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Native Texas Cultures

Native Texas Cultures. Caddo ~ Wichita Tonkawa ~ Apache ~ Comanche ~ Kiowa Jumano ~ Tigua Coahuiltecan ~ Karankawa. First People in Americas. Scientist believe the first people arrived in North America from Asia Freezing temperatures of the Ice Age created huge glaciers

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Native Texas Cultures

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  1. Native Texas Cultures Caddo ~ Wichita Tonkawa ~ Apache ~Comanche ~ Kiowa Jumano ~ Tigua Coahuiltecan~ Karankawa

  2. First People in Americas • Scientist believe the first people arrived in North America from Asia • Freezing temperatures of the Ice Age created huge glaciers • Ocean temperatures fell • Bering Strait became dry forming a “land bridge” called Beringia • Asian peoples crossed “land bridge” between Asia and Alaska • They were hunter-gatherers

  3. First People in Americas • In 1492, Christopher Columbus thought he reached a part of Asia called the “Indies” • Named the people he met “Indians” • Today, we call them Native Americans

  4. The Early Cultures • How do we study past cultures? • Archeologists-scientists who study and learn about past cultures from artifacts they find • How were Indian cultures organized? • Bands – consist of two or more extended families that lived together under one leader. • What is an extended family? • Tribes – multiple bands who follow the same leader and share the same territory and culture.

  5. Southeastern Tribes Wichita Caddo

  6. THE CADDO • Region: Coastal Plains • Piney Woods Area • Housing: Large, Cone-Shaped Houses in Villages • Could hold 8-10 families • Decorated with colorful rugs, baskets, and pottery • Clothing: Deerskin (tanned to a deep black) and Buffalo Hide (in winter) • Tools/Weapons: Bow and Arrow

  7. THE CADDO • Unique Characteristics: • Organized into confederacies • Clay Pottery • Farming/Hunting/Gathering • Contributed to Texas agriculture • “Tay-yas” – Friends • Most Advanced Culture

  8. THE WICHITA • Region: North Central Plains • Housing: Tipis (nomads), Grass Huts • Clothing: Deerskin and Buffalo Hide • Tools/Weapons: Horses for hunting from Kiowas • Unique Characteristics: • Shorter and Darker • “Raccoon Eyes” Tattoos • Farmers

  9. Plains Tribes Kiowa Comanche Lipan- Apache Tonkawa

  10. THE TONKAWA Region: Coastal Plains Housing: Tipis (nomads) Clothing: Buffalo Hide Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools and weapons; Bow and Arrow Unique Characteristics: Became hunters and gatherers after being pushed East from Comanches and Lipan-Apaches Friendly tribe

  11. THE LIPAN-APACHE • Region: Great Plains/Coastal Plains • Housing: Tipis (nomads) • Clothing: Deerskin and Buffalo Hide • Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools and weapons; Bow and Arrow • Unique Characteristics: • Among the first to ride horses – up to 100 miles per day • Some Farming

  12. THE COMANCHE • Region: Great Plains • Housing: Tipis (nomads) • Clothing: Buffalo Hide • Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools and weapons; Bow and Arrow • Unique Characteristics: ENTIRE way of life depended on the buffalo • Pemmican • Known as “warriors of the plains”

  13. THE KIOWAS • Geographic Location: Great Plains • Types of Housing: Tipis (nomads) • Types of Clothing: Buffalo Hide • Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools/weapons; Bow and Arrow • Unique Characteristics: Sun Dance – “Unity” • Became allies with Comanches

  14. Pueblo Tribes Tigua Jumano

  15. THE JUMANO • Region: Mountains and Basins • Small portion of Great Plains • Housing: Adobe Housing (Pueblos) • Many families lived in each Pueblo • Clothing: Capes and Ponchos • Tools/Weapons: Farmers/Farming Tools

  16. THE JUMANO • Unique Characteristics: • Men did most of the farming • Skilled Traders • “Striped People” - horizontal • FIRST to have horses

  17. THE TIGUAS • Region: Mountains and Basins • Housing: Adobe Housing (Pueblos) • Shelters in the fields • Kiva –tribal council meetings • Clothing: Capes and Ponchos • Tools/Weapons: Farming Tools

  18. THE TIGUAS • Unique Characteristics: • Oldest group of Native Americans still living in Texas today – tiny reservation in El Paso

  19. Western Gulf Tribes Coahuiltecan Karankawa

  20. THE COAHUILTECANS • Region: Coastal Plains • Housing: Dome-shaped huts covered with reed mats and animal hides • Independent bands • Very mobile • Clothing: Little clothing • Breechcloths and sandals • Tools/Weapons: Bow and Arrow • Pits to catch javelinas (wild pigs) • Fires

  21. THE COAHUILTECANS • Unique Characteristics: • Hunter-gatherers • Ate many things: snakes, snails, insects, spiders, ROTTEN WOOD, Plants

  22. THE KARANKAWAS • Region: Coastal Plains • Housing: Lean-To/Hut • Held 8 People • Easy to move • Clothing: Deer Skin or Spanish Moss • Tools/Weapons: Long Bow and Arrow

  23. THE KARANKAWAS • Unique Characteristics: • Ceremonial cannibalism • Fishing, hunting and gathering wild plants • Dugout canoes – from tree trunks • Tallest Indians – 6 ft

  24. TEXAS INDIANS TODAY • 100,000 Native Americans live in Texas today • 3 Tribes • Tiguain El Paso • Alabama-Coushatta in East Texas • Kickapoo near Eagle Pass • Most bands settled on reservationsin Oklahoma

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