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Open Access Publications from the University of California

Scholarly Works (8 results)

  • Article
  • Peer Reviewed
UC San Francisco Previously Published Works (2013)
Viruses suppress host responses to increase infection, and understanding these mechanisms has provided insights into cellular signaling and led to novel therapies. Many viruses (e.g., Influenza virus, Rhinovirus [RV], Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Hepatitis C virus) activate epithelial epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a tyrosine kinase receptor, but the role of EGFR in viral pathogenesis is not clear. Interferon (IFN) signaling is a critical innate antiviral host response and recent experiments have implicated IFN-λ, a type III IFN, as the most significant IFN for mucosal antiviral immune responses. Despite the importance of IFN-λ in epithelial antiviral responses, the role and mechanisms of epithelial IFN-λ signaling have not been fully elucidated. We report that respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses endogenous airway epithelial antiviral signaling. We found that Influenza virus- and RV-induced EGFR activation suppressed IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 1-induced IFN-λ production and increased viral infection. In addition, inhibition of EGFR during viral infection augmented IRF1 and IFN-λ, which resulted in decreased viral titers in vitro and in vivo. These findings describe a novel mechanism that viruses use to suppress endogenous antiviral defenses, and provide potential targets for future therapies.
    Cover page: Respiratory virus–induced EGFR activation suppresses IRF1-dependent interferon λ and antiviral defense in airway epithelium
    • Article
    • Peer Reviewed
    UCLA Previously Published Works (2015)

    Background

    Muscle sampling is often used as a surrogate for staging quality in patients with bladder cancer. The association of staging quality at diagnosis and survival was examined among patients with bladder cancer.

    Methods

    The clinical records of all individuals within the Los Angeles Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry with an incident diagnosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in 2004-2005 were reviewed. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, staging quality (presence of muscle in the specimen and mention of muscle in the pathology report), and vital status were recorded. With mixed-effects and competing-risks regression analyses, the association of patient and tumor characteristics with staging quality and cancer-specific survival was quantified.

    Results

    The sample included 1865 patients, 335 urologists, and 27 pathologists. Muscle was reported to be present in 972 (52.1%), was reported to be absent in 564 (30.2%), and was not mentioned in 329 (17.7%) of the initial pathology reports. The presence of muscle did not differ according to the grade or depth of invasion. Mortality was associated with staging quality (P < .05). Among patients with high-grade disease, the 5-year cancer-specific mortality rates were 7.6%, 12.1%, and 18.8% when muscle was present, absent, and not mentioned, respectively.

    Conclusions

    The omission of muscle in the specimen or its mention in the pathology report in nearly half of all diagnostic resections was associated with increased mortality, particularly in patients with high-grade disease. Because urologists cannot reliably discern between high- and low-grade or Ta and T1 disease, it is contended that patients with bladder cancer should undergo adequate muscle sampling at the time of endoscopic resection.
      Cover page: Quality of diagnostic staging in patients with bladder cancer: A process‐outcomes link
      • Article
      • Peer Reviewed
      UC San Francisco Previously Published Works (2013)
        Cover page: Respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses IRF1-dependent Interferon-λ and antiviral defense in airway epithelium
        • Article
        • Peer Reviewed
        Plexus (2013)

        PLEXUS is a student organized publication that showcases artwork by UCI School of Medicine students, physicians, faculty, staff, and patients. True to its name, PLEXUS aspires to connect both healers and healing alike through the unifying language of art. This year, we have renewed our efforts to bring PLEXUS to the greater UCI community with improved distribution as well as outreach events, including a collaboration with the Bowers Art Museum. We would like to give a special thanks to our faculty advisor, Dr. Johanna Shapiro, and Dr. Ellena Peterson, Associate Dean of Admissions and Outreach. This book would not have been possible without their support.

        We hope you enjoy PLEXUS 2013.

        To contribute to PLEXUS, please send artwork to plexusjournal@ gmail.com. We look forward to seeing your submissions!

        Editors In Chief: Christine Lee, Hanna Liu

        Creative Writing: Jacqueline Kurth, Lorianne Burns

        Visual Arts: Adam Truong

        Layout And Design: Nabila Haque, Esther Jun

        Audio:  Jessica Galant, Melody Besharati

        Marketing And Outreach: Avinash Chaurasia

          Cover page: Plexus 2013Creative Commons 'BY' version 4.0 license
          • Article
          • Peer Reviewed
          UC San Francisco Previously Published Works (2014)
          Airway epithelial cells are the primary cell type involved in respiratory viral infection. Upon infection, airway epithelium plays a critical role in host defense against viral infection by contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses. Influenza A virus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represent a broad range of human viral pathogens that cause viral pneumonia and induce exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These respiratory viruses induce airway epithelial production of IL-8, which involves epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation. EGFR activation involves an integrated signaling pathway that includes NADPH oxidase activation of metalloproteinase, and EGFR proligand release that activates EGFR. Because respiratory viruses have been shown to activate EGFR via this signaling pathway in airway epithelium, we investigated the effect of virus-induced EGFR activation on airway epithelial antiviral responses. CXCL10, a chemokine produced by airway epithelial cells in response to respiratory viral infection, contributes to the recruitment of lymphocytes to target and kill virus-infected cells. While respiratory viruses activate EGFR, the interaction between CXCL10 and EGFR signaling pathways is unclear, and the potential for EGFR signaling to suppress CXCL10 has not been explored. Here, we report that respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses CXCL10 production. We found that influenza virus-, rhinovirus-, and RSV-induced EGFR activation suppressed IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 1-dependent CXCL10 production. In addition, inhibition of EGFR during viral infection augmented IRF1 and CXCL10. These findings describe a novel mechanism that viruses use to suppress endogenous antiviral defenses, and provide potential targets for future therapies.
            Cover page: EGFR activation suppresses respiratory virus-induced IRF1-dependent CXCL10 production
            • Article
            • Peer Reviewed
            Plexus (2014)

            Plexus is a student-organized publication that showcases artwork by UCI School of Medicine students, physicians, faculty, staff and patients. True to its name, PLEXUS aspires to connect those who seek to heal and to be healed through the unifying language of art.

            This year, the Plexus team is excited to introduce some ‘firsts’ - a theme, the traveling Plexus exhibit, a separate Art for the Soul section and inclusion of performance arts. You were invited to embody the theme of ‘Equilibrium & Transformation’ in your art and what a response! Thank you for sharing your wealth of emotion and perspective. Due to an overwhelming number of requests to display Plexus at events last year, we have produced our own moveable feast of 5-10 of our most prominent pieces from Plexus 2013 and displayed it during Solidarity Day 2014 and at Irvine Hall, and plan to display an updated version at UCI Medical Center during various departmental events this year. We have also highlighted work created by cancer survivors through the Art for the Soul program in a separate section and have added a ‘Performance’ section on the Plexus website to respond to the community’s passion for dance and drama.

            Congratulations to this year’s winners of the medical student writing competition! 1st: Anjali Hari, MS2 ‘Maya’ 2nd: Jiwon Shin, MS1 ‘The Remnants’ and 3rd: Lorianne Burns, MS3 ‘Conversation Unspoken’.

            Thank you to our wonderful Editors who helped bring all the changes to fruition, and for bringing thoughtful criticism and inspiration to our creative vision. We would like to thank Dean Clayman for sponsoring the traveling Plexus exhibit. We would like to give special thanks to our faculty advisor, Dr. Johanna Shapiro and Dr. Ellen Peterson, Associate Dean of Admissions and Outreach. This book would not have been possible without your support.

            We hope you enjoy PLEXUS 2014. Bon voyage!

            Editors-In-Chief: Nabila Haque, Esther Jun

            Digital Editor-In-Chief: Adam Truong

            Creative Writing: Jacqueline Kurth, Christy Tabit

            Layout, Design & Visuals: Ben Nguyen, Kevin Gustafson

            Audio & Performance: Jessica Galant, Evelyn Hoover, Katherine Stern

            Marketing And Outreach: Avinash Chaurasia, Jiwon Helen Shin

            Website Design: Neil Saez

            1st Place Winner of PLEXUS Student Writing Competition made possible by UCISOM Humanities Dept.: Anjali Hari

            2nd Place Winner; Jiwon Helen Shin

            3rd Place Winner: Lorianne Burns

            To contribute to Plexus or to request the Plexus exhibit at your event, please send email [email protected]. We look forward to hearing from you!

              Cover page: Plexus 2014: <em>Equilibrium &amp; Transformation</em>Creative Commons 'BY' version 4.0 license
              • Article
              • Peer Reviewed
              UC San Francisco Previously Published Works (2020)
              PURPOSE:Risk factors for complications after artificial urinary sphincter surgery include a history of pelvic radiation and prior artificial urinary sphincter complication. The survival of a second artificial urinary sphincter in the setting of prior device complication and radiation is not well described. We report the survival of redo artificial urinary sphincter surgery and identify risk factors for repeat complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A multi-institutional database was queried for redo artificial urinary sphincter surgeries. The primary outcome was median survival of a second and third artificial urinary sphincter in radiated and nonradiated cases. A Cox proportional hazards survival analysis was performed to identify additional patient and surgery risk factors. RESULTS:Median time to explantation of the initial artificial urinary sphincter in radiated (150) and nonradiated (174) cases was 26.4 and 35.6 months, respectively (p=0.043). For a second device median time to explantation was 30.1 and 38.7 months (p=0.034) and for a third device it was 28.5 and 30.6 months (p=0.020), respectively. The 5-year revision-free survival for patients undergoing a second artificial urinary sphincter surgery with no risk factors, history of radiation, history of urethroplasty, and history of radiation and urethroplasty were 83.1%, 72.6%, 63.9% and 46%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Patients without additional risk factors undergoing second and third artificial urinary sphincter surgeries experience revision-free rates similar to those of their initial artificial urinary sphincter devices. Patients who have been treated with pelvic radiation have earlier artificial urinary sphincter complications. When multiple risk factors exist, revision-free rates decrease significantly.
                Cover page: Outcomes and Risk Factors of Revision and Replacement Artificial Urinary Sphincter Implantation in Radiated and Nonradiated Cases.
                • Article
                • Peer Reviewed
                UC San Francisco Previously Published Works (2020)
                  Cover page: PD37-07 OUTCOMES AND RISK FACTORS OF REVISION AND REPLACEMENT ARTIFICIAL URINARY SPHINCTER IMPLANTATION IN RADIATED AND NON-RADIATED PATIENTS
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