based on his observations detailed in a report for the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] (PEF), Macalister suggests a continuity in settlement over the historical phases in Bayt Dajan's development :<blockquote>"Thus we have three epochs in the history of Beth-Dagon — the first on an as yet unknown site, from the [[Amorite]] to the [[Roman empire|Roman]] periods; the second at Dajiin, extending over the Roman and early Arab periods; the third at the modern Beit Dejan, lasting to the present day. It is probable that the present population could, had they the necessary documents, show a continuous chain of ancestry extending from the first city to the last."<ref name=PEF>Macalister, 1903, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme35pale#page/357/mode/1up 357]</ref></blockquote>
===British Mandate era===
By the 20th century, the village had two elementary schools, one for boys, and one for girls. The school for boys was established during the [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|British Mandate in Palestine]] in 1920. It housed a [[library]] of 600 books and had acquired 15 [[dunam]]s of land that were used for instruction in [[agronomy]].<ref name="Khalidi2">Khalidi, 1992, p. 237</ref>
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], ''Bait-Dajan'' had a population of 1,714 residents, all [[Muslim]]s<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jaffa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n22/mode/1up 20]</ref> increasing the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 2,664; 2,626 Muslims, 27 Christians and 11 Jews, in a total of 591 houses.<ref name=Census1931>Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 13].</ref>
In 1934, when [[Nashashibi|Fakhri al-Nashashibi]] established the [[Arab Workers Society]] (AWS) in [[Jerusalem]], an AWS branch was also opened in Bayt Dajan.<ref name=Matthewsp228>Matthews, 2006, p. 228.</ref> By 1940, 353 males and 102 females attended the schools.<ref name="Khalidi2"/>
In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population was 3,840; 130 Christians and 3,710 Muslims,<ref name=1945p27/> while the total land area was 17,327 [[dunam]]s.<ref name=Hadawi52/> Of this, a total of 7,990 [[dunam]]s of land was used for [[citrus]] and [[banana]] cultivation, 676 dunams for [[cereals]] and 3,195 dunams were irrigated or used for orchards,<ref name="Khalidi2"/><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945''. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jaffa/Page-095.jpg 95]</ref> while 14 dunams were classified as built-up areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jaffa/Page-145.jpg 145]</ref>
[[File:Beit Dajan 1929.jpg|thumb|Bayt Dajan 1929 1:20,000]]
[[File:Bat Yam 1945.jpg|thumb|Bayt Dajan 1945 1:250,000]]
===1948 Palestine War===
[[File:Palmach Bayt Dajan.jpg|thumb|[[Palmach]] HQ in Bayt Dajan,1947]]
The village of Bayt Dajan was depopulated in the [[1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|weeks leading up to]] the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war]], during the [[Haganah]]'s offensive ''Mivtza Hametz'' ([[Operation Hametz]]) on 28–30 April 1948. This operation was held against a group of villages east of Jaffa, including Bayt Dajan. According to the preparatory orders, the objective was to "opening the way [for Jewish forces] to Lydda". Though there was no explicit mention of the prospective treatment of the villagers, the order spoke of "cleansing the area" [''tihur hashetah''].<ref>HGS\Operations to Alexandroni, etc., "Orders for Operation "Hametz", 26 Apr. 1948. IDFA 6647\49\\15. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA217 217], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA286 286]</ref> The final operational order stated: "Civilian inhabitants of places conquered would be permitted to leave after they are searched for weapons."<ref>Operation Hametz [[Headquarters|HQ]] to [[Givati Brigade|Givati]], etc., 27 Apr. 1948, 14:00 hours, IDFA 67\51\\677. See also [[Alexandroni Brigade|Alexandroni]] to battalions, 27 Apr. 1948, IDFA 922\75\\949. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA217 217], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA286 286]</ref> On the 30 April, it was reported that the inhabitants of the Bayt Dajan had left, and that Iraqi irregulars had moved into the village.<ref>54th Battalion to [[Givati Brigade|Givati]], "Subject: Summary for 29.4.48", 30 Apr. 1948, IDFA 1041\49\\18. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA176 176], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA269 269]</ref>
Bayt Dajan was one of at least eight villages destroyed by Israel's First Transfer Committee between June and July 1948 under the leadership of [[Joseph Weitz]].<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA314 314]</ref><ref name=Fischbachp14>Fischbach, 2003, p. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=oIWrNpuMjLAC&pg=PA14 14]</ref> On 16 June 1948, [[David Ben-Gurion]], almost certainly based on a progress report from Weitz, noted Bayt Dajan as one of the Palestinian villages that they had destroyed.<ref>Entry for 16 June 1948, [[David Ben-Gurion|DBG]]-YH II, 523–24. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA350 350], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA398 398]</ref> On 23 September 1948 General Avner named Bayt Dajan as a suitable village for resettlement for new Jewish immigrants ([[Aliyah|olim]]) to Israel.<ref>Protocol of Meeting of Military Government Committee, 23 Sep. 1948, ISA FM 2564\11. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA394 394], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA413 413]</ref>
===Israel===
Following the war the area was incorporated into the [[Israel|State of Israel]]. Four villages, [[Beit Dagan]] (established six months after the conquest), [[Mishmar HaShiv'a]] (1949), [[Hemed]] (1950) and [[Ganot]] (1953) were later established on land that had belonged to the Bayt Dajan.<ref name="Khalidi3">Khalidi, 1992, p. 238</ref>
The Palestinian historian [[Walid Khalidi]] described the village in 1992: "A number of houses remain; some are deserted, others are occupied by Jewish families, or used as stores, office buildings, or warehouses. They exhibit a variety of architectural features. One inhabited house is made of concrete and has a rectangular plan, a flat roof, rectangular front windows, and two arched side windows. Another has been converted into the Eli Cohen synagogue; it is made of concrete and has a flat roof and a round-arched front door and window. Stars of David have been painted on its front door and what appears to be a garage door. One of the deserted houses is made of concrete and has a gabled, tiled roof that is starting to collapse; others are sealed and stand amid shrubs and weeds. Cactuses and cypress, fig, and date palm trees grow on the site. The land in the vicinity is cultivated by Israelis."<ref name="Khalidi3"/>
==Demographics==
During early Ottoman rule in 1596, there were 633 inhabitants in Bayt Dajan.<ref name="Hut and Abd"/> In the 1922 British Mandate census, the village had 1,714 residents,<ref name=Census1922/> rising to 2,664 in 1931.<ref name=Census1931/> There were 591 houses in the latter year.<ref name="Khalidi1">Khalidi, 1992, p. 236.</ref> [[Sami Hadawi]] counted a population of 3,840 Arab inhabitants in his 1945 land and population survey.<ref name=Hadawi52>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jaffa/Page-052.jpg 52].</ref> From the 4th century CE to the 10th century, [[Samaritan]]s populated Bayt Dajan.<ref name="Khalidi1"/> In 1945, Most of the inhabitants were [[Muslim]]s, but a [[Arab Christians|Christian]] community of 130 also existed in the village.<ref name="Khalidi2"/> [[Palestinian refugee]]s amounted to 27,355 people in 1998.<ref name=PR/>
==Culture==
[[File:Bayt Dajan01.jpg|thumb|Bayt Dajan wedding dress, ca 1920]]
Bayt Dajan was known to be among the wealthiest communities in the Jaffa area, and their [[Palestinian costumes#Embroidery|embroideresses]] were reported to be among the most artistic.<ref name=Grutz>{{Cite web|title=Woven Legacy, Woven Language|author=Jane Waldron Grutz|publisher=[[Saudi Aramco World]]|date=January–February 1991|accessdate=2008-01-17|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199101/woven.legacy.woven.language.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219004053/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199101/woven.legacy.woven.language.htm|archive-date=2007-02-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> A center for weaving and embroidery, it exerted influences on many other surrounding villages and towns. Costumes from Beit Dajan were noted for their varied techniques, many of which were adopted and elaborated from other local styles.<ref name=PCA2/>
White linen garments inspired by [[Ramallah]] styles were popular, using patchwork and appliqued sequins in addition to embroidery.<ref name=PCA2>{{Cite web|title=Palestine costume before 1948: by region|publisher=Palestine Costume Archive|accessdate=2008-08-01|url=http://www.palestinecostumearchive.org/regional.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020913101705/http://www.palestinecostumearchive.org/regional.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-09-13 }}</ref> A key motif was the ''nafnuf'' design: a floral pattern thought to be inspired by the locally grown orange trees.<ref name=PCA2/> The ''nafnuf'' design evolved after [[World War I]] into embroidery running down the dress in long panels known as "branches" (''erq''). This ''erq'' style was the forerunner of the "6 branch" style dresses worn by Palestinian women in different regions today.<ref name=PCA2/> In the 1920s, a lady from [[Bethlehem]] named Maneh Hazbun came to live in Bayt Dajan after her brother bought some orange groves there. She introduced the ''rashek'' ([[couching]] with [[silk]]) style of embroidery, a local imitation of the Bethlehem style.<ref name=Weir225>Weir, 1989, pp. 225, 227.</ref>
The ''jillayeh'' (the embroidered outer garment for wedding costume) used in Bayt Dajan was quite similar to those of Ramallah. The difference was in decoration and embroidery. Typical for Bayt Dajan would be a motif consisting of two triangles, mirror-faced, with or without an embroidered stripe between them, and with inverted [[cypress]]es at the edges.<ref name=Stillmanp66/> A ''jillayeh'' from Bayt Dajan (c. 1920s) is exhibited at the [[British Museum]]. The caption notes that the dress would be worn by the bride at the final ritual of wedding week celebrations, a procession known as 'going to the well'. Accompanied by all the village women in their finest dress, the bride would go to the well to present a tray of sweets to the guardian of the well and fill her pitcher with water to ensure good fortune for her home.<ref name=BM>{{Cite web|title=Explore - Highlights: Coat dress|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/c/coat_dress.aspx|publisher=[[British Museum]]|accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> There are also several items from Bayt Dajan and the surrounding area is in the [[Museum of International Folk Art]] (MOIFA) collection at [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], United States.<ref name=Stillmanp66>Stillman, 1979, pp. 66, 67.</ref>
===Artistic representations===
Palestinian artist [[Sliman Mansour]] made Bayt Dajan the subject of one of his paintings. The work, named for the village, was one of a series of four on destroyed Palestinian villages that he produced in 1988; the others being [[Yalo]], [[Imwas]] and [[Yibna]].<ref name=Ankorip82>Ankori, 2006, p. 82.</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus]]
*[[List of villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict]]
*[[Sakher Habash]]
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}
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{{refend}}
==Further reading==
*[[Widad Kawar]]/Shelagh Weir: [https://web.archive.org/web/20061009125716/http://arabheritage.org/bibliography.html ''Costumes and Wedding Customs in Bayt Dajan'']
لكي لا ننسى بيت دجن يافا
٢٠١١
دار ورد للنشر
الأردن
حائز على جائزة جامعة فيلادلفيا لأحسن كتاب قدفي الإنسانيات ٢٠١٢
القائمة القصيرة لجائزة الشيخ زايد للكتاب
الامارات العربية المتحدة
٢٠١٢
كتاب بيت دجن يافا على طريق البرتقال والنضال
فضاءات النشر
عمان الاردن
==External links==
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Jaffa/Bayt-Dajan/index.html Palestine Remembered – Bayt Dajan]
*[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49057 Bayt Dajan], [[Zochrot]]
*[https://palestine-family.net/places-regions/bayt-dajan/ Bayt Dajan], palestine-family.net
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 13: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8375 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.13.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/c/coat_dress.aspx Coat dress], in British Museum
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020622215747/http://www.ntcsites.com/palestine/clothes/view_alone.nhtml?profile=clothes&UID=10002 Black Beit Dajan dress, with a rare embroidered scarf]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221409/http://www.ntcsites.com/palestine/clothes/view.nhtml?profile=clothes&UID=10007 Detail of a sleeve from a Beit Dajan ''thob al-abayed'', 1920s–30s (Tareq Rajab Museum, Kuwait)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070305193852/http://www.palestinianheritagecenter.com/Photo_Gallery/Posters%20and%20Postcards%20the%20Center%20Produces/slides/Jaffa.html Beit-Dajan dress, together with costumes from Safryieh and Asdoud]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928215600/http://www.inash.org/products/embroidered/embroidered5.html Thob of Beit Dajan (Jaffa District)]. This "thob" is rich in embroidery, main colour is red touched with lilac and green. It has "manajel" on the sides, and is worn with a belt.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100515042104/http://www.beitdajan-yaffa.com/ A Book about Beit Dajan - Jaffa (Pre-release)], لكي لا ننسى ... بيت دجن, by [https://web.archive.org/web/20100516140543/http://www.beitdajan-yaffa.com/about-en.htm Ayman J. Hammoudeh, MD, FACC]
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
[[Category:Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:District of Jaffa]]' |
