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Vitamins

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Vitamins are essential nutrients that support growth, maintenance and regulation of bodily processes. There are 13 vitamins that are divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble categories. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E and K which are stored in the body and have different deficiency and toxicity symptoms compared to water-soluble vitamins like C and the B vitamins which are not stored and require more regular intake. A balanced diet with variety is important to obtain the necessary vitamins, while too little or too much of certain vitamins can cause harm.

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VITAMINS  Vitamins are essential to life  Vitamins are required for:  Growth  Maintenance  Regulation of body processes
VITAMIN  Vitamins do not supply energy  However, some vitamins do function as coenzymes in the release of energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats  Some vitamins available from foods in inactive forms known as precursors  Once inside the body, precursors are converted into an active form of the vitamin
VITAMIN  13 different vitamins, each with its own roles  Vitamins grouped into two major categories:  Fat-soluble (4 fat soluble)  Vitamin A  Vitamin D  Vitamin E  Vitamin K  Water-soluble (9 water soluble: 8 B vitamins & C)  Thiamin  Riboflavin  Niacin  Biotin  Pantothenic acid  Vitamin B6  Folate  Vitamin B12  Vitamin C
VITAMIN  Fat-soluble vitamins  Found in fats and oils of foods  After absorbed enter lymph, then blood  Protein carriers for transport  Stored (fatty tissue/liver)  Doesn’t need as regularly - weekly, monthly; because stored  Deficiencies slow to develop; because stored  Toxicities more likely; because stored (mostly from supplements)  Precursors  Fecal excretion  Water-soluble vitamins  Found in watery parts of foods  After absorbed move directly into blood  Transported freely in blood  Not stored  Needed more regularly – every 1-3 days; because not stored  Deficiencies fast to develop; because not stored  Toxicities less likely (large amounts can overwhelm)  Usually no precursors  Urine excretion
VITAMIN  Consuming vitamins in the right amount is important  Inadequate amounts can cause harm and excessive amounts can cause harm  More is not better  The fact a compound can be essential and harmful is true of most nutrients
Getting The Variety of Vitamins  Normally, a well balanced diet based on the Food Plan and a variety of foods will provide enough vitamins.  A variety of foods is needed to have a healthy diet.
VITAMIN A  Other Names  Retinol ( Vit . A group )  Retinal (Aldehyde group )  Retinoic acid ( Acid group )
VITAMIN A 1. Vitamin A: 1 IU is the biological equivalent of 0.3 mcg retinol.  RDA  900 µg RAE/day  700 µg RAE/day  Upper Level  3,000 ug/day
VITAMIN A FUNCTIONS  Maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin  Bone and tooth growth  Reproduction , Immunity  Vision. ABSORPTION Vit. A is almost completely absorbed in normal human organs and pass along with fat through the lymphatic system into the blood streams .
VITAMIN A  Food Source  Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver.  Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)
VITAMIN A  Deficiency Disease  Hypovitaminosis A  Deficiency Symptoms  Night blindness  Corneal drying (xerosis), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), corneal degeneration and blindness  Triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots)
VITAMIN A  Toxicity Disease  Hypervitaminosis A  Toxicity Symptoms  Chronic toxicity  Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density  Liver abnormalities  Birth defects  Acute toxicity  Blurred vision  Nausea, vomiting, vertigo  Headaches, increased pressure inside the skull mimicking a brain tumor
VITAMIN D  Other Names  Calciferol, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol)  The animal version is vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol  The plant version is vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol .
VITAMIN D  Recommended Dietary Allowance  Adults: 600 IU/day (19-50 yr)  Adults: 600 IU/day (51-70 yr)  Adults: 800 IU/day (71 + yr)  Upper Level  Adults: 4,000 IU/day
VITAMIN D  Functions  Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)
VITAMIN D  Food Sources  Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight  Fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals and chocolate mixes  Veal, beef, egg yolk, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oils
VITAMIN D  Deficiency Diseases 1 . Rickets 2. Osteomalacia
VITAMIN D  Rickets in Children Deficiency Symptoms  Inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs) Enlargement of ends of long bones(knees, wrists)  Deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs)  Delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head  Lax muscles (Lax abdomen is a condition where the muscles of abdomen (rectus abdominis) become weak and flabby resulting in loss of elasticity of muscles, leading to protrusion of belly.) resulting in protrusion of abdomen  Muscle spasms
VITAMIN D  Osteomalacia in Adults Deficiency Symptoms  Loss of calcium resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones  Progressive weakness  Pain in pelvis, lower back and legs
VITAMIN D  Toxicity Disease  Hypervitaminosis D  Toxicity Symptoms  Elevated blood calcium  Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)  Frequent urination
VITAMIN E  Other Names  Alpha-tocopherol  RDA  Adults: 15 mg/day  Upper Limit  Adults: 1,000 mg/day
VITAMIN E  Functions  Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A  It is protect the red blood cells from haemolysis by oxidising agents .  It also protection to liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride poisoning.
VITAMIN E  Food Sources  margarine, salad .  Leafy green vegetables  Liver, egg yolk, nuts and seeds Some oils are good sources : coconut oil groundnut oil soybean oil sunflowerseeds oil mustard oil rice bran oil .
VITAMIN E  Deficiency Symptoms  Red blood cell breakage  Nerve damage  Muscular dystrophy .  Toxicity Symptoms  Augments the effect of anti-clotting medication
VITAMIN K  Other Names  Vitamine K 1 : Phylloquinone,, phytomenadione, Vitamine K2 : naphthaquinone , menadione .  Adequate Intake  Men: 120 µg/day  Women: 90 µg/day
VITAMIN K  Function  Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins  Vitamine k is essential for formulation of …. . Factor 2 : prothrombin . . Factor 7 : stable . Factor 9 : Christmas Factor . Factor 10 : Stuart Factor  Food Sources : Best sources : green leafy vegetables, cabbage vegetables,spinach,cauliflowers,wheat germ .  Poor sources : Milk, Liver,fish,meat .
VITAMIN K  Deficiency Symptoms  Hemorrhaging  Inadequate intestional absorption .  Toxicity Symptoms  None known
VITAMIN C  Other Names  Ascorbic acid  RDA  Men: 90 mg/day  Women: 75 mg/day  Smokers: +35 mg/day  Upper Level  Adults: 2,000 mg/day
VITAMIN C  Functions  Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessels walls, farms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth)  Antioxidant  Thyroxin synthesis  Amino acid metabolism  Strengthens resistance to infection  Helps in absorption of iron  To help in rapid wound healing by formation of connective tissues.
VITAMIN C  Good Sources : Citrus fruits (oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, lemons, lime ),Strawberries and other berries, cantaloupe and other melons, papayas, mangoes, and tomatoes. Rich sources : Amla ,Guava . Green leafy vegetable : Cabbage-type vegetables; Dark green vegetables (such as bell peppers and broccoli ,spinach .
VITAMIN C  Deficiency Disease  Scurvy  Deficiency Symptoms  Anemia, atherosclerotic plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages  Bone fragility, joint pain Poor wound healing,  Bleeding gums, loosened teeth  Muscle degeneration and pain  Hysteria, depression Rough skin, blotchy bruises
SCURVY  The primary cause of scurvy is insufficient intake of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). This may be due to ignorance, famine, anorexia, restrictive diets (due to allergies, food fads, etc.), or difficulty orally ingesting foods. Historically, scurvy was the result of long sea voyages where sailors did not bring along enough foods with vitamin C .
VITAMIN C  Toxicity Symptoms  Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea  Headache, fatigue, insomnia  Hot flashed, rashes  Interference with medical tests  Aggravation of gout symptoms  Urinary tract problems, kidney stones
VITAMIN C  Treatment : 100 mg ascorbic acid twice a daily and it should be by administered Intramuscularly for week . Oral dose should be administered 500 mg for one month .
VITAMIN B1  Other Names  Thiamin  RDA  Men: 1.2 mg/day  Women: 1.1 mg/day
VITAMIN B1  Function  Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism  It is essential for oxidation of pyruvic acid .  It is essential to maintain the nerves in healthy condition .  Good Sources Whole-grain, fortified, or enriched grain products, legumes,nuts . Fair sources : fruits , milk , meat , fish.
VITAMIN B1  Deficiency Disease  Beriberi (wet with edema; dry with muscle wasting)  Deficiency Symptoms  Enlarged heart, cardiac failure  Muscular weakness  Apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability  Anorexia, weight loss  Toxicity Symptoms  None reported
BERI-BERI  Beriberi is a neurological and cardiovascular disease.  The three major forms of the disorders are A. Dry beriberi (Muscles wasting ) B. Wet beriberi (cardiovascular C. Infantile beriberi (malnourisedmother)
DRY BERI-BERI Dry beriberi causes wasting and partial paralysis resulting from damaged peripheral nerves . It is characterized by :  Difficulty in walking  Tingling or loss of sensation (numbness) in hands and feet  Loss of tendon reflexes  Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs  Mental confusion/speech difficulties  Pain  Involuntary eye movements (nystagmus)  Vomiting.
WET BERI-BERI  Wet beriberi is associated with mental confusion, muscular atrophy, edema, tachycardia, cardiomegaly, and congestive heart failure in addition to peripheral neuropathy .
VITAMIN B1 Treatment : In adult – (IM) 25 mg thiamine by daily for one weak . (orally) 10 mg thiamine by 3 times in a day (T.D.S) for 1 to 2 month .
VITAMIN B2  Other Names  Riboflavin  RDA  Men: 1.3 mg/day  Women: 1.1 mg/day
VITAMIN B2  Function : Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism of carbohydrates,protein and fats  Rich sources : liver,dried yeast , milk powder .  Good sources : milk,eggs,meat,fish, green leafy vegetables .  Destruction : Easily destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation.
VITAMIN B2  Deficiency Disease  Ariboflavinosis  Deficiency Symptoms  Sore throat  Cracks and redness at corners of mouth (cheilosis)  Painful smooth, purplish red tongue (glossitis)  Inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales  Iron defficiency anaemia  Toxicity Symptoms  None reported
VITAMIN B2  Treatment : In adult - 10 mg should given for a 1-2 months periods . In children – 05 mg given for a 1 month .
VITAMIN B3  Other Names  Niacine  Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide  Precursor : amino acid tryptophan  RDA  Men: 16 mg /day  Women: 14 mg /day  Upper Limit  Adults: 35 mg/day
VITAMIN B3  Functions  Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used in energy metabolism of carbohydrates,proteins and fats .  It is esssential for normal functioning of skin,intestinal tract and nervous system .
VITAMIN B3  Rich sources : groundnut , liver ,  Good sources : meat , fish , legumes , cereals.  Poor sources : milk , roots and tubers , eggs .  Toxicity Symptoms  Painful flush, hives, and rash (niacin flush)  Nausea, vomiting  Liver damage  Impaired glucose tolerance
VITAMIN B3  Deficiency Disease  Pellagra  Opioids addiction .  Deficiency Symptoms  Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting  Inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue (glossitis)  Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache  Bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight
PELLAGRA Pellagra is a disease that affects your digestive system, skin, and nerves, resulting in dermatitis, diarrhea, and mental disorders. The most common cause of pellagra is not having enough niacin (primary pellagra). Other causes of pellagra are associated with digestive disorders that reduce the absorption of niacin in your body . At times any of these common symptoms can be severe :
Vitamins
 Abdominal cramping  Confused or delusional thinking  Depression  Diarrhea  Difficulty with memory, thinking, talking, comprehension, writing or reading  Headache  Loss of appetite (Anorexia )  Malaise or lethargy  Mucus membrane inflammation  Nausea with or without vomiting  Skin lesions that are scaly and sore  Weakness (loss of strength)
VITAMIN B3  Treatment : 50 mg Niacin given to twice in daily (BD) for one week by orally .
VITAMIN B6  Other Names  Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine  RDA  Adults: 1.3 mg/day (19-50 yr)  Women: 2.0 mg/day
VITAMIN B6  Functions  Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in metabolism of amino-acids for maintaining of normal nerve condition .  Helps convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin  Helps to make red blood cells
VITAMIN B6 Rich sources : dried yeast,liver,wheat germs . Good sources: milk,powder,legumes,cereals,meat,leafy vegetables.  Deficiency Symptoms  Scaly dermatitis  Anemia (small-cell type)  Depression, confusion, convulsions.
VITAMIN B6  Toxicity Symptoms  Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions  Skin lesions ,nausea,vomitting .
VITAMIN B9 (FOLATE)  Other Names  Folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid (PGA)  RDA  Adults: 100 µg/day  Infants: 25 µg/day  Lactation : 150 µg/day  Prgnancy : 300 µg/day.
FOLATE  Function  Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation  Activates vitamin B12; Works with vitamin B12 to form hemoglobin in red blood cells  Helps prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.
FOLATE  Good Sources  Fortified grains  Leafy green vegetables  Legumes, seeds  Liver,broccoli,cereals,pomegranates.  Destruction  Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
FOLATE  Deficiency :  Smooth, red tongue (glossitis)  Mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache .  Megaloblastic anaemia
VITAMIN B12  Other Names  Cynocobalamin  RDA  Adults: 2.4 µg/day
VITAMIN B12  Food Sources  Animal products (meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs)  Fortified cereals  Destruction  Easily destroyed by microwave cooking
VITAMIN B12  Functions  Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxy adenosyl cobalamin used in new cell synthesis  Helps to maintain nerve cells  Reforms folate coenzyme  Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids  Promotes to maturation of red blood cells .  It occurs in improve the neurological symptoms of pernicious anaemia .
VITAMIN B12  Deficiency Disease  Pernicious anemia  Deficiency Symptoms  Anemia  Decrease R.B.C & haemoglobin .  Inflammation of tongue (glossitis) .  Numbness & tingling of fingers & toes .  Fatigue  Degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis  Toxicity Symptoms  None reported
VITAMIN B7  Other name Biotin .  Adequate Intake  Adults: 30 µg/day  Functions  Part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism  Part of coenzyme used in fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis  Biotin is essential for normal pregnancy and lactation in experimental animal .
VITAMIN B7  Food Sources  Widespread in foods  Liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains  Milk, fruits , soybeans,legumes.  Deficiency Symptoms  Depression, lethargy, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs  Red scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth  Hair loss .
VITAMIN B5 02/12/16  Other name pantothenic acid .  Adequate Intake  Adults: 5 mg/day  Functions  Part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism of carbohydrates and fats .  For need of oxidation of pyruvic acid .
VITAMIN B5  Food Sources  Widespread in foods  Chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolk, broccoli, whole grains  Destruction  Easily destroyed by food processing 02/12/16
VITAMIN B5  Deficiency Symptoms  Vomiting, nausea stomach cramps  Insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy  Hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin  Numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk  Toxicity Symptoms  None reported 02/12/16
BURNING FEET SYNDROMES  Burning feet syndrome, also known as Grierson-Gopalan syndrome, is that causes severe burning and aching of the feet, hyperesthesia, and vasomotor changes of the feet that leads to excessive sweating. It can even affect the eyes, causing scotoma and amblyopia. The condition occurs more frequently in women, and usually manifests itself when a person is between twenty and forty years old.
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  • 1. VITAMINS  Vitamins are essential to life  Vitamins are required for:  Growth  Maintenance  Regulation of body processes
  • 2. VITAMIN  Vitamins do not supply energy  However, some vitamins do function as coenzymes in the release of energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats  Some vitamins available from foods in inactive forms known as precursors  Once inside the body, precursors are converted into an active form of the vitamin
  • 3. VITAMIN  13 different vitamins, each with its own roles  Vitamins grouped into two major categories:  Fat-soluble (4 fat soluble)  Vitamin A  Vitamin D  Vitamin E  Vitamin K  Water-soluble (9 water soluble: 8 B vitamins & C)  Thiamin  Riboflavin  Niacin  Biotin  Pantothenic acid  Vitamin B6  Folate  Vitamin B12  Vitamin C
  • 4. VITAMIN  Fat-soluble vitamins  Found in fats and oils of foods  After absorbed enter lymph, then blood  Protein carriers for transport  Stored (fatty tissue/liver)  Doesn’t need as regularly - weekly, monthly; because stored  Deficiencies slow to develop; because stored  Toxicities more likely; because stored (mostly from supplements)  Precursors  Fecal excretion  Water-soluble vitamins  Found in watery parts of foods  After absorbed move directly into blood  Transported freely in blood  Not stored  Needed more regularly – every 1-3 days; because not stored  Deficiencies fast to develop; because not stored  Toxicities less likely (large amounts can overwhelm)  Usually no precursors  Urine excretion
  • 5. VITAMIN  Consuming vitamins in the right amount is important  Inadequate amounts can cause harm and excessive amounts can cause harm  More is not better  The fact a compound can be essential and harmful is true of most nutrients
  • 6. Getting The Variety of Vitamins  Normally, a well balanced diet based on the Food Plan and a variety of foods will provide enough vitamins.  A variety of foods is needed to have a healthy diet.
  • 7. VITAMIN A  Other Names  Retinol ( Vit . A group )  Retinal (Aldehyde group )  Retinoic acid ( Acid group )
  • 8. VITAMIN A 1. Vitamin A: 1 IU is the biological equivalent of 0.3 mcg retinol.  RDA  900 µg RAE/day  700 µg RAE/day  Upper Level  3,000 ug/day
  • 9. VITAMIN A FUNCTIONS  Maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin  Bone and tooth growth  Reproduction , Immunity  Vision. ABSORPTION Vit. A is almost completely absorbed in normal human organs and pass along with fat through the lymphatic system into the blood streams .
  • 10. VITAMIN A  Food Source  Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver.  Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)
  • 11. VITAMIN A  Deficiency Disease  Hypovitaminosis A  Deficiency Symptoms  Night blindness  Corneal drying (xerosis), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), corneal degeneration and blindness  Triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots)
  • 12. VITAMIN A  Toxicity Disease  Hypervitaminosis A  Toxicity Symptoms  Chronic toxicity  Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density  Liver abnormalities  Birth defects  Acute toxicity  Blurred vision  Nausea, vomiting, vertigo  Headaches, increased pressure inside the skull mimicking a brain tumor
  • 13. VITAMIN D  Other Names  Calciferol, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol)  The animal version is vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol  The plant version is vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol .
  • 14. VITAMIN D  Recommended Dietary Allowance  Adults: 600 IU/day (19-50 yr)  Adults: 600 IU/day (51-70 yr)  Adults: 800 IU/day (71 + yr)  Upper Level  Adults: 4,000 IU/day
  • 15. VITAMIN D  Functions  Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)
  • 16. VITAMIN D  Food Sources  Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight  Fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals and chocolate mixes  Veal, beef, egg yolk, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oils
  • 17. VITAMIN D  Deficiency Diseases 1 . Rickets 2. Osteomalacia
  • 18. VITAMIN D  Rickets in Children Deficiency Symptoms  Inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs) Enlargement of ends of long bones(knees, wrists)  Deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs)  Delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head  Lax muscles (Lax abdomen is a condition where the muscles of abdomen (rectus abdominis) become weak and flabby resulting in loss of elasticity of muscles, leading to protrusion of belly.) resulting in protrusion of abdomen  Muscle spasms
  • 19. VITAMIN D  Osteomalacia in Adults Deficiency Symptoms  Loss of calcium resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones  Progressive weakness  Pain in pelvis, lower back and legs
  • 20. VITAMIN D  Toxicity Disease  Hypervitaminosis D  Toxicity Symptoms  Elevated blood calcium  Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)  Frequent urination
  • 21. VITAMIN E  Other Names  Alpha-tocopherol  RDA  Adults: 15 mg/day  Upper Limit  Adults: 1,000 mg/day
  • 22. VITAMIN E  Functions  Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A  It is protect the red blood cells from haemolysis by oxidising agents .  It also protection to liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride poisoning.
  • 23. VITAMIN E  Food Sources  margarine, salad .  Leafy green vegetables  Liver, egg yolk, nuts and seeds Some oils are good sources : coconut oil groundnut oil soybean oil sunflowerseeds oil mustard oil rice bran oil .
  • 24. VITAMIN E  Deficiency Symptoms  Red blood cell breakage  Nerve damage  Muscular dystrophy .  Toxicity Symptoms  Augments the effect of anti-clotting medication
  • 25. VITAMIN K  Other Names  Vitamine K 1 : Phylloquinone,, phytomenadione, Vitamine K2 : naphthaquinone , menadione .  Adequate Intake  Men: 120 µg/day  Women: 90 µg/day
  • 26. VITAMIN K  Function  Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins  Vitamine k is essential for formulation of …. . Factor 2 : prothrombin . . Factor 7 : stable . Factor 9 : Christmas Factor . Factor 10 : Stuart Factor  Food Sources : Best sources : green leafy vegetables, cabbage vegetables,spinach,cauliflowers,wheat germ .  Poor sources : Milk, Liver,fish,meat .
  • 27. VITAMIN K  Deficiency Symptoms  Hemorrhaging  Inadequate intestional absorption .  Toxicity Symptoms  None known
  • 28. VITAMIN C  Other Names  Ascorbic acid  RDA  Men: 90 mg/day  Women: 75 mg/day  Smokers: +35 mg/day  Upper Level  Adults: 2,000 mg/day
  • 29. VITAMIN C  Functions  Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessels walls, farms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth)  Antioxidant  Thyroxin synthesis  Amino acid metabolism  Strengthens resistance to infection  Helps in absorption of iron  To help in rapid wound healing by formation of connective tissues.
  • 30. VITAMIN C  Good Sources : Citrus fruits (oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, lemons, lime ),Strawberries and other berries, cantaloupe and other melons, papayas, mangoes, and tomatoes. Rich sources : Amla ,Guava . Green leafy vegetable : Cabbage-type vegetables; Dark green vegetables (such as bell peppers and broccoli ,spinach .
  • 31. VITAMIN C  Deficiency Disease  Scurvy  Deficiency Symptoms  Anemia, atherosclerotic plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages  Bone fragility, joint pain Poor wound healing,  Bleeding gums, loosened teeth  Muscle degeneration and pain  Hysteria, depression Rough skin, blotchy bruises
  • 32. SCURVY  The primary cause of scurvy is insufficient intake of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). This may be due to ignorance, famine, anorexia, restrictive diets (due to allergies, food fads, etc.), or difficulty orally ingesting foods. Historically, scurvy was the result of long sea voyages where sailors did not bring along enough foods with vitamin C .
  • 33. VITAMIN C  Toxicity Symptoms  Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea  Headache, fatigue, insomnia  Hot flashed, rashes  Interference with medical tests  Aggravation of gout symptoms  Urinary tract problems, kidney stones
  • 34. VITAMIN C  Treatment : 100 mg ascorbic acid twice a daily and it should be by administered Intramuscularly for week . Oral dose should be administered 500 mg for one month .
  • 35. VITAMIN B1  Other Names  Thiamin  RDA  Men: 1.2 mg/day  Women: 1.1 mg/day
  • 36. VITAMIN B1  Function  Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism  It is essential for oxidation of pyruvic acid .  It is essential to maintain the nerves in healthy condition .  Good Sources Whole-grain, fortified, or enriched grain products, legumes,nuts . Fair sources : fruits , milk , meat , fish.
  • 37. VITAMIN B1  Deficiency Disease  Beriberi (wet with edema; dry with muscle wasting)  Deficiency Symptoms  Enlarged heart, cardiac failure  Muscular weakness  Apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability  Anorexia, weight loss  Toxicity Symptoms  None reported
  • 38. BERI-BERI  Beriberi is a neurological and cardiovascular disease.  The three major forms of the disorders are A. Dry beriberi (Muscles wasting ) B. Wet beriberi (cardiovascular C. Infantile beriberi (malnourisedmother)
  • 39. DRY BERI-BERI Dry beriberi causes wasting and partial paralysis resulting from damaged peripheral nerves . It is characterized by :  Difficulty in walking  Tingling or loss of sensation (numbness) in hands and feet  Loss of tendon reflexes  Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs  Mental confusion/speech difficulties  Pain  Involuntary eye movements (nystagmus)  Vomiting.
  • 40. WET BERI-BERI  Wet beriberi is associated with mental confusion, muscular atrophy, edema, tachycardia, cardiomegaly, and congestive heart failure in addition to peripheral neuropathy .
  • 41. VITAMIN B1 Treatment : In adult – (IM) 25 mg thiamine by daily for one weak . (orally) 10 mg thiamine by 3 times in a day (T.D.S) for 1 to 2 month .
  • 42. VITAMIN B2  Other Names  Riboflavin  RDA  Men: 1.3 mg/day  Women: 1.1 mg/day
  • 43. VITAMIN B2  Function : Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism of carbohydrates,protein and fats  Rich sources : liver,dried yeast , milk powder .  Good sources : milk,eggs,meat,fish, green leafy vegetables .  Destruction : Easily destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation.
  • 44. VITAMIN B2  Deficiency Disease  Ariboflavinosis  Deficiency Symptoms  Sore throat  Cracks and redness at corners of mouth (cheilosis)  Painful smooth, purplish red tongue (glossitis)  Inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales  Iron defficiency anaemia  Toxicity Symptoms  None reported
  • 45. VITAMIN B2  Treatment : In adult - 10 mg should given for a 1-2 months periods . In children – 05 mg given for a 1 month .
  • 46. VITAMIN B3  Other Names  Niacine  Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide  Precursor : amino acid tryptophan  RDA  Men: 16 mg /day  Women: 14 mg /day  Upper Limit  Adults: 35 mg/day
  • 47. VITAMIN B3  Functions  Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used in energy metabolism of carbohydrates,proteins and fats .  It is esssential for normal functioning of skin,intestinal tract and nervous system .
  • 48. VITAMIN B3  Rich sources : groundnut , liver ,  Good sources : meat , fish , legumes , cereals.  Poor sources : milk , roots and tubers , eggs .  Toxicity Symptoms  Painful flush, hives, and rash (niacin flush)  Nausea, vomiting  Liver damage  Impaired glucose tolerance
  • 49. VITAMIN B3  Deficiency Disease  Pellagra  Opioids addiction .  Deficiency Symptoms  Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting  Inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue (glossitis)  Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache  Bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight
  • 50. PELLAGRA Pellagra is a disease that affects your digestive system, skin, and nerves, resulting in dermatitis, diarrhea, and mental disorders. The most common cause of pellagra is not having enough niacin (primary pellagra). Other causes of pellagra are associated with digestive disorders that reduce the absorption of niacin in your body . At times any of these common symptoms can be severe :
  • 52.  Abdominal cramping  Confused or delusional thinking  Depression  Diarrhea  Difficulty with memory, thinking, talking, comprehension, writing or reading  Headache  Loss of appetite (Anorexia )  Malaise or lethargy  Mucus membrane inflammation  Nausea with or without vomiting  Skin lesions that are scaly and sore  Weakness (loss of strength)
  • 53. VITAMIN B3  Treatment : 50 mg Niacin given to twice in daily (BD) for one week by orally .
  • 54. VITAMIN B6  Other Names  Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine  RDA  Adults: 1.3 mg/day (19-50 yr)  Women: 2.0 mg/day
  • 55. VITAMIN B6  Functions  Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in metabolism of amino-acids for maintaining of normal nerve condition .  Helps convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin  Helps to make red blood cells
  • 56. VITAMIN B6 Rich sources : dried yeast,liver,wheat germs . Good sources: milk,powder,legumes,cereals,meat,leafy vegetables.  Deficiency Symptoms  Scaly dermatitis  Anemia (small-cell type)  Depression, confusion, convulsions.
  • 57. VITAMIN B6  Toxicity Symptoms  Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions  Skin lesions ,nausea,vomitting .
  • 58. VITAMIN B9 (FOLATE)  Other Names  Folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid (PGA)  RDA  Adults: 100 µg/day  Infants: 25 µg/day  Lactation : 150 µg/day  Prgnancy : 300 µg/day.
  • 59. FOLATE  Function  Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation  Activates vitamin B12; Works with vitamin B12 to form hemoglobin in red blood cells  Helps prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.
  • 60. FOLATE  Good Sources  Fortified grains  Leafy green vegetables  Legumes, seeds  Liver,broccoli,cereals,pomegranates.  Destruction  Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
  • 61. FOLATE  Deficiency :  Smooth, red tongue (glossitis)  Mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache .  Megaloblastic anaemia
  • 62. VITAMIN B12  Other Names  Cynocobalamin  RDA  Adults: 2.4 µg/day
  • 63. VITAMIN B12  Food Sources  Animal products (meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs)  Fortified cereals  Destruction  Easily destroyed by microwave cooking
  • 64. VITAMIN B12  Functions  Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxy adenosyl cobalamin used in new cell synthesis  Helps to maintain nerve cells  Reforms folate coenzyme  Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids  Promotes to maturation of red blood cells .  It occurs in improve the neurological symptoms of pernicious anaemia .
  • 65. VITAMIN B12  Deficiency Disease  Pernicious anemia  Deficiency Symptoms  Anemia  Decrease R.B.C & haemoglobin .  Inflammation of tongue (glossitis) .  Numbness & tingling of fingers & toes .  Fatigue  Degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis  Toxicity Symptoms  None reported
  • 66. VITAMIN B7  Other name Biotin .  Adequate Intake  Adults: 30 µg/day  Functions  Part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism  Part of coenzyme used in fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis  Biotin is essential for normal pregnancy and lactation in experimental animal .
  • 67. VITAMIN B7  Food Sources  Widespread in foods  Liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains  Milk, fruits , soybeans,legumes.  Deficiency Symptoms  Depression, lethargy, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs  Red scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth  Hair loss .
  • 68. VITAMIN B5 02/12/16  Other name pantothenic acid .  Adequate Intake  Adults: 5 mg/day  Functions  Part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism of carbohydrates and fats .  For need of oxidation of pyruvic acid .
  • 69. VITAMIN B5  Food Sources  Widespread in foods  Chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolk, broccoli, whole grains  Destruction  Easily destroyed by food processing 02/12/16
  • 70. VITAMIN B5  Deficiency Symptoms  Vomiting, nausea stomach cramps  Insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy  Hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin  Numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk  Toxicity Symptoms  None reported 02/12/16
  • 71. BURNING FEET SYNDROMES  Burning feet syndrome, also known as Grierson-Gopalan syndrome, is that causes severe burning and aching of the feet, hyperesthesia, and vasomotor changes of the feet that leads to excessive sweating. It can even affect the eyes, causing scotoma and amblyopia. The condition occurs more frequently in women, and usually manifests itself when a person is between twenty and forty years old.

Editor's Notes

  1. Vitamins Vitamins are essential to life and are required for growth, maintenance and regulation of body processes.
  2. Vitamins Unlike carbohydrates, proteins and fats, vitamins do not supply energy. However, some vitamins do function as coenzymes in the release of energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Some vitamins are available from foods in inactive forms known as precursors. Once inside the body, precursors are converted into an active form of the vitamin.
  3. There are 13 different vitamins, each with its own special roles. Vitamins are grouped into two major categories; fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins (4 fat soluble) Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Water-soluble vitamins (9 water soluble: 8 B vitamins & C) Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Biotin Pantothenic acid Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin C
  4. Fat soluble vitamins are typically found in the fats and oils of foods. Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed first into the lymph system and then into the blood. Many fat soluble vitamins require protein carriers. Fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body associated with fat. As a result although you need fat-soluble vitamins on a regular basis you usually don't need them on a daily basis. Because fat soluble vitamins are stored deficiencies are slow to develop. In addition, because fat soluble vitamins are stored, toxicities are more likely to occur. Toxicities are primarily due to excessive supplement intake not food intake. Because fat soluble vitamins are stored, many have precursor forms. Body levels of fat soluble vitamins are controlled through fecal excretion.   Water soluble vitamins are found in the watery parts of foods. Water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the blood and travel freely in the blood. Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the body. Since water soluble vitamins are not stored you need them on a regular basis, every 1 to 3 days. Because water soluble vitamins are not stored deficiencies develop more rapidly. Toxicities of water soluble vitamins are less likely because water soluble vitamins are not stored; however toxicities can still occur from excessive supplement intake. Water soluble vitamins usually do not have a precursor form. Levels of water soluble vitamins are controlled by urinary excretion.
  5. Consuming vitamins in the right amount is important. Inadequate amounts can cause harm and excessive amounts can cause harm. More is not better. The fact a compound can be essential and harmful is true of most nutrients.  
  6. Normally, a well balanced diet based on the USDA Daily Food Plan and a variety of foods will provide enough vitamins. No single food can supply all the nutrients in the right amounts. A variety of foods is needed to have a healthy diet.
  7. Other Names Retinol Retinal Retinoic acid Precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene
  8. RDA 900 µg RAE/day 700 µg RAE/day Upper Level 3,000 µg/day
  9. Functions Vision Maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin Bone and tooth growth Reproduction Immunity
  10. Food Source Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver. Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)
  11. Deficiency Disease Hypovitaminosis A Deficiency Symptoms Night blindness Corneal drying (xerosis) Triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots) Softening of the cornea (keratomalacia) Corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmai) Impaired immunity Plugging of hair follicies with keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis)
  12. Toxicity Disease Hypervitaminosis A Chronic Toxicity Symptoms Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density Liver abnormalities Birth defects Acute Toxicity Symptoms Blurred vision Nausea, vomiting, vertigo Headaches, increased pressure inside the skull mimicking a brain tumor
  13. Other Names Calciferol, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol) The animal version is vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol The plant version is vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol Body cholesterol is a precursor
  14. Adequate Intake Adults: 600 IU/day (19-50 yr) Adults: 600 IU/day (51-70 yr) Adults: 800 IU/day (> 70 yr) Upper Level Adults: 4,000 IU/day
  15. Functions Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)
  16. Food Sources Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight Fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals and chocolate mixes Veal, beef, egg yolk, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oils
  17. Deficiency Diseases Rickets Osteomalacia
  18. Rickets in Children Deficiency Symptoms Inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs) Enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists) Deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs) Delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head Lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen Muscle spasms
  19. Osteomalacia in Adults Deficiency Symptoms Loss of calcium resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones Progressive weakness Pain in pelvis, lower back and legs
  20. Toxicity Disease Hypervitaminosis D Toxicity Symptoms Elevated blood calcium Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints) Frequent urination
  21. Other Names Alpha-tocopherol RDA Adults: 15 mg/day Upper Limit Adults: 1,000 mg/day
  22. Functions Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A
  23. Food Sources Polyunsaturated plan oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings Leafy green vegetables Wheat germ and whole grains Liver, egg yolk, nuts and seeds
  24. Deficiency Symptoms Red blood cell breakage Nerve damage Toxicity Symptoms Augments the effect of anti-clotting medication
  25. Other Names Phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, naphthaquinone Adequate Intake Men: 120 µg/day Women: 90 µg/day
  26. Function Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins                 Food Sources Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract Milk, Liver Leafy green vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables
  27. Deficiency Symptoms Hemorrhaging Toxicity Symptoms None known
  28. Other Names Ascorbic acid RDA Men: 90 mg/day Women: 75 mg/day Smokers: +35 mg/day Upper Level Adults: 2,000 mg/day
  29. Functions Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessels walls, farms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth) Antioxidant Thyroxin synthesis Amino acid metabolism Strengthens resistance to infection Helps in absorption of iron
  30. Food Sources Citrus fruits (oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, lemons, limes).  Cabbage-type vegetables Dark green vegetables (such as bell peppers and broccoli) Strawberries and other berries, cantaloupe and other melons, papayas, mangoes, potatoes, and tomatoes. Destruction Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
  31. Deficiency Disease Scurvy Deficiency Symptoms Anemia, atherosclerotic plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages Bone fragility, joint pain Poor wound healing, frequent infections Bleeding gums, loosened teeth Muscle degeneration and pain Hysteria, depression Rough skin, blotchy bruises
  32. Toxicity Symptoms Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea Headache, fatigue, insomnia Hot flashed, rashes Interference with medical tests Aggravation of gout symptoms Urinary tract problems, kidney stones
  33. Other Names Vitamin B1 RDA Men: 1.2 mg/day Women: 1.1 mg/day
  34. Function Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism Food Sources Whole-grain, fortified, or enriched grain products Moderate amounts in all nutritious food Pork Destruction Easily destroyed by heat
  35. Deficiency Disease Beriberi (wet with edema; dry with muscle wasting) Deficiency Symptoms (often due to heavy alcohol consumption) Enlarged heart, cardiac failure Muscular weakness Apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability Anorexia, weight loss Toxicity Symptoms None reported
  36. Other Names Vitamin B2 RDA Men: 1.3 mg/day Women: 1.1 mg/day
  37. Function Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism
  38. Deficiency Disease Ariboflavinosis Deficiency Symptoms Inflamed eyelids and sensitivity to light (photophobia), reddening of cornea Sore throat Cracks and redness at corners of mouth (cheilosis) Painful smooth, purplish red tongue (glossitis) Inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales Toxicity Symptoms None reported
  39. Other Names Vitamin B3 Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide Precursor : amino acid tryptophan RDA Men: 16 mg NE/day Women: 14 mg NE/day Upper Limit Adults: 35 mg/day
  40. Functions Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used in energy metabolism
  41. Food Sources Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish Whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals Nuts All protein-containing foods
  42. Deficiency Disease Pellagra Deficiency Symptoms Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting Inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue (glossitis) Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache Bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight
  43. Other Names Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine B6 RDA Adults: 1.3 mg/day (19-50 yr) Upper Level Adults: 100 mg/day
  44. Functions Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Helps convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin Helps to make red blood cells
  45. Food Sources Meats, fish, poultry, liver Potatoes, legumes, soy products Non-citrus fruits Fortified cereals Destruction Easily destroyed by heat
  46. Toxicity Symptoms Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions Skin lesions
  47. Other Names Folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) RDA Adults: 400 µg/day Upper Limit Adults: 1,000 µg/day
  48. Function Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation Activates vitamin B12; Works with vitamin B12 to form hemoglobin in red blood cells Helps prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.
  49. Food Sources Fortified grains Leafy green vegetables Legumes, seeds Liver Destruction Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
  50. Deficiency Anemia (large-cell type) Smooth, red tongue (glossitis) Mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache Toxicity Mask B12 deficiency symptoms
  51. Other Names Cobalamin RDA Adults: 2.4 µg/day
  52. Food Sources Animal products (meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs) Fortified cereals Destruction Easily destroyed by microwave cooking
  53. Functions Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis Helps to maintain nerve cells Reforms folate coenzyme Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids
  54. Deficiency Disease Pernicious anemia Deficiency Symptoms Anemia Fatigue Degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis Toxicity Symptoms None reported
  55. Adequate Intake Adults: 30 µg/day Functions Part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism Part of coenzyme used in fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis
  56. Food Sources Widespread in foods Liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains Also produced by GI bacteria
  57. Adequate Intake Adults: 5 mg/day Functions Part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism
  58. Food Sources Widespread in foods Chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolk, broccoli, whole grains Destruction Easily destroyed by food processing
  59. Deficiency Symptoms Vomiting, nausea stomach cramps Insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy Hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin Numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk Toxicity Symptoms None reported