Search Results (764)

Nitrogen and sulfur are essential macronutrients in plant growth and development, and their interaction profoundly influences gene expression, metabolic activities, and adaptability in plants, directly affecting plant growth and yield. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a crop of significant economic and medicinal value. However, despite the critical role of the nitrogen–sulfur interaction in garlic’s adaptability, yield, and quality, the specific mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. In this study, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were employed to investigate the effects of combined sulfur and nitrogen application on garlic bulb tissues. The results show that the combined application of sulfur and nitrogen significantly increased the diameter and weight of garlic bulbs by 14.96% and 35.47%, respectively. The content of alliin increased by 28.48%, while the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and gibberellin (GA) increased by 15.82%, 12.94%, 32.34%, and 48.13%, respectively. Additionally, the activities of alliinase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were enhanced by 7.93%, 4.48%, and 19.74%, respectively. Moreover, the application of sulfur and nitrogen significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and peroxidase (POD) activity in garlic bulbs by 29.66% and 9.42%, respectively, thereby improving garlic’s adaptability and growth potential. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in several key pathways, including plant hormone signal transduction, RNA degradation, glutathione metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Metabolomic analysis identified 80 differentially abundant metabolites primarily consisting of amino acids, indole carboxylic acids, and fatty acids. The integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses highlighted the pivotal roles of glutathione metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis pathways in the synergistic effects of sulfur and nitrogen. This study not only provides critical scientific evidence for understanding the mechanisms underlying the nitrogen–sulfur interaction’s impact on the yield and quality of garlic but also offers a scientific basis for optimizing nutrient management strategies to enhance garlic yield and quality. Full article

Panax ginseng, a perennial medicinal plant, utilizes its dried roots and rhizomes for medicinal purposes. Currently, in China, ginseng cultivation employs two methods: under-forest and farmland planting. These methods create distinct habitats, significantly influencing the ginseng’s rhizome morphology and, consequently, its economic value. In this study, two-year-old ginsengs were transplanted into farmland (TCG), a larch forest (TLCG) and a Quercus mongolica forest (TQCG) to analyze the differences in rhizome phenotypes caused by habitat changes. The results showed that there were significant differences in light intensity and the soil’s available phosphorus and potassium contents between farmland and forest environments. The differences in habitats led to different adaptability of the ginseng’s rhizome morphology. Compared with TCG, the rhizomes of TLCG and TQCG were significantly elongated by 48.36% and 67.34%, respectively. After the rhizomes’ elongation in TLCG and TQCG, there was an increase in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents and a decrease in lignin contents. By analyzing the expression of key genes, we found that, compared with TCG, the expression of key enzymes of lignin biosynthesis genes such as PgCOMT and PgCCR4 were down-regulated. The difference in ginseng’s rhizome length is related to the signal transduction pathway of auxin and gibberellin. In addition, we preliminarily screened out transcription factors PgWRKY75, PgDIV, and PgbHLH93.1, which can actively respond to habitat changes and play important roles in the elongation of ginseng rhizomes. In summary, this study elucidates the phenotypic plasticity strategy of ginseng rhizomes in response to habitat changes and delineates the regulatory mechanism behind phenotypic adaptation, offering novel insights into ginseng’s morphogenesis. Full article

Cullins are crucial components of the ubiquitin–proteasome system, playing pivotal roles in the regulation of protein metabolism. This review provides insight into the wide-ranging functions of cullins, particularly focusing on their impact on plant growth, development, and environmental stress responses. By modulating cullin-mediated protein mechanisms, researchers can fine-tune hormone-signaling networks to improve various agronomic traits, including plant architecture, flowering time, fruit development, and nutrient uptake. Furthermore, the targeted manipulation of cullins that are involved in hormone-signaling pathways, e.g., cytokinin, auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acids, and ethylene, can boost crop growth and development while increasing yield and enhancing stress tolerance. Furthermore, cullins also play important roles in plant defense mechanisms through regulating the defense-associated protein metabolism, thus boosting resistance to pathogens and pests. Additionally, this review highlights the potential of integrating cullin-based strategies with advanced biological tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, genetic engineering, marker-associated selections, gene overexpression, and gene knockout, to achieve precise modifications for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture, with the promise of creating resilient, high-yielding, and environmentally friendly crop varieties. Full article

Lily bulbils, advantageous axillary organs used for asexual reproduction, have an underexplored developmental mechanism. Gibberellins are known to participate in bulbil development, but the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, exogenous gibberellin (GA₃) significantly increased the bulbil length, width, and weight by raising the endogenous gibberellin levels and elongating the scale cells. Transcriptomic analysis identified LlGA20ox2, a key gibberellin biosynthesis gene, which was upregulated during bulbil development and significantly responsive to GA₃ treatment. Given the similarities in bulbil and bulblet development, we determined the roles of LlGA20ox2 using a bulblet system. Silencing LlGA20ox2 in bulblets inhibited development by reducing the cell length, while overexpression increased the bulblet length and width. In the gibberellin signaling pathway, we identified two key genes, LlGID1C and LlCIGR2. Silencing these genes resulted in phenotypes similar to LlGA20ox2, inhibiting bulblet development. Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that gibberellin-responsive genes were enriched in the glucuronate pathway, pentose phosphate pathway and galactose metabolism pathways. Most of these differentially expressed genes responded to gibberellin and were highly expressed in later stages of bulbil development, suggesting their involvement in gibberellin-regulated bulbil growth. In conclusion, we preliminarily explored the mechanisms of gibberellin regulation in bulbil development, offering significant commercial potential for new lily reproductive organs. Full article

Plant grafting using dwarfing rootstocks is one of the important cultivation measures in the sweet cherry (Prunus avium) industry. In this work, we aimed to explore the effects of the dwarfing rootstock “Pd1” (Prunus tomentosa) on sweet cherry ‘Shuguang2’ scions by performing morphological observations using the paraffin slice technique, detecting GA (gibberellin) and IAA (auxin) contents using UPLC-QTRAP-MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer), and implementing integration analyses of the epigenome and transcriptome using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and transcriptome sequencing. Anatomical analysis indicated that the cell division ability of the SAM (shoot apical meristem) in dwarfing plants was reduced. Pd1 rootstock significantly decreased the levels of GAs and IAA in sweet cherry scions. Methylome analysis showed that the sweet cherry genome presented 15.2~18.6%, 59.88~61.55%, 28.09~33.78%, and 2.99~5.28% methylation at total C, CG, CHG, and CHH sites, respectively. Shoot tips from dwarfing plants exhibited a hypermethylated pattern mostly due to increased CHH methylation, while leaves exhibited a hypomethylated pattern. According to GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis, DMGs (differentially methylated genes) and DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were enriched in hormone-related GO terms and KEGG pathways. Global correlation analysis between methylation and transcription revealed that mCpG in the gene body region enhanced gene expression and mCHH in the region near the TSS (transcription start site) was positively correlated with gene expression. Next, we found some hormone-related genes and TFs with significant changes in methylation and transcription, including SAURs, ARF, GA2ox, ABS1, bZIP, MYB, and NAC. This study presents a methylome map of the sweet cherry genome, revealed widespread DNA methylation alterations in scions caused by dwarfing rootstock, and obtained abundant genes with methylation and transcription alterations that are potentially involved in rootstock-induced growth changes in sweet cherry scions. Our findings can lay a good basis for further epigenetic studies on sweet cherry dwarfing and provide valuable new insight into understanding rootstock–scion interactions. Full article

Recently, returning rice straw to soil has become a common problem in wheat production because it causes decreased wheat seedling emergence. Allelopathy is an important factor affecting seed germination. However, the effects of rice straw extracts on wheat seed germination and seedling growth remain unclear. Wheat seeds and seedlings were treated with 30 g L⁻¹ of rice leaf extracts (L1), 60 g L⁻¹ of rice leaf extracts (L2), 30 g L⁻¹ of rice stem extracts (S1), 60 g L⁻¹ of rice stem extracts (S2) and sterile water (CK) to study the allelopathic effects of rice straw extracts on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. The α-amylase and antioxidant enzyme activities in wheat seeds; the agronomic traits, photosynthetic indicators, and nutrient contents of wheat seedlings; and the phenolic acids in rice stem extracts were determined. Common allelochemicals, including 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, protocatechualdehyde, caffeic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, and salicylic acid, were detected in rice stem extracts. Low-concentration rice leaf and stem extracts (30 g L⁻¹) had no effect on the germination rate of wheat seeds. High-concentration (60 g L⁻¹) rice stem and leaf extracts decreased the seed germination rate by 11.00% and 12.02%. Rice stem extract (60 g L⁻¹) decreased the α-amylase activity, and gibberellin content of wheat seeds but increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities and malondialdehyde content in wheat seeds. Allelochemicals entered the internal tissues of wheat seeds, where they decreased the gibberellin content and α-amylase activity and increased the antioxidant enzyme activity, ultimately leading to an inhibitory effect on seed germination. Rice stem and leaf extracts decreased the SPAD value and photosynthetic indicators of wheat seedlings. Rice stem extract (60 g L⁻¹) decreased the fresh weight and root length of wheat seedlings by 31.37% and 45.46%. Low-concentration rice leaf and stem extract (30 g L⁻¹) had no effect on the nutrient contents of wheat seedlings. Rice leaf and stem extracts (60 g L⁻¹) decreased the nitrogen and potassium contents of wheat seedlings. These results indicated that low-concentration rice leaf and stem extract (30 g L⁻¹) had no effect on wheat seed germination and the high-concentration rice stem extract (60 g L⁻¹) released allelochemicals and inhibited wheat seed germination and seedling growth. These findings provide a basis for the improvement of straw return techniques. Full article

Secondary metabolites are bioactive compounds believed to contribute to the pharmacological properties of plants. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional regulation and are thought to play an important role in regulating secondary metabolism biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the extent of miRNA involvement in secondary metabolism remains minimal. Nigella sativa (black cumin/black seed) is a popular medicinal and culinary plant known for its pharmaceutical properties; however, its genomic information is scarce. In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was employed to obtain the miRNA profile of N. sativa, and their involvement in secondary metabolite biosynthesis was explored. A total of 25,139,003 unique reads ranging from 16 to 40 nucleotides were attained, out of which 240 conserved and 34 novel miRNAs were identified. Moreover, 6083 potential target genes were recognized in this study. Several conserved and novel black cumin miRNAs were found to target enzymes involved in the terpenoid, diterpenoid, phenylpropanoid, carotenoid, flavonoid, steroid, and ubiquinone biosynthetic pathways, among others, for example, beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase, gibberellin 3 beta-dioxygenase, trimethyltridecatetraene synthase, carboxylic ester hydrolases, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, isoprene synthase, peroxidase, shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, etc. Furthermore, sequencing data were validated through qPCR by checking the relative expression of eleven randomly selected conserved and novel miRNAs (nsa-miR164d, nsa-miR166a, nsa-miR167b, nsa-miR171a, nsa-miR390b, nsa-miR396, nsa-miR159a, nsa-miRN1, nsa-miRN29, nsa-miRN32, and nsa-miRN34) and their expression patterns were found to be corroborated with the sequencing data. We anticipate that this work will assist in clarifying the implications of miRNAs in plant secondary metabolism and aid in the generation of artificial miRNA-based strategies to overproduce highly valuable secondary metabolites from N. sativa. Full article

Andrographis paniculata is known for its diterpenoid medicinal compounds with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, it faces production and cultivation challenges due to low temperatures (LTs). Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are key enzymes in diterpenoid accumulation. Nevertheless, the functions and LT-related expression patterns of diterpenoid pathway CYPs in Andrographis paniculata remain poorly understood. In this study, 346 CYPs were discovered in Andrographis paniculata. Among them, 328 CYPs belonged to 42 known subfamilies. The remaining 17 CYPs might have represented novel subfamilies unique to this species. A total of 65 candidate CYPs associated with diterpenoid modification were identified. Of these, 50 were transmembrane proteins, and 57 were localized to chloroplasts. The CYP71 subfamily was the most abundant and had the highest motif diversity. Promoters of all candidate CYPs commonly contained elements responsive to gibberellins (GAs), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and abiotic stresses. Notably, the XP_051152769 protein, corresponding to a CYP gene over 40,000 bp in length, featured an extraordinarily long intron (40,751 nts). Functional elements within this intron were related to LT, GAs, and dehydration pathways. Based on the promoter element arrangement and subfamily classification, 10 representative candidate CYPs were selected. Under LT stress, significant expression changes were observed in three representative CYPs: CYP71D, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), and ent-kaurene oxidase (KO). KAO and KO were significantly upregulated during early LT stress. KAO and KO interacted with each other and jointly interacted with GA20OX2-like. CYP71D acted as a negative response factor to LT stress. Among the 37 proteins interacting with CYP71D, 95% were CYPs. This study provides a critical preliminary foundation for investigating the functions of diterpenoid pathway CYPs in Andrographis paniculata, thereby facilitating the development of LT-tolerant cultivars. Full article

Potatoes are typically seeded as tubers, and their slow sprouting significantly impacts production. Therefore, the effects of polyacrylamide (20 g·L⁻¹, 30 g·L⁻¹, and 40 g·L⁻¹) as a seed potato dressing on sprouting, seedling growth, and biomass were investigated. The phytohormone content, respiratory intensity, and starch metabolism enzyme activity were analyzed to elucidate the physiological mechanisms involved. The sprouting rate significantly increased after 20 g·L⁻¹ and 30 g·L⁻¹ treatments by 40.63% and 15.63%, respectively. The sprouting energy was the highest (52.0%) at 20 g·L⁻¹, 7.67 times higher than the control. The 20 g·L⁻¹ and 30 g·L⁻¹ treatments also promoted emergence and growth, with the emergence rate increasing by 18.18% and 27.27% and growth increasing by over 8.1% and 11.9%, respectively. These effects were related to changes in phytohormone content and accelerated starch conversion. After treatment, the auxin and cytokinin contents in the apical buds increased significantly at the germination initiation stage, and during the germination and vigorous growth phases, the auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin contents increased. Polyacrylamide treatment activated α-amylase and promoted starch degradation, increasing soluble sugar content to provide nutrients and energy for sprouting. This study provides a promising approach for promoting potato tuber sprouting and seedling growth. Full article

Sugarcane smut caused by Sporisorium scitamineum represents the most destructive disease in the sugarcane industry, causing host hormone disruption and producing a black whip-like sorus in the apex of the stalk. In this study, the gibberellin metabolic pathway was found to respond to S. scitamineum infection, and the contents of bioactive gibberellins were significantly reduced in the leaves of diseased plants. The gibberellin receptor gene ScGID1 was identified and significantly downregulated. ScGID1 localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm and had the highest expression level in the leaves. Eight proteins that interact with ScGID1 were screened out using a yeast two-hybrid assay. Novel DELLA proteins named ScGAI1a and ScGA20ox2, key enzymes in GA biosynthesis, were both found to interact with ScGID1 in a gibberellin-independent manner. Transcription factor trapping with a yeast one-hybrid system identified 50 proteins that interacted with the promoter of ScGID1, among which ScS1FA and ScPLATZ inhibited ScGID1 transcription, while ScGDSL promoted transcription. Overexpression of ScGID1 in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants could increase plant height and promote flowering. These results not only contribute to improving our understanding of the metabolic regulatory network of sugarcane gibberellin but also expand our knowledge of the interaction between sugarcane and pathogens. Full article

In the context of crop breeding, plant height (PH) plays a pivotal role in determining straw and grain yield. Although extensive research has explored the genetic control of PH in wheat, there remains an opportunity for further advancements by integrating genomics with growth-related phenomics. Our study utilizes the latest genome-wide association scan (GWAS) techniques to unravel the genetic basis of temporal variation in PH across 179 Bulgarian bread wheat accessions, including landraces, tall historical, and semi-dwarf modern varieties. A GWAS was performed with phenotypic data from three growing seasons, the calculated best linear unbiased estimators, and the leveraging genotypic information from the 25K Infinium iSelect array, using three statistical methods (MLM, FarmCPU, and BLINK). Twenty-five quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with PH were identified across fourteen chromosomes, encompassing 21 environmentally stable quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs), and four haplotype blocks. Certain loci (17) on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5B, 5D, and 6A remain unlinked to any known Rht (Reduced height) genes, QTL, or GWAS loci associated with PH, and represent novel regions of potential breeding significance. Notably, these loci exhibit varying effects on PH, contribute significantly to natural variance, and are expressed during seedling to reproductive stages. The haplotype block on chromosome 6A contains five QTN loci associated with reduced height and two loci promoting height. This configuration suggests a substantial impact on natural variation and holds promise for accurate marker-assisted selection. The potentially novel genomic regions harbor putative candidate gene coding for glutamine synthetase, gibberellin 2-oxidase, auxin response factor, ethylene-responsive transcription factor, and nitric oxide synthase; cell cycle-related genes, encoding cyclin, regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC1) protein, katanin p60 ATPase-containing subunit, and expansins; genes implicated in stem mechanical strength and defense mechanisms, as well as gene regulators such as transcription factors and protein kinases. These findings enrich the pool of semi-dwarfing gene resources, providing the potential to further optimize PH, improve lodging resistance, and achieve higher grain yields in bread wheat. Full article

Albizia odoratissima is a deciduous tree species belonging to the family Leguminosae. It is widely distributed in the southern subtropical and tropical areas of China and has important ecological and economic value. The growth and metabolic processes of A. odoratissima are affected by drought stress, but the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the physicochemical properties, gene expression, and metabolites of A. odoratissima seedlings under drought stress. The results show that, in leaves of A. odoratissima seedlings, drought stress reduced the moisture content, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and gibberellin (GA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) contents while increasing the catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein contents. Within the CK5 (Day 5 of control group) vs. T5 (Day 5 of drought treatment), CK10 vs. T10, CK15 vs. T15, and CK20 vs. T20 groups (CK: control group; T: drought treatment), a total of 676 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated and 518 DEGs were downregulated, and a total of 228 and 143 differential accumulation metabolites (DAMs) were identified in the CK10 vs. T10 and CK20 vs. T20 groups. These were mainly involved in the amino acid and alkaloid metabolism pathways in the leaves of the A. odoratissima seedlings. In the amino acid and alkaloid biosynthesis pathways, the relative expression levels of the AoproA (Aod04G002740, ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE), AoOAT (Aod07G015970, ORNITHINE-OXO-ACID TRANSAMINASE), and AoAOC3 (Aod12G005010/08G003360/05G023920/08G003000/08G003010, AMINE OXIDASE COPPER CONTAINING 3) genes increased, which concurrently promoted the accumulation of arginine, proline, piperine, cadaverine, and lysine. Furthermore, some key transcription factors in the response to drought were identified in the leaves using the weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA) method. These findings reveal that A. odoratissima seedlings respond to drought stress by improving the capacities of the antioxidant system and secondary metabolism. Full article

We assessed the flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis), a specialty vegetable found in southern China. The sugar content of the stem tip is closely related to bolting and flowering. Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) are bidirectional sugar transporter proteins involved in numerous plant growth and development processes. The expression of BraSWEET12 is positively correlated with sugar content. However, it is unclear whether BraSWEET12 is involved in bolting and flowering. In this study, we identified and characterized BraSWEET12. BraSWEET12 in flowering Chinese cabbage contains 288 amino acids and is located on the cell membrane as a sucrose transporter protein. BraSWEET12 is highly expressed in the petals and stem tips of flowering Chinese cabbage and is upregulated by gibberellin and low temperatures. Overexpression of BraSWEET12 in Arabidopsis can increase sucrose content at the stem tip, upregulate the expression of AtAP1 and AtLFY, and advance the flowering time. Subsequently, our results indicate that BraSWEET12 is involved in sucrose accumulation at the stem tip of flowering Chinese cabbage and plays a crucial role in flowering regulation. These results provide a reference for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms underlying flowering Chinese cabbage bolting and flowering. Full article

Exogenous brassinolide (BR) and strigolactones (SLs) play an important role in alleviating salt stress in maize. We studied the morphological and physiological responses of the salt-sensitive genotype PH4CV and salt-tolerant genotype Zheng58 to BR (1.65 nM), SL (1 µM), and BS (1.65 nM BR + 1 µM SL) under salt stress. Phenotypic analysis showed that salt stress significantly inhibited the growth of maize seedlings and significantly increased the content of Na⁺ in the roots. Exogenous hormones increased oxidase activity and decreased Na⁺ content in the roots and mitigated salt stress. Transcriptome analysis showed that the interaction of BR and SL is involved in photosynthesis–antenna proteins, the TCA cycle, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. This interaction influences the expression of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase 1 chloroplastic, and aconitase genes are affected. Furthermore, the application of exogenous hormones regulates the expression of genes associated with the signaling pathways of cytokinin (CK), gibberellins (GA), auxin (IAA), brassinosteroid (BR), abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA). Additionally, exogenous hormones inhibit the expression of the AKT2/3 genes, which are responsible for regulating ion transduction and potassium ion influx. Four candidate genes that may regulate the seedling length of maize were screened out through WGCNA. Respective KOG notes concerned inorganic ion transport and metabolism, signal transduction mechanisms, energy production and conversion, and amino acid transport and metabolism. The findings of this study provide a foundation for the proposition that BR and SL can be employed to regulate salt stress alleviation in maize. Full article

The NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER (NRT1/PTR) family (NPF) plays an important role in plant nitrate absorption, distribution, and nitrogen use efficiency. Nevertheless, few reports are available regarding Eucalyptus grandis NPF genes and their expression profiles. This study aims to identify and analyze NPF genes and their expression under various nitrogen (N) conditions. In this study, we successfully screened 64 NPF genes within the E. grandis genome. Subsequently, we conducted an extensive analysis, encompassing investigations into chromosome location, gene structure, phylogenetic relationship, promoter region, conserved motif, and gene expression profile. RNA-seq was conducted to analyze the expression profiles of EgNPF genes under different N conditions. The 64 NPF genes were categorized into eight distinct groups, exhibiting an uneven distribution among the 10 chromosomes of E. grandis, and no member was mapped on chromosome (Chr) 9. The examination of cis-regulatory elements revealed that NPF promoters were closely related to light responsive element, MeJA responsiveness, anaerobic induction, gibberellin responsiveness, low-temperature responsiveness, and auxin responsiveness. We used the comparative transcriptome method to identify the 10 differently expressed EgNPF genes of E. grandis under high-nitrogen (N: 119 mg/L) and low-nitrogen (N: 29.25 mg/L) conditions. Expression pattern analyses revealed that EUGRSUZ_G03119 showed an elevated expression in both leaves and roots under high-nitrogen conditions compared to low-nitrogen conditions, suggesting that EUGRSUZ_G03119 might affect nitrogen transport and redistribution, potentially boosting the stress tolerance of E. grandis in response to nitrogen deficiency. These findings may provide valuable insights into the evolutionary development of the NPF gene family in E. grandis and facilitate the clarification of the molecular mechanism underlying EgNPF-mediated N absorption and distribution in E. grandis. Full article