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The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a single point that contained all matter and energy. Within the first 3 minutes, the universe expanded from the size of an atom to larger than a grapefruit as energy froze into matter. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the first atoms formed, mostly hydrogen and helium. Stars and galaxies began to take shape between 200-400 million years. Our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, cosmic background radiation, quasars, radioactive decay rates, and observations of stellar formation and distances.
Learning objectives:
Identify the different subsystems that make up the earth
Describe the interactions that transpire in each subsystem
Diagram the subsystems that make up the earth including the interactions that transpire in each interface.
Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow
Origin of the Universe and the Solar SystemNikoPatawaran
The most widely accepted theory of planetary formation, known as the nebular hypothesis, maintains that 4.6 billion years ago, the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud which was light years across.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the content about the Solar System. This is also where you would find some infos about planets and other astronomical bodies.
The document summarizes theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It describes the widely accepted Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began in a hot, dense state and has been expanding ever since. It also briefly outlines alternative theories such as inflationary universe, stationary universe, and oscillating universe. Finally, it provides an overview of the major events and epochs in the development of the universe according to the Big Bang theory, from the initial singularity to the formation of stars and galaxies.
what are the layers of the Earth?
what are at least 3 characteristics of each Earth layer?
Even though scientists cannot travel into the various layers of the earth how do they infer what the structure of the Earth is? Provide 3 examples or more
The document discusses the Big Bang theory and provides evidence that supports it. It describes how Belgian cosmologist Georges Lemaître first proposed the theory in the 1920s that the universe expanded from an initial hot, dense state. It then gives three key pieces of observational evidence: 1) Hubble's discovery of the expansion of the universe, 2) the cosmic microwave background radiation discovered in 1964, and 3) primordial nucleosynthesis, which produced the light elements in the early universe. The document aims to clarify misconceptions about the Big Bang theory and explain what it describes.
Formation of Elements in the Big Bang and Stellar EvolutionWengel Mae Wales
The document discusses the formation of elements in the big bang and stellar evolution. It explains that during the big bang, light elements such as hydrogen, helium, and lithium were formed through nuclear fusion reactions. Heavier elements were later produced during stellar nucleosynthesis inside stars through nuclear fusion reactions like the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle and triple alpha process. Supernovae explosions further contributed to the production of heavier elements that were then dispersed throughout the universe.
The document summarizes the origin and structure of the Earth and solar system. It describes theories for the formation of the universe like the Big Bang theory and theories for the formation of the solar system. It then describes the structure and components of the solar system including the inner terrestrial planets like Earth and Mars, outer gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, and other minor objects like asteroids, comets, and meteorites. It provides details on the composition, atmospheres, moons, and other features of each planet and minor solar system member.
The document provides information on the members of the solar system including the sun, eight planets, asteroids, meteoroids, and comets. It describes the characteristics of each member such as their composition, size, and distance from the sun. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Asteroids are small rocky bodies that orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroids are smaller than asteroids. Comets contain ice and dust and have a coma and tails as they orbit closer to the sun.
This document discusses two conceptions of Earth's history: catastrophism and uniformitarianism. Catastrophism assumes Earth's history was dominated by violent events while uniformitarianism assumes Earth's history can be understood through present-day geological processes and events. The document advocates for uniformitarianism, noting present processes provide keys to understanding the past. It also discusses concepts like relative and absolute dating, fossilization processes, rates of geological change, and radiometric dating techniques like carbon-14 dating that can determine absolute ages.
Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed,
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks, and
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
The relative age of a rock is its age when compared with the ages of other rocksThe absolute age of a rock is a calculation of the number of years that have passed since the rock formed.
Chapter 1. Universe and the Solar Systemjaijai1196
This document provides information about the origin and structure of the universe and solar system. It discusses several theories for the origin of the universe, such as the Big Bang theory and steady state theory. It also covers theories for the origin of the solar system, including the nebular hypothesis. The document then describes the internal structure of Earth, noting it has three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core. Various scientists who contributed to the understanding of Earth systems are also cited, such as James Hutton and Vladimir Vernadsky. Activities are included to help learners better understand these topics.
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
Rocks and Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide
Earth and Life Science - Theories on the Origin of the Solar SystemJuan Miguel Palero
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the origin of the Solar System.
Rock layers are formed through sedimentary processes over long periods of time. Stratified rocks are formed from sediments laid down in layers, and their formation depends on stratigraphy and stratification. There are several laws of stratigraphy that help geologists determine the relative ages of rock layers based on principles like original horizontality, superposition, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions and unconformities. Geologists use physical features of the rock layers as well as index fossils to correlate and match rock layers across different regions in order to reconstruct Earth's history.
The document describes three motions of the sky: diurnal motion caused by the Earth's daily rotation, annual motion caused by the Earth's revolution around the sun making the sun appear to shift eastward over the course of a year, and precession of the equinoxes where the Earth's axis slowly changes direction over 26,000 years causing the equinoxes to precess through the constellations.
The document summarizes the 10 key steps in the generally accepted theory of the formation and evolution of the universe according to the Big Bang theory:
1) The universe began as an incredibly hot, dense point that rapidly expanded in an event known as the Big Bang.
2) The universe underwent a period of rapid exponential expansion known as inflation shortly after the Big Bang.
3) Light chemical elements like hydrogen and helium formed in the first few minutes as the universe cooled and expanded.
4) After about 380,000 years, the universe cooled enough for light to shine through for the first time.
5) The first stars and galaxies emerged from the "cosmic dark ages" over the
1. Stars form from dense clouds of gas and dust in interstellar space.
2. Gravity causes the cloud to contract over many stages until fusion begins in the core and a new star is born on the main sequence.
3. The size and mass of a star determines its position on the HR diagram, with more massive stars being larger and hotter.
1. The document outlines an Earth and Life Science curriculum for Grade 11 covering topics in Earth Science, Geology, Meteorology, and Astronomy.
2. It includes pre-tests on the solar system, planets, and the Big Bang theory. Activities include a jumbled words exercise and an origins of the universe quiz.
3. The curriculum will examine theories on the origins of the solar system and universe such as the nebular hypothesis and provide assignments on the fate of the universe and possibility of finding Earth-like exoplanets.
Theories explaining the origin of the universe.Iris Veda David
The document discusses theories on the origin of the universe. It describes the Big Bang Theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 15 billion years ago from a huge explosion. It also describes the Open Universe theory, where galaxies are continually moving farther apart and may eventually collide in a "Big Crunch." Additionally, it outlines the Steady State theory, which suggests the universe has neither a beginning nor end and matter is constantly created throughout the universe.
The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space and time starting from a state of extreme density and high temperature. Evidence for this theory includes the expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The theory is supported by observations from the COBE satellite which mapped the cosmic microwave background radiation and provided insights into the early universe shortly after the Big Bang. There are several hypotheses for the long-term future of the universe depending on whether its overall density exceeds or falls below the critical density level.
The document summarizes key features of the solar system. It discusses that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust according to the nebular hypothesis. The inner terrestrial planets are rocky with thin atmospheres, while the outer gas giants are low density with thick atmospheres. Recent exploration has found evidence of liquid water on Mars' surface and geological activity on Pluto from images taken by spacecraft like Rosetta and New Horizons.
The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began from an initial expansion approximately 13.8 billion years ago from a hot dense state. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity and Edwin Hubble's discovery that galaxies are moving away from each other provided evidence for this theory. According to the Big Bang, the early universe underwent rapid inflation and cooling, allowing the formation of protons, neutrons, and eventually atoms of hydrogen and helium as it expanded and evolved into the present cosmos.
1. The formation and evolution of the Solar System began about 4.57 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center to form the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk from which the planets, moons, asteroids and other small bodies formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
The document discusses the Big Bang theory and how it relates to both science and theology. It provides background on the development of the theory, including key discoveries and scientists like Einstein, Hubble, Gamow, and Lemaitre. It also discusses how the formation and conditions of the early universe allowed for the eventual emergence of life on Earth through natural chemical processes. The document concludes that science and faith are not in conflict but rather provide complementary visions of the world.
grade 11 Chapter 1 Origin of the Universe knip xin
The document discusses theories about the origin of the universe. It begins by explaining the widely accepted Big Bang theory - that approximately 13.7 billion years ago, all the energy and matter in the universe was compressed into a hot, dense state, and then exploded, expanding and cooling to form the current universe. It then briefly describes some alternative theories, including the creationist theory of a divine creator, the oscillating universe theory of repeated expansion and collapse cycles, and the steady state theory that the universe has always been the same. The document provides examples of galaxies and defines key terms like universe and cosmos.
The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old and contains countless galaxies, many with supermassive black holes at their centers. The Milky Way galaxy is the one that contains our solar system. According to the leading Big Bang theory, the universe began as an extremely hot and dense singularity which expanded rapidly approximately 13 billion years ago, resulting in the formation of hydrogen and helium from the cooling nuclear matter. Evidence for the expansion of the universe and the Big Bang model includes the redshift of distant galaxies and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.
This is a self-made presentation about The Big Bang Theory (NOT the TV show :P) to be given to a lecturer and students of University level. Intended for all those to download who may have presentations to give and can't find a good enough topic :). Everyone else is free to download it for other purposes as well!!
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began as a singularity around 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. It describes the early development and timeline of the universe from the initial singularity through inflation, baryogenesis, and cooling. The theory is supported by evidence like the cosmic microwave background radiation and Hubble's law of universal expansion. The future of the universe is uncertain but may involve continued expansion, eventual contraction, or a flat, stable state.
2. Time begins
• The universe begins
~13.7 Billion years ago
• The universe begins as
the size of a single
atom
• The universe began as
a violent expansion
– All matter and space
were created from a
single point of pure
energy in an instant
3. ~ 3 minutes after big bang
• The universe has grown from
the size of an atom to larger
than the size a grapefruit
• E=mc2
• energy froze into matter
according to Albert Einstein’s
equation.
• This basically says that like
snowflakes freezing, energy
forms matter into clumps that
today we call protons, neutrons
and electrons.
• These parts later form into
atoms
4. ~ Several hundred thousand years
after Big Bang
• ATOMS form
(specifically
Hydrogen and its
isotopes with a
small amount of
Helium.)
• The early Universe
was about 75%
Hydrogen and 25%
Helium. It is still
almost the same
today.
5. ~200 to 400 million years
after Big Bang
• 1st
stars
and
galaxies
form
7. Misconceptions about the Big Bang
• there was no explosion; there was (and continues
to be) an expansion
– Rather than imagining a balloon popping and
releasing its contents, imagine a balloon expanding:
an infinitesimally small balloon expanding to the size
of our current universe
• we tend to image the singularity as a little fireball
appearing somewhere in space
– space began inside of the singularity. Prior to the
singularity, nothing existed, not space, time, matter,
or energy - nothing.
8. Big Bang Timeline –
Include, label and color
1.What happened
2.When each event (thing)
happened
•Big Bang – energy
•Matter
•E=mc2
•protons
•Neutrons
•electrons
•Atoms
•Hydrogen
•helium
•Stars and galaxies
•Our solar system
•Sun and all planets
•Earth (present day)
9. Big Bang evidence
1) Universal expansion and Hubble’s Law
2) 3 degree background radiation
3) Quasars
4) Radioactive decay
5) Stellar formation and evolution
6) Speed of light and stellar distances
10. 1. Universal expansion and Hubble’s Law
a) Hubble observed the majority of galaxies are
moving away from us and each other
b) The farther, the faster they move
c) Red Shift
11. 2. Back ground radiation
a) Noise radiation (static) is
evenly spread across space
b) The amount of radiation
matched predictions
c) C.O.B.E satellite confirmed for
the entire universe that noise
radiation (static) is evenly
spread
d) Law of conservation of energy
(energy can neither be created
or destroyed) – energy remains
constant over time
12. 3. Quasars - super large (solar system size) galactic
cores that put out more light than whole galaxies
• Only found 10-15
billion light years
away
• Found nowhere
else
• Nothing exists past
them
13. 4. Radioactive decay
• Radiometric dating – gives
us the age of items from
the decay of radioactive
materials found within the
object
• Moon rocks have been
dated and found to be
older than Earth
– Gives us an estimated time
that Earth and the Moon
formed
14. 5. Stellar formation and evolution
• We observe the life
cycles of stars
across the universe
using tools such as
satellites and
telescopes
• we view stars form,
burn and explode
15. 6. Speed of light and stellar distances
• The speed of light is a universal
constant of 300,000 km/s2
• We observe stars millions/billions
of light-years away
• A light-year is the distance that
light travels in 1 year – the light
we see today from a star 500 light
years away is 500 years old
• The furthest stars away are 10-15
billion light years away
• We have telescopes that can see
further, but there isn’t anything
viewable
16. LASTLY – we are pretty sure everything has
a beginning, right?