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The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century and transformed the world through new manufacturing processes powered by steam engines fueled by coal. This allowed for mass production of goods like cotton textiles in new factories. It led to rapid urbanization as many moved from farms to crowded cities for work. While it increased productivity and economic growth, the Industrial Revolution also brought problems like pollution, poor working conditions, including the exploitation of child labor.

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Industrial Revolution
First Agricultural Revolution The first big economic change in history: – from Hunting/Gathering to Farming – Allowed for specialization, cities, kingdoms, empires
Then . . . things didn’t change for a long time Best estimates for human productivity calculate annual per capita GDP fluctuating between $400 and $559 for seven thousand years
The Malthusian Trap Why didn’t things change? Population increases exponentially while resources increase linearly
The Malthusian Trap What does that mean? Although humanity often invented better ways of feeding and transporting itself, the population would then increase and use up all of the extra resources, leaving everyone in exactly the same place as before
The Malthusian Trap “Here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that.” -- The Red Queen (Alice in Wonderland)
WHEN HUMANITY FINALLY LEARNED TO RUN TWICE AS FAST: The Industrial Revolution
It changed the world Annual per capita GDP climbed to more than $6,000 by 2000
It all began . . . in England Woman working a Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny
Why England? Reason #1: Enclosures Process of fencing in land that had belonged to everybody (“the commons”) for the use of one wealthy individual Large, regular enclosure movement fields
Effects of Enclosure: 1. More efficient use of land and new agricultural techniques fed a larger population 2. Left huge numbers of small farmers with no land, starving and homeless. They moved to the cities, which made a large class of desperate people to work in factories.
Why England? Reason #2: Geography • Large supplies of coal and iron • Long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural harbors provided easy transportation
Why England? Reason #3: Patents • Based on notion that ideas are not simply something one discovers, but something one owns (a kind of property - remember John Locke?)
• Purpose - gives people the incentive to invent, because no one can steal their ideas • Democratizes the act of invention - people prosper by their intelligence, not their birth
Why England? Reason #4: Colonial Empire Britain aggressively built colonies – Provided growing market for British manufactured goods – Provided raw materials (like cotton for the textile industry)
It all began with cloth (textiles) Britain had a thriving “cottage industry” for centuries before this, in which rural people manufactured goods in the home But new inventions changed that . . .
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”, 1733
James Hargreaves’ “Spinning Jenny,” 1764
Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System” The Water Frame, 1771
Samuel Crompton’s “Spinning Mule,” 1779
Edmund Cartwright’s “Power Loom,” 1785
Effects of Textile Machines • Major historical development: the world’s first large factories were created • Destroyed cottage industry • Produced cotton goods that were cheaper - now everyone could afford good clothes
Lack of Power = Poverty Man behind plow and woman at spinning wheel could employ only horsepower and human muscle in their labor. No matter how hard they worked, they could not produce very much.
The Problem of Energy If water had remained only source of power, industry would have been cut short BUT . . . this would change
Breakthrough: The Steam Engine • The Industrial Revolution’s most fundamental advance in technology • For the first time in history, humanity had almost unlimited power at its disposal
James Watt’s Steam Engine, 1769
Steam Tractor
Robert Fulton’s Steamship, 1807
George Stevenson’s Steam Locomotive, Rocket
• Steam power was made possible with coal, to heat the water • Huge increase in coal production and mines went deeper and deeper
Migration The Industrial Revolution created mass movements of people, as people moved from the countryside into cities looking for work. This led to huge numbers crammed into tenement neighbor- hoods.
Urbanization • New districts of identical rows of houses built quickly and cheaply to house factory and foundry workers in rapidly growing industrial towns • Much poor quality housing, densely packed, with little sunlight and few amenities
Industrial Staffordshire
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Water Pollution • Rivers and canals polluted by sewage and industrial waste • Cholera and typhoid killed many poor people who used water from canals and rivers for cleaning and cooking
Air Pollution • Dense fogs of soot and noxious waste gases covered towns built around iron and steel works • Increased pneumonic diseases and smog episodes begin killing residents of large cities like London.
The Peppered Moth Industrialization produced smoke which killed lichens growing on trees and blackened their bark. Pale-colored moths which had been well camouflaged before when they rested on tree trunks became very conspicuous and were eaten by birds. Rare dark moths, which had been conspicuous before, were now well camouflaged in the black background. As birds switched from eating mainly dark moths to mainly pale moths, the most common moth color changed from pale to dark.
Noise Pollution • Disruption for people living around iron works and cotton mills from noisy steam- or water- powered machines running day and night • Deafness common among industrial workers and inhabitants of industrial towns
Child Labor • Before the Industrial Revolution: – Children had always worked, but it was at home or on farm – Cottage workers did not want to go to factories • Long, monotonous hours • Few breaks
Child Labor At first, factories employed pauper children - exploited orphans who had no say and were badly treated
Child Labor Families would try to work in mills and mines together Later, families were split up and overseers would discipline children Parents feared to protest
Child Labor • Reforms – Factory Act of 1833 • Limited workday for kids 9-13 to 8 hours • Limited workday for kids 14-18 to 12 hours • Children under nine enrolled in school – Child Labor began to decline

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  • 2. First Agricultural Revolution The first big economic change in history: – from Hunting/Gathering to Farming – Allowed for specialization, cities, kingdoms, empires
  • 3. Then . . . things didn’t change for a long time Best estimates for human productivity calculate annual per capita GDP fluctuating between $400 and $559 for seven thousand years
  • 4. The Malthusian Trap Why didn’t things change? Population increases exponentially while resources increase linearly
  • 5. The Malthusian Trap What does that mean? Although humanity often invented better ways of feeding and transporting itself, the population would then increase and use up all of the extra resources, leaving everyone in exactly the same place as before
  • 6. The Malthusian Trap “Here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that.” -- The Red Queen (Alice in Wonderland)
  • 7. WHEN HUMANITY FINALLY LEARNED TO RUN TWICE AS FAST: The Industrial Revolution
  • 8. It changed the world Annual per capita GDP climbed to more than $6,000 by 2000
  • 9. It all began . . . in England Woman working a Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny
  • 10. Why England? Reason #1: Enclosures Process of fencing in land that had belonged to everybody (“the commons”) for the use of one wealthy individual Large, regular enclosure movement fields
  • 11. Effects of Enclosure: 1. More efficient use of land and new agricultural techniques fed a larger population 2. Left huge numbers of small farmers with no land, starving and homeless. They moved to the cities, which made a large class of desperate people to work in factories.
  • 12. Why England? Reason #2: Geography • Large supplies of coal and iron • Long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural harbors provided easy transportation
  • 13. Why England? Reason #3: Patents • Based on notion that ideas are not simply something one discovers, but something one owns (a kind of property - remember John Locke?)
  • 14. • Purpose - gives people the incentive to invent, because no one can steal their ideas • Democratizes the act of invention - people prosper by their intelligence, not their birth
  • 15. Why England? Reason #4: Colonial Empire Britain aggressively built colonies – Provided growing market for British manufactured goods – Provided raw materials (like cotton for the textile industry)
  • 16. It all began with cloth (textiles) Britain had a thriving “cottage industry” for centuries before this, in which rural people manufactured goods in the home But new inventions changed that . . .
  • 17. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”, 1733
  • 19. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System” The Water Frame, 1771
  • 22. Effects of Textile Machines • Major historical development: the world’s first large factories were created • Destroyed cottage industry • Produced cotton goods that were cheaper - now everyone could afford good clothes
  • 23. Lack of Power = Poverty Man behind plow and woman at spinning wheel could employ only horsepower and human muscle in their labor. No matter how hard they worked, they could not produce very much.
  • 24. The Problem of Energy If water had remained only source of power, industry would have been cut short BUT . . . this would change
  • 25. Breakthrough: The Steam Engine • The Industrial Revolution’s most fundamental advance in technology • For the first time in history, humanity had almost unlimited power at its disposal
  • 26. James Watt’s Steam Engine, 1769
  • 30. • Steam power was made possible with coal, to heat the water • Huge increase in coal production and mines went deeper and deeper
  • 31. Migration The Industrial Revolution created mass movements of people, as people moved from the countryside into cities looking for work. This led to huge numbers crammed into tenement neighbor- hoods.
  • 32. Urbanization • New districts of identical rows of houses built quickly and cheaply to house factory and foundry workers in rapidly growing industrial towns • Much poor quality housing, densely packed, with little sunlight and few amenities
  • 35. Water Pollution • Rivers and canals polluted by sewage and industrial waste • Cholera and typhoid killed many poor people who used water from canals and rivers for cleaning and cooking
  • 36. Air Pollution • Dense fogs of soot and noxious waste gases covered towns built around iron and steel works • Increased pneumonic diseases and smog episodes begin killing residents of large cities like London.
  • 37. The Peppered Moth Industrialization produced smoke which killed lichens growing on trees and blackened their bark. Pale-colored moths which had been well camouflaged before when they rested on tree trunks became very conspicuous and were eaten by birds. Rare dark moths, which had been conspicuous before, were now well camouflaged in the black background. As birds switched from eating mainly dark moths to mainly pale moths, the most common moth color changed from pale to dark.
  • 38. Noise Pollution • Disruption for people living around iron works and cotton mills from noisy steam- or water- powered machines running day and night • Deafness common among industrial workers and inhabitants of industrial towns
  • 39. Child Labor • Before the Industrial Revolution: – Children had always worked, but it was at home or on farm – Cottage workers did not want to go to factories • Long, monotonous hours • Few breaks
  • 40. Child Labor At first, factories employed pauper children - exploited orphans who had no say and were badly treated
  • 41. Child Labor Families would try to work in mills and mines together Later, families were split up and overseers would discipline children Parents feared to protest
  • 42. Child Labor • Reforms – Factory Act of 1833 • Limited workday for kids 9-13 to 8 hours • Limited workday for kids 14-18 to 12 hours • Children under nine enrolled in school – Child Labor began to decline