ACES: Hand
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This document provides information on various topics related to hand injuries and conditions. It covers: 1. Nerve innervation, including the recurrent branch of the median nerve. 2. Common nerve palsies such as wrist drop, median nerve palsy, and ulnar nerve palsy. 3. Blood supply of the hand including the arteries and Allen's test. 4. Common bone injuries like metacarpal neck, shaft, and head fractures. Thumb fractures including Bennett's and Rolando fractures are also discussed. 5. Infections of the hand such as paronychia and felons. 6. Other topics like tendon injuries, metabolic
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ACES: Hand
- 1. CHAPTER 50 HAND 2 OCTOBER 2013
- 2. 1. A 40-year-old male has dislocated his right 2nd MCP. You have pulled as hard as you can but cannot reduce the dislocation. The problem is likely: A. B. C. D. E. He is a “gamer” and has very strong extensor muscles The volar plate is trapped in the joint space The xray represent arthritic change – a mimic of dislocation The head of the metcarpal is probably also fractured He has disrupted the extensor tendon leading to re-dislocation
- 3. 2. An 18-year-old male with anger issues punches a wall, fracturing his 5th metacarpal neck. Which is true? A. B. C. D. E. Up to 15 degrees of rotational deformity is acceptable Nonunion is common in this type of fracture Up to 45 degrees of angulation is acceptable Apex-volar angulation is the most common The PIP and DIP joints must be immobilized also
- 4. 3. A 17-year-old female “jams” her finger in volleyball. There is deformity of the PIP joint Which is true? A. DIP dislocations are more common than PIP dislocations B. Volar plate injury is common in lateral dislocations C. Fractures are rare in this age group, Xray can be skipped D. Even partial tears of the collateral ligaments require repair E. Intra-articular anesthesia is the best way to treat pain
- 5. 4. A 23-year-old suicidal female has cut her volar wrist. Which of the following confirms an intact median nerve? A. B. C. D. E. She can fully flex her wrist She can pronate her hand She can feel skin over the hypothenar eminence She can spread all of her fingers apart She can make the “OK” sign
- 6. 5. A 32-year-old female falls while skiing. She has pain at the base of her thumb. Which is true? A. B. C. D. E. She probably tore the radial-collateral ligament This may be a “game-keeper’s thumb” injury A Bennett’s fracture rarely requires surgery A Rolando fracture rarely requires surgery Her injury is the result of forced flexion/adduction
- 7. 6. Regarding infections of the hand: A. Topical acyclovir is the treatment of choice for herpetic whitlow B. Flexor tenosynovitis is a common dangerous complication of paronychia C. Inability D. Felons rarely need to be drained E. Inability to flex the finger suggests a septic joint
- 8. 7. A metal fabricator suffers a high-pressure injection injury to his third finger with paint thinner. You should: A. B. C. D. Avoid elevation which can cause proximal extension Perform a digital block for pain control Warn the patient that amputation is likely Ask hand surgery to see the pt in the AM when damage will be more obvious E. Encourage range-of-motion exercises
- 9. 8. Regarding tendon injuries of the hand: A. Never test motion against resistance – it may cause partial tendon rupture to fully rupture B. Extensor tendon injury over the MCP is a Zone I injury C. Flexor tendon injuries are more common than extensor D. Boutonniere deformity is the result of injury to the central slip of an flexor tendon E. Swan neck deformity results from poorly managed mallet finger
- 10. 9. Given the following ABG, you suspect: pH 7.41 / HCO3- 13 / PaCO2 19 / PaO2 100 A. Methanol ingestion B. Anxiety-induced hyperventilation C. Profuse diarrhea D. Aspirin overdose E. Persistent vomiting
- 11. 10. A 12kg 3-year-old has been vomiting for a week. He is listless with HR of 180 and delayed capillary refill. Serum sodium is 115. The appropriate fluids orders is: A. B. C. D. E. Isotonic saline infusion at 20mL/hr D5/half-normal saline at 250mL/hr 3% sodium infusion at 20mL/hr Isotonic saline bolus at 20mL/kg Hypertonic saline bolus at 20mL/kg
- 13. 1. A 40-year-old male has dislocated his right 2nd MCP. You have pulled as hard as you can but cannot reduce the dislocation. The problem is likely: A. B. C. D. E. He is a “gamer” and has very strong extensor muscles The volar plate is trapped in the joint space The xray represent arthritic change – a mimic of dislocation The head of the metcarpal is probably also fractured He has disrupted the extensor tendon leading to re-dislocation
- 14. 2. An 18-year-old male with anger issues punches a wall, fracturing his 5th metacarpal neck. Which is true? A. B. C. D. E. Up to 15 degrees of rotational deformity is acceptable Nonunion is common in this type of fracture Up to 45 degrees of angulation is acceptable Apex-volar angulation is the most common The PIP and DIP joints must be immobilized also
- 15. 3. A 17-year-old female “jams” her finger in volleyball. There is deformity of the PIP joint Which is true? A. DIP dislocations are more common than PIP dislocations B. Volar plate injury is common in lateral dislocations C. Fractures are rare in this age group, Xray can be skipped D. Even partial tears of the collateral ligaments require repair E. Intra-articular anesthesia is the best way to treat pain
- 16. 4. A 23-year-old suicidal female has cut her volar wrist. Which of the following confirms an intact median nerve? A. B. C. D. E. She can fully flex her wrist She can pronate her hand She can feel skin over the hypothenar eminence She can spread all of her fingers apart She can make the “OK” sign
- 17. 5. A 32-year-old female falls while skiing. She has pain at the base of her thumb. Which is true? A. B. C. D. E. She probably tore the radial-collateral ligament This may be a “game-keeper’s thumb” injury A Bennett’s fracture rarely requires surgery A Rolando fracture rarely requires surgery Her injury is the result of forced flexion/adduction
- 18. 6. Regarding infections of the hand: A. Topical acyclovir is the treatment of choice for herpetic whitlow B. Flexor tenosynovitis (FTS) is a common dangerous complication of paronychia C. Swelling isolated to the volar finger indicates FTS D. Felons rarely need to be drained E. Pain with axial loading suggests a septic joint
- 19. 7. A metal fabricator suffers a high-pressure injection injury to his third finger with paint thinner. You should: A. B. C. D. Avoid elevation which can cause proximal extension Perform a digital block for pain control Warn the patient that amputation is likely Ask hand surgery to see the pt in the AM when damage will be more obvious E. Encourage range-of-motion exercises
- 20. 8. Regarding tendon injuries of the hand: A. Never test motion against resistance – it may cause partial tendon rupture to fully rupture B. Extensor tendon injury over the MCP is a Zone I injury C. Flexor tendon injuries are more common than extensor D. Boutonniere deformity is the result of injury to the central slip of an flexor tendon E. Swan neck deformity results from poorly managed mallet finger
- 21. 9. Given the following ABG, you suspect: pH 7.41 / HCO3- 13 / PaCO2 19 / PaO2 100 A. Methanol ingestion B. Anxiety-induced hyperventilation C. Profuse diarrhea D. Aspirin overdose E. Persistent vomiting
- 22. 10. A 12kg 3-year-old has been vomiting for a week. He is listless with HR of 180 and delayed capillary refill. Serum sodium is 115. The appropriate fluids orders is: A. B. C. D. E. Isotonic saline infusion at 20mL/hr D5/half-normal saline at 250mL/hr 3% sodium infusion at 20mL/hr Isotonic saline bolus at 20mL/kg Hypertonic saline bolus at 20mL/kg
- 26. RECURRENT BRANCH OF THE MEDIAN “The million dollar nerve.” Opposes thumb, abducts thumb and helps to flex thumb. Purely motor. NERVES Sensory Motor Recurrent Palsies VESSELS BONES INFECTIONS MISC
- 27. NERVE PALSIES • Wrist drop – radial nerve palsy • “Ape hand” – median nerve palsy • Claw / “Bishop’s hand” – ulnar nerve palsy NERVES Sensory Motor Recurrent Palsies VESSELS BONES INFECTIONS MISC
- 29. ALLEN’S TEST • Clench fist compress artery relax hand • If positive, good collateral flow from opposite side is nto present • Perform prior to ABG, etc. NERVES VESSELS Arteries Allen’s Test BONES INFECTIONS MISC
- 30. BONES NERVES VESSELS BONES M-C Neck M-C Shaft M-C Head Thumb Dislocation INFECTIONS MISC
- 31. METACARPAL NECK FRACTURE • • • • • The most common hand fractures Boxer’s fracture: fracture of the neck of 5th m-c All have volar angulation Ring & 5th mc tolerate greater angulation • Ring < 35°, 5th < 45° Index and middle fingers • Less mobility, tolerate less angulation (<15°) • Radial gutter splint ROTATIONAL DEFORMITY UNACCEPTABLE NERVES VESSELS BONES M-C Neck M-C Shaft M-C Head Thumb Dislocation INFECTIONS MISC
- 32. METACARPAL NECK FRACTURE BOXER’S FRACTURE NERVES VESSELS BONES M-C Neck M-C Shaft M-C Head Thumb Dislocation INFECTIONS MISC
- 33. METACARPAL SHAFT FRACTURE • Angulation rarely acceptable for 2nd and 3rd • Angulation amounts that are acceptable: • • • Index 10° Long 20° Ring 30° Small 40° Operative fixation is often required for 2nd and 3rd metacarpals Ulnar gutter splints usually fail to maintain any significant correction of angulation Short-arm casting with “outriggers” do work ROTATIONAL DEFORMITY UNACCEPTABLE NERVES VESSELS BONES M-C Neck M-C Shaft M-C Head Thumb Dislocation INFECTIONS MISC
- 34. METACARPAL HEAD FRACTURE • • • • • Intra-articular fractures Direct trauma or crush Laceration over MCP suspect human bite Any displacement gives poor outcome All require hand referral NERVES VESSELS BONES M-C Neck M-C Shaft M-C Head Thumb Dislocation INFECTIONS MISC
- 35. THUMB FRACTURE Bennett’s Fracture • Axial load with hand closed • Ulnar aspect of base of thumb at metacarpal joint • Intra-articular with disloc/sublux at the CMC joint • Anatomical reduction required, ORIF Rolando Fracture • Comminuted intra-articular, requires ORIF • No subluxation dislocation of CMC joint • Worse prognosis NERVES VESSELS BONES M-C Neck M-C Shaft M-C Head Thumb Dislocation INFECTIONS MISC
- 36. THUMB FRACTURE BENNETT ROLANDO THUMB SPICA AND EMERGENT ORTHO/HAND REFERRAL NERVES VESSELS BONES M-C Neck M-C Shaft M-C Head Thumb Dislocation INFECTIONS MISC
- 37. GAMEKEEPER’S (SKIER’S) THUMB Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of thumb MCP joint UCL critical for pinch and grasp Forced radial abduction MCP joint Assoc avulsion fracture is common Treatment • Partial tear: thumb spica splint • Complete tear: surgery • Complication: chronic instability • Bull rider’s thumb = RCL injury • • • • • NERVES VESSELS BONES M-C Neck M-C Shaft M-C Head Thumb Dislocation INFECTIONS MISC
- 38. DISLOCATIONS • DIP dislocation - uncommon • PIP dislocation - common • Dorsal dislocation very common (rupture of volar plate, ulnar deviation 2 RCL rupture) • Reduction: dig block distraction slight hyperextension relocate splint • Can’t reduce?? volar plate entrapment • MCP • Less common than PIP dislocation • Hyperextension, rupture of volar plate, dorsal dislocation • Volar plate is commonly entrapped NERVES VESSELS BONES M-C Neck M-C Shaft M-C Head Thumb Dislocation INFECTIONS MISC
- 39. TRACTION WITHOUT DORSAL FORCE = VOLAR PLATE ENTRAPPED NERVES VESSELS BONES M-C Neck M-C Shaft M-C Head Thumb Dislocation INFECTIONS MISC
- 40. PARONYCHIA • Acute nailbed infection – usually staph • Chronic infection: • C. albicans, other fungi • Moist hands (dishwashers, bartenders) • Treatment: I&D, soaks, ABX not indicated • Consider osteo if not improv. • Do not I&D herpetic whitlow • herpetic myositis NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTION Paronychia Felon Abscess FTS MISC
- 43. FELON • Acute pulp space infection • Usually staph • Treatment: I&D and antibiotics NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTION Paronychia Felon Abscess FTS MISC
- 44. FELON FISH-MOUTH INCISION NOT RECOMMENDED NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTION Paronychia Felon Abscess FTS MISC
- 45. COLLAR BUTTON ABSCESS • Palmar aponeurosis prevents extension volarly • Pus spreads between MC bones and erupts dorsally creating a hand abscess • A volar and dorsal abscess connected by a tract • Look for splinter/FB on the palm NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTION Paronychia Felon Abscess FTS MISC
- 46. FLEXOR TENOSYNOVITIS • Volar puncture wound or catbite • Kanavel criteria: 1. Circumferential/fusiform swelling - “sausage” 2. Pain on palpation of proximal tendon sheath 3. Pain on passive extension 4. Flexed finger position at rest • Treatment: splint, IV antibiotics, surgical I&D NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTION Paronychia Felon Abscess FTS MISC
- 47. FLEXOR TENOSYNOVITIS • Volar puncture wound or catbite • Kanavel criteria: 1. Circumferential/fusiform swelling - “sausage” 2. Pain on palpation of proximal tendon sheath 3. Pain on passive extension 4. Flexed finger position at rest • Treatment: splint, IV antibiotics, surgical I&D NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTION Paronychia Felon Abscess FTS MISC
- 48. AMPUTATION CARE • Plastic bag in ice water (not directly in water) • Thumb has better outcome proximal to IP joint • Distal third of fingertip doesn't need graft in small children NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTIONS MISC Amputation Mallet Finger Boutonniere Splinting
- 49. AMPUTATION CARE • Indications for replantation • Multiple digits • Thumb • Single digit between PIP & DIP (distal to the superficialis insertion) • Metacarpal (palm) • Wrist, forearm • Almost any part in child NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTIONS MISC Amputation Mallet Finger Boutonniere Splinting CLEAN AND SHARP = BETTER OUTCOME
- 50. MALLET FINGER • Extensor tendon disruption • Forced flexion against resistance (ball striking finger) • Splint in extension NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTIONS MISC Amputation Mallet Finger Boutonniere Splinting
- 51. BOUTONNIERE DEFORMITY • Central slip disruption at PIP • Forced flexion at PIP against resistance • Results in DIP extension PIP flexion • Splint in extension NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTIONS MISC Amputation Mallet Finger Boutonniere Splinting
- 52. HAND SPLINTING Intrinsic-plus – “Safe position” • For metacarpal and unstable prox and mid phalanx fractures • Decreases “freeze” at MCP • Decreases “freeze” at PIP NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTIONS MISC Amputation Mallet Finger Boutonniere 10-20⁰ Splinting
- 53. HAND SPLINTING Wrist and carpal injuries NERVES VESSELS BONES INFECTIONS MISC Amputation Mallet Finger Boutonniere Splinting