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Setting the Stage for Revolution: Absolute Monarchies

Setting the Stage for Revolution: Absolute Monarchies. Europe. Pre 1400s Small kingdoms/no political unity/Feudalism 1400s-1500s Small kingdoms merge into big kingdoms/End of Feudalism 1600s-1700s Age of Absolute Monarchs. Definitions. 1. Divine Right :.

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Setting the Stage for Revolution: Absolute Monarchies

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  1. Setting the Stage for Revolution: Absolute Monarchies

  2. Europe Pre 1400s Small kingdoms/no political unity/Feudalism 1400s-1500s Small kingdoms merge into big kingdoms/End of Feudalism 1600s-1700s Age of Absolute Monarchs

  3. Definitions 1. Divine Right: Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God. 2. Absolute Monarch: Ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs.

  4. Absolute Monarchies in Europe1550-1800 • Spain • France • England • Austria • Prussia • Russia

  5. Absolute Monarchies in Europe1550-1800 From World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003

  6. Spain – Philip IIRuled 1556-1598 Sought to expand Spanish influence Ruled Spain when the empire was at its height. At points, ruled Portugal, parts of Italy, Netherlands, & England Controlled almost all South America Centralized royal power Wealth from the Spanish New World Taxed the middle class to build the Armada Devout: tried to strengthen Catholic church Waged war against all enemies of the Catholic Church; crushed Protestant revolts in Holland; attempted to invade England; Imposed Inquisition Married Mary I of England – returned England to Catholicism Invaded England with Spanish Armada against Elizabeth I – He lost most of the Armada. (1588)

  7. Spain – Philip IIRuled 1556-1598

  8. “What is done for the state is done for God, who is the basis and foundation of it......Where the interests of the state are concerned, God absolves actions which, if privately committed, would be a crime.” — Cardinal Richelieu

  9. "If you give me six lines writtenby the most honest man, I will findsomething in them to hang him." —Cardinal Richelieu

  10. France – Louis XIVRuled 1643 - 1715 Called himself the Sun King Believed in divine right. “L’etat, c’est moi.” I am the state. Made French army the strongest in Europe France was the wealthiest country in Europe under Louis XIV Louis XIV spent huge amounts of money Built Versailles. War of Spanish Succession

  11. France – Louis XIVVersailles Expanded from a hunting lodge in 1669. Became the symbol to European monarchs of the wealth and power of the king of France. Seat of French government for nearly over 100 years. Its upkeep consumed as much as 25% of the income of France.

  12. Russia Romanoff family united people Descendants of Roman Empire Ivan I married daughter of last Byzantine emperor Caesar = Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible) Peter the Great

  13. Russia – Peter the GreatRuled 1682-1725 • Goal was to westernize Russia. Forced powerful boyars to bow to his will. • Built modern Western city for Russian capital – St. Petersburg. • Spread serfdom. • Studied Western technology. Worked in a shipyard • Extended Russian territory – to Pacific Ocean. • 1700: Fought Sweden for control of Baltic. Gained several Baltic ports

  14. Lands added by Peter the Great

  15. Peter wants to create a new city-St. Petersburg • Banned construction of stone structures anywhere in Russia to prevent materials he needed for his city from being used up elsewhere. • People who ignored his orders were exiled to Siberia. • The czar lacked the labor he needed to build his city so he conscripted (drafted) hundreds of thousands of criminals • Having no tools at first, they dug the mud from the marsh with their bare hands and carried it away in the long shirts that Russian peasants wore at the time. Tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of men died from injury, disease, exhaustion, the freezing temperatures, or starvation

  16. The first residential building in St. Petersburg built for Peter the Great

  17. Catherine the Great (1729-1796) • Born in Germany. • At age 14, she was chosen to marry the grandson of Peter the Great and heir to the Russian throne. • When her incompetent husband was murdered, she became the ruler. • She was intelligent, ambitious, and is know to have had several lovers!

  18. Catherine’s Coronation Coach

  19. Catherine II • Catherine the Great became empress of Russia in 1762 and reigned for 34 years. • She expanded the country's territory and encouraged the development of the arts. • She preserved and extended serfdom.

  20. Statue of Peter the Great ordered built by Catherine the Great

  21. Catherine Palace built in the 1700’s in St. Petersburg

  22. England - Pathway to Revolution1603-1689 • Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) – Absolute ruler of England. • Kept Parliament on her side. • Stabilized the nation and expanded British territory. • Died without an heir. • Country had to decide who would replace her.

  23. England - Pathway to Revolution1603-1689

  24. England – James I (1603 – 1625) • James VI of Scotland • Became James I of England when Elizabeth I died. • Believed in Divine Right of Kings. “Kings are called gods because they sit upon God’s throne on earth. • Ran up a huge debt in England. • Had Bible translated from Latin into English

  25. England – Charles I1625 - 1649 • Charles I of England • Absolute monarch - had no problem with putting his enemies in prison without trial • Ran up a huge debt • Dissolved Parliament in 1629 • Touched off a massive English Civil War between supporters of Charles and supporters of Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell. • Charles I beheaded in 1649.

  26. England – Oliver Cromwell1649 - 1658 • Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector – England • Ruled through the army • Exiled Catholics to Ireland • Strict Puritan laws passed – theaters closed, Sunday set aside for worship, no lewd dancing, taverns or gambling • Religious freedom for everyone else • When Cromwell died, Restoration began.

  27. England – Charles IIThe Restoration1660 - 1685 • Charles II - Popular ruler • Monarchy restored – Hence: Restoration • Bowed to the wishes of Parliament • Restored the Church of England • Stabilized government

  28. England – James II1685 - 1688 • James II - Absolute Ruler • Antagonized Parliament • Ran up a huge debt • Openly Catholic • Forced from throne in what came to be called the Glorious Revolution. • Glorious Revolution

  29. England – William and MaryEnglish Bill of Rights1689 • William and Mary were given the throne after the English Bill of Rights was passed. • Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy. • Parliament had to meet on a regular basis • Monarchy could neither make nor suspend laws • Trial by jury reinstated. • Abolished fines and cruel and unusual punishment. • Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Due process of laws. • Laid groundwork for American system of laws.

  30. Germany Divided by the Reformation The Thirty Years War 1618-1648 Population losses in Germany as a result of the Thirty Years War

  31. From World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003

  32. Austria Ruled by Hapsburgs Resignation of Charles V Separation into Spanish and Austrian branches Hapsburgs married other royal families Grew the Holy Roman Empire

  33. Austria – Maria Theresaruled 1740 - 1780 • Absolute monarch of Austria • Fought Frederick II of Prussia for control of Hungary and Silesia • Reorganized the government • Enlightened Despot • Eased tax burden on her people • Gave more rights to her subjects • Gave birth to 16 children while in power

  34. Prussia – Frederick IIRuled 1740-1786 • Absolute ruler of Prussia (Germany) • Attacked Austria, sparking the War of Austrian Succession • Unified Prussia, part of the Holy Roman Empire, into one nation

  35. Absolutism Summary Chart From World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003

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