New criticism
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New Criticism is a method of literary analysis that focuses solely on analyzing the text itself without consideration of external contexts like the author's life or the reader's response. It treats the text as an independent, self-contained object that contains all the necessary information to interpret its meaning. The method employs a structured, formulaic analysis to determine the text's organic unity and heresy of paraphrase. It has limitations in that it believes in one correct reading and ignores ambiguity, as well as being rigidly structured and possibly elitist.
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Writing Style:
Taufiq Rafat is known for his experimental and innovative approach to poetry. He broke away from traditional forms and structures and embraced a more modernist and surrealistic style. His poetry often featured vivid and imaginative imagery, intricate wordplay, and a blending of traditional and contemporary elements. Rafat's writing was marked by a deep sensitivity to the natural world and a keen observation of everyday life.
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BY
ARCHIBALD MACLEISH
A poem should be palpable and mute
As a globed fruit,
Dumb
As old medallions to the thumb,
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As the flight of birds.
*
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*
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Copyright © 1985 by The Estate of Archibald MacLeish. Reprinted with the permission of Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Source:
Collected Poems 1917-1952
(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1952)
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New criticism
- 2. Analyse this! Baa, baa,black sheep, Have you any wool? Yes Sir, Yes Sir Three bags full. One for the master, One for the dame, And one for the little boy Who lives down the lane.
- 3. New Criticism Method of literary analysis, primarily for poems “ Text and Text Alone” Approach Text contains all necessary information for interpreting meaning Text's meaning must be analysed independent of author’s beliefs, attitudes, values, emotions ; reader’s emotional response is unimportant Poem = Object Evaluation follows scientific inquiry Structured/Formulaic method of analysis Organic Unity Heresy of Paraphrase
- 4. Applying New Criticism A poem should be palpable and mute As a globed fruit, Dumb As old medallions to the thumb, Silent as the sleeve-worn stone Of casement ledges where the moss has grown— A poem should be wordless As the flight of birds. A poem should be motionless in time As the moon climbs, Leaving, as the moon releases Twig by twig the night-entangled trees, Leaving, as the moon behind the winter leaves, Memory by memory the mind— A poem should be motionless in time As the moon climbs. A poem should be equal to: Not true. For all the history of grief An empty doorway and a maple leaf. For love The leaning grasses and two lights above the sea— A poem should not mean But be. Ars Poetica Archibald MacLeish
- 5. Applying New Criticism The snows of the Tyrol, the clear beer of Vienna Are not very pure or true. With my gypsy ancestress and my weird luck And my Taroc pack and my Taroc pack I may be a bit of a Jew. I have always been sacred of you, With your Luftwaffe, your gobbledygoo. And your neat mustache And your Aryan eye, bright blue. Panzer-man, panzer-man, O You---- Not God but a swastika So black no sky could squeak through. Every woman adores a Fascist, The boot in the face, the brute Brute heart of a brute like you. Excerpt from Daddy Sylvia Plath
- 6. Limitations Focuses solely on the text itself and isolates it from all extrinsic factors such as the historical and social context, as well as the poet's background and biography. Ill-adapted method to certain types of writing
- 7. Limitations Believes in only one "correct" reading, it also ignores the ambiguity of language and the active nature of the perception of meaning Very rigid and structured Perceived as elitist, because it excludes those readers who lack the background for arriving at the "correct" interpretation.
Editor's Notes
- #4: o Poem has ontological status – it possesses its own being and exists like any other object o Objective theory of art – meaning of a poem must not be equated with author’s feelings; stated/implied intentions o Against Intentional Fallacy – believing that a poem’s meaning is nothing more than an expression of private experiences/author’s intentions o Against Affective Fallacy – a reader’s emotional response to text is not equivalent or important to its interpretation o Organic unity – all parts of a poem are interrelated and interconnected Against Heresy of Paraphrase – Poem’s interpretation is equal to a mere paraphrased version of the text