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Neurons are specialized cells that transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals. The basic parts of a neuron include the cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. At the end of the axon are terminals containing neurotransmitters that allow neurons to communicate at synapses. Myelin sheaths surround axons and increase signal conduction speed. Neurons are classified by structure and function, with multipolar neurons having multiple dendrites and one axon, and bipolar/unipolar neurons having one or two processes. The nervous system includes the central and peripheral divisions.
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classification of nerve fibersrajnidhix1 about nerve fibers
It is the structural and the functional unit of nervous system.
The human nervous system contains approximate 1012 neurons.
A nerve fiber is a thread like extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if present) in the nervous system.
In peripheral nervous system it is formed by
schwann’s cell. While in case of central nervous system it is formed by oligodendroglia.
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IT PREVENTS LEAKAGE OF IONS BY 5000 FOLDS.
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SALTATORY CONDUCTION i.e. ABOUT 100 m/s IN CASE OF
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS WHILE IN NONMYELINATED
IT IS ABOUT 0.25 m/s.
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These are α type motor nerve fibers.
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they innervate smooth muscles , cardiac muscles and glands.
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Erlanger and Grasser studied the action potential of mixed nerve trunk by means of cathode ray oscilloscope and they obtained the compounded spike. So they divided nerve fibers into 3 groups. They observed that the main cause of difference in nerve fibers is diameter
AS Diameter increases
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Threshold of excitation decreases.
Duration of response decreases.
Refractory period decreases.
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classification of nerve fibers
classification of nerve fibersrajnidhix1 about nerve fibers
It is the structural and the functional unit of nervous system.
The human nervous system contains approximate 1012 neurons.
A nerve fiber is a thread like extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if present) in the nervous system.
In peripheral nervous system it is formed by
schwann’s cell. While in case of central nervous system it is formed by oligodendroglia.
The places ,where myelin sheath is absent are called node of ranvier(2-3µm) and these are present once about 1-3 mm distance along the myelin sheath.
IT PREVENTS LEAKAGE OF IONS BY 5000 FOLDS.
IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF CONDUCTION BY 5-50 FOLDS DUE TO
SALTATORY CONDUCTION i.e. ABOUT 100 m/s IN CASE OF
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS WHILE IN NONMYELINATED
IT IS ABOUT 0.25 m/s.
SALTATORY CONDUCTION CONSERVES ENERGY BECAUSE ONLY NODES OF RANVIER GET DEPOLARISED.
These are α type motor nerve fibers.
The neurotransmitter released at the neuron endings is acetylcholine(Ach).
It always leads to muscles excitation . Inhibition takes place centrally due to participation of interneurons.
they innervate smooth muscles , cardiac muscles and glands.
Their main work is to maintain homeostasis with the help of autonomic nervous system.
they can lead to either excitation or inhibition of effector organs
Erlanger and Grasser studied the action potential of mixed nerve trunk by means of cathode ray oscilloscope and they obtained the compounded spike. So they divided nerve fibers into 3 groups. They observed that the main cause of difference in nerve fibers is diameter
AS Diameter increases
Velocity of conduction increases.
Magnitude of electrical response increases.
Threshold of excitation decreases.
Duration of response decreases.
Refractory period decreases.
Properties of nerve fibre
Properties of nerve fibreYogesh Ramasamy The document discusses several key properties and features of nerve fibers:
- Nerve fibers are excitable, conductive, and do not fatigue easily. They conduct all-or-none action potentials and exhibit phenomena like summation and accommodation.
- Nerve fibers have different conduction velocities depending on their type and diameter. Myelination allows for faster conduction.
- When injured, nerve fibers undergo Wallerian degeneration where the distal segment degrades over weeks and the soma attempts repair through axonal sprouting.
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- 1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neuron structure and classification
- 2. Neurons • Neurons = nerve cells – Cells specialized to transmit messages – Major regions of neurons • Cell body – nucleus and metabolic center of the cell • Processes – fibers that extend from the cell body
- 3. Neuron Anatomy • Cell body – Nissl substance – specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum – Neurofibrils – intermediate cytoskeleton that maintains cell shape
- 4. Neuron Anatomy • Extensions outside the cell body – Dendrites – conduct impulses toward the cell body – Axons – conduct impulses away from the cell body
- 5. Axons and Nerve Impulses • Axons end in axonal terminals • Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters • Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap – Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent neurons
- 6. Synapses • Site at which neurons communicate • Signals pass across synapse in one direction • Presynaptic neuron – Conducts signal toward a synapse • Postsynaptic neuron – Transmits electrical activity away from a synapse
- 7. Structure of a Synapses Synapse
- 8. Two Neurons Communicating at a Synapse
- 9. How Neurons Communicate at Synapses
- 10. Myelin Sheaths • Segmented structures composed of the lipoprotein myelin • Surround the axon except at its endings • Form an insulating layer – Prevent leakage of electrical current • Increase the speed of impulse conduction
- 11. Myelin Sheaths • Formed by Schwann cells • Schwann cells wrap in concentric layers around the axon – Cover the axon in a tightly packed coil of membranes
- 12. Myelin Sheaths • Thick axons are myelinated – Fast conduction velocity • Thin axons are unmyelinated – Slow conduction velocity
- 13. Nerve Fiber Coverings • Schwann cells – produce myelin sheaths in jelly-roll like fashion • Nodes of Ranvier – gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
- 14. Nervous System: Functions • Three overlapping functions – Sensory receptors monitor changes inside and outside the body • Change – a stimulus • Gathered information – sensory input – CNS Processes and interprets sensory input • Makes decisions – integration – Dictates a response by activating effector organs • Response – motor output
- 15. Neurons Classified by Function
- 16. Structural Classification of Neurons Classification based on number of processes – Multipolar – Bipolar – Unipolar (pseudounipolar)
- 17. Multipolar Neurons Possess more than two processes Numerous dendrites and one axon
- 18. Bipolar Neurons Possess two processes Rare neurons – found in some special sensory organs
- 19. Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) Neurons Possess one single process Start as bipolar neurons during development
- 20. Structural Classification of the Nervous System • Central nervous system (CNS) – Brain – Spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Nerve outside the brain and spinal cord
- 21. Sensory Input and Motor Output • Sensory signals picked up by sensory receptors – Carried by afferent nerve fibers of PNS to the CNS • Motor signals are carried away from the CNS – Carried by efferent nerve fibers of PNS to effectors – Innervate muscles and glands
- 22. Sensory Input and Motor Output • Divided according to region they serve – Somatic body region – Visceral body region • Results in four main subdivisions – Somatic sensory – Visceral sensory – Somatic motor – Visceral motor
- 23. Somatic Sensory • Somatic sensory – General somatic senses – receptors are widely spread • Touch, pain, vibration, pressure, and temperature • Body sense – position and movement of body in space
- 24. Somatic Motor • Somatic motor – General somatic motor – signals contraction of skeletal muscles • Under voluntary control • Often called “voluntary nervous system”
- 25. Visceral Sensory • Visceral sensory – General visceral senses – stretch, pain, temperature, nausea, and hunger • Widely felt in digestive and urinary tracts, reproductive organs
- 26. Visceral Motor • Visceral motor – Regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and gland secretion – Makes up autonomic nervous system – Controls function of visceral organs – Often called “involuntary nervous system”
- 27. Types of Sensory and Motor Information
- 28. Nerve Fibers That Transmit Different Types of Signals, and Their Physiologic Classification • Nerve fibers come in all sizes between 0.5 and 20 micrometers in diameter-the larger the diameter, the greater the conducting velocity. • The range of conducting velocities is between 0.5 and 120 m/sec
- 29. Physiologic classifications and functions of nerve fibers (Erlanger and Gasser)