Gi/o Protein-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Pertussis Toxin (PTX)
Abstract
:Abbreviations
AC | adenylyl cyclase |
CHO | Chinese hamster ovary |
CaMKII | calmodulin kinase II |
CREB | cAMP response element-binding |
8-CPT | 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate |
eEF2 | eukaryotic elongation factor |
Epac | exchange protein directly activated by cAMP |
ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
GPCRs | G protein-coupled receptors |
Gi/oPCRs | Gi/o protein-coupled receptors |
GPIb | glycoprotein Ib |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
PKA | cAMP-dependent protein kinase |
PTX | Pertussis toxin |
TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4 |
HUVECs | human umbilical vein endothelial cells |
SAA | serum amyloid A |
SPC | sphingosylphosphorylcholine |
TCR | T-cell receptor |
1. Introduction
ADP-Ribosylating Toxin | Bacterium | Target | Pathological Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Pertussis toxin | Bordetella pertussis | Cysteine residue of Gαi subfamily (Gαi, Gαo, and Gαt) except Gαz | Gαi protein-receptor coupling is inhibited, and its signal transduction is blocked. |
Cholera toxin | Vibrio cholerae | Arginine residue of Gαs subfamily (Gαs and Gαolf) | As GTPase activity of the stimulatory Gαs is inhibited, Gαs protein is permanently activated. |
Heat-labile enterotoxin | Escherichia coli | Arginine residue of Gαs subfamily (Gαs and Gαolf) | As GTPase activity of stimulatory Gαs is inhibited, the Gαs protein is permanently activated. |
Diphtheria toxin | Corynebacterium diphtheirae | Diphthamide of eEF2 | Protein synthesis is blocked. |
Exotoxin A | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Diphthamide of eEF2 | Protein synthesis is blocked. |
2. Structure of Pertussis Toxin
3. ADP-Ribosylation Mechanism of PTX
4. Gi/o Protein-Dependent Actions of PTX
α Subunit | Amino Acid | Expression [34,35] | Effect on Effectors | Toxin (Site of Action) |
---|---|---|---|---|
αo | 354 | Heart, neurons, neuroendocrine cells | Inhibition of AC activity [36] | PTX at cysteine 351 [1,37,38] |
Inhibition of Ca2+ channel [39] | ||||
Activation of K+ channel [40] | ||||
αi1-αi3 | 354 | Neurons and ubiquitous | Inhibition of AC activity [41] | PTX at cysteine 351 [1,37,38] |
Inhibition of Ca2+ channel [39,42] | ||||
Activation of K+ channel [40,43] | ||||
αz | 355 | Platelets | Inhibition of AC activity [44] | -(cyteine modified by PTX does not present) [46] |
Inhibition of Ca2+ channel [45] | ||||
Activation of K+ channel [40] | ||||
αt | 350 | Rod/cone outer segments | Activation of cGMP-PDE [47] | PTX at cysteine 351 [37,38] |
CTX at arginine147 [37] | ||||
αgust | 353 | Taste buds; sweet and/or bitter | Activation of cGMP-PDE [48] | PTX at cysteine 350 [37,38] |
5. Gi/o Protein-Independent Actions of PTX
Gi/o Protein-Dependent Effects of PTX | Gi/o Protein-Independent Effects of PTX | |
---|---|---|
Subunit | A-protomer (S1 subunit) | B-oligomer (S2-S3 dimer, S2-S5 dimer, and S5 monomer) |
Onset of action | Slow | Rapid |
Concentration of toxin to induce the effects | Low | High |
Biological effects | Enhance insulin secretion [49] | Induce dendritic cell maturation [14] |
Inhibit lymphocyte and neutrophil migration [52,76] | Inhibit growth cone guidance [78] | |
Inhibit enkephalin stimulation of GTPase [77] | Induce myelomonocytic cell adhesion [79] | |
Inhibit autophosphorylation and activation of insulin receptor kinase [50] | Induce ERK1/2 activation in endothelial cell [59] | |
Activate platelet aggregation [62,69] | ||
Activate T lymphocyte [66,80] | ||
Induce Th1/Th17 immune response through MAPK and IL-10 [74] | ||
Activate tyrosine kinase signaling [12] | ||
Inhibit Tat-induced TGF- β production [81] | ||
Inhibit HIV type 1 replication [82] |
6. Conclusions
References
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Mangmool, S.; Kurose, H. Gi/o Protein-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Pertussis Toxin (PTX). Toxins 2011, 3, 884-899. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3070884
Mangmool S, Kurose H. Gi/o Protein-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Pertussis Toxin (PTX). Toxins. 2011; 3(7):884-899. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3070884
Chicago/Turabian StyleMangmool, Supachoke, and Hitoshi Kurose. 2011. "Gi/o Protein-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Pertussis Toxin (PTX)" Toxins 3, no. 7: 884-899. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3070884
APA StyleMangmool, S., & Kurose, H. (2011). Gi/o Protein-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Pertussis Toxin (PTX). Toxins, 3(7), 884-899. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins3070884