EDWARD SYNDROME
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
52 likes•34,914 views
Edwards syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 18th chromosome. It results in physical abnormalities and intellectual disabilities. Individuals with Edwards syndrome often have heart defects, respiratory issues, and feeding difficulties. Prognosis is generally poor, with 50% surviving the first week and only 5-10% living beyond one year. Treatment focuses on management of symptoms and organ dysfunction. The condition is not inherited but rather caused by a random chromosomal error and cannot be passed to future generations.
EDWARD SYNDROME
- 2. Edwards syndrome • The trisomy 18 syndrome, also known as Edwards syndrome • Common autosomal chromosomal disorder • Presence of an extra chromosome 18.
- 3. Edwards syndrome • The syndrome pattern Comprises of • major and minor anomalies, • an increased risk of neonatal and infant mortality, • significant psychomotor and cognitive disability.
- 4. Prevalence at birth • higher in females compared to males Epidemiology • Trisomy 18 is the second most common autosomal trisomy syndrome after trisomy 21. • 1 in 6,000 BIRTHS
- 5. Types 1. Regular or full (severe) – • this is when every cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 18 • 94% of cases
- 6. Types • 2. Mosaic (less severe) – • when some cells have the usual two copies and some have three copies of chromosome 18. • The extent and severity of the condition will depend on how many cells have the extra copy of chromosome 18 • 5%
- 7. Types • 3. Partial – • when there is an extra copy of only a part of chromosome 18. • The effects of this may be milder
- 8. ETIOLOGY • The extra chromosome is present because of non disjunction • methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) • Polymorphisms in mothers • Advancing maternal age. • A small positive association of paternal age
- 9. PATHOGENESIS • caused by a genetic abnormality • before conception, when egg and sperm cells are made. • A healthy egg or sperm cell contains 23 individual chromosomes • one to contribute to each of the 23 pairs of chromosomes needed to form a healthy, 46 chromosome cell.
- 10. PATHOGENESIS sometimes egg and sperm cells are left with 24 (or more) chromosomes. joining of these egg or sperm cells a trisomy fetus to be formed.
- 11. Clinical description • • • • Prenatal growth deficiency Specific craniofacial features minor, major malformations, marked psychomotor and cognitive developmental delay
- 12. Clinical description • The growth delay starts in prenatal period and continues after the birth • Associated with feeding problems that may require enteral nutrition.
- 13. PROMINENT OCCIPUT SMALL MOUTH AND JAW SMALL NECK WIDE NIPPLES DYSPASTIC EARS SHORT STERNUM SHIELD CHEST CLENCHED HANDS FLEXED BIG TOE PROMINENT HEELS
- 14. smooth 'rocker bottom' feet (with a rounded base)
- 15. clenched fist with overriding fingers (index finger overlapping the third and 5th finger overlapping the 4th
- 16. dolicocephaly anomalies of the ears skin at the back of the neck Short palpebral fissures micrognathia
- 18. Cardiovascular • 80%-100% • ventricular and atrial septal defects, patent • ductus arteriosus and polyvalvular disease
- 19. RESPIRATORY • upper airway obstruction • (in some case due to a laryngomalacia or tracheobronchomalacia) • and central apnea
- 20. • Ophthalmologic • Ears and hearing • Musculoskeletal • Genitourinary • Neoplasia • Neurologic
- 21. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • cerebellar hypoplasia, • agenesis of corpus callosum, • polymicrogyria, • spina bifida • craniofacial orofacial clefts • eye microphthalmia, • coloboma, cataract, • corneal opacities
- 22. Gastrointestinal abnormalities omphalocele, oesophageal atresia tracheo-oesophageal fistula, umbilical or inguinal hernia imperforate anus, pyloric stenosis.
- 23. DIAGNOSIS • PHYSICAL FEATURES • XRAY • ECHO • KARYOTYPING
- 24. Antenatal diagnosis • maternal serum analysis • human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol,and alphafetoprotein are significantly lower, • amniocentesis, • chorionic villus sampling.
- 25. ULTRASONOGRAPHY • FIRST TRIMESTER SCREENING • (nuchal translucency, pregnancyassociated plasma protein and free beta-hCG) • SECOND TRIMESTER • quadruple screening • (serum alpha-fetoprotein, total hCG, unconjugated estriol and inhibin A)
- 26. ULTRASONOGRAPHY • • • • growth retardation, polyhydramnios, “strawberry-shaped” cranium (brachycephaly and narrow frontal cranium),
- 27. ULTRASONOGRAPHY • overlapping of hands fingers (second and fifth on third and fourth respectively), • congenital heart defects, • omphalocele, single umbilical artery • The prevalence of growth retardation and polyhydramnios increases with gestational age
- 28. • Trisomy 18 pregnancies have a high risk of fetal loss and stillbirth
- 29. Survival after birth and neonatal management • There is a high percentage of fetuses dying during labor (38.5%), and the preterm frequency (35%) • Approximately 50% of babies with trisomy 18 live longer than 1 week, and 5-10% of children survive beyond the first year
- 30. Causes of death • Central apnea, • cardiac failure due to cardiac malformations respiratory insufficiency due to • hypoventilation, • aspiration, • upper airway obstruction
- 31. Growth and feeding • Prenatal growth retardation 1700-1800 g • Weight and height < the third centile in the postnatal period • feeding difficulties • sucking and swallowing problems • Gastroesophageal reflux • pneumonia • and aspiration
- 32. Developmental and behavior • Developmental delay is always present • marked to profound degree of psychomotor and intellectual disability • slow gaining of some skills • Expressive language and independently walk are not achieved
- 33. A young lady with full trisomy 18 in early childhood and in adolescence; she lived to 19 years of age and achieved multiple milestones, including sitting and walking in a walker.
- 34. How Is it Treated? • There is no cure for Edwards syndrome. • Ninety to 95 % of all babies born with it die within a year of birth. • The few infants that do survive need special treatment--ranging from muscular therapy to nervous system and skeletal corrections-for their various handicaps.
- 35. MANAGEMENT • nutritional support, • treatment of infections, • transfusions for low blood cell counts, • medications such as diuretics and/or digoxin to manage heart failure
- 36. MANAGEMENT • • • • Health supervision and management follow-up visits anticipatory guidance immunizations
- 37. Can Trisomy 18 Be Passed to Future Generations? • Trisomy 18 is caused by nondisjunction, • it cannot be passed on to future generations.