The law of supply and demand
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The document discusses the law of supply and demand. It explains that the equilibrium price and quantity of a good is determined by the intersection of the demand and supply curves. The demand for a good is influenced by factors like price, income, tastes, and prices of substitutes and complements. The supply is influenced by factors like production costs, input prices, and technology. Changes in demand or supply can shift the curves and result in a new equilibrium price and quantity. Price floors and ceilings are ineffective in the long run as they create surpluses or shortages.
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4. Price controls like price floors and ceilings can cause surpluses or shortages and unintended consequences.
5. Elasticity measures responsiveness of quantity to price changes and depends on availability of substitutes, budget share spent, and other factors.
Elasticities of Demand and Supply and Application
Elasticities of Demand and Supply and ApplicationKarl Obispo Elasticities of Demand and Supply and Application
[1] Elasticity refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to changes in factors like price and income. There are different types of elasticity including own price elasticity and cross price elasticity.
[2] Elasticities are measured using the percentage change formula and can be point or arc elasticities. Own price elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity to price changes. Inelastic demands are less responsive than elastic demands.
[3] Elasticities help determine how taxes impact consumers versus producers. Demands more elastic than supply means producers bear more of the tax burden.
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Supply and Demand Graphs
1
Review of x and Y axis
A graph consists of two axes called the x (horizontal/quantity) and y (vertical/price) axes.
The point where the two axes intersect is called the origin. The origin is also identified as the point (0, 0).
X axis
Moving right from the origin of (0,0), the numbers ascend. Moving left from the origin, the numbers descend.
Y axis
Moving up from the origin of (0,0), the numbers ascend. Moving down from the origin, the numbers descend.
In this course, we will mainly be using the upper right quadrant of the graphic area.
In economics it is the norm to show the independent variable on the y-axis and the dependent variable on the x-axis.
2
The Demand Curve
Demand Curve - A downward sloping curve that measures the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded by consumers.
Demand - The amount that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices.
Change in Demand – A shift in the position of the demand curve that occurs in response to a change in one or more of the determinants of demand (non-price induced change).
Law of Demand – All other factors equal, the higher the price of the good or service, the lower the quantity demanded (price induced change). And the lower the price, the higher the quantity demanded. Price and Quantity Demanded vary inversely.
Change in Quantity Demanded – A change in the quantity consumers are willing and able to purchase. It is a response to a change in the market price.
3
Why does the demand curve shift?
The Determinants of demand
Shifts in the curve (change in demand) result from changes in one or more of the non-price determinants of demand:
Number of Consumers in the market (Size of Market)
Consumer Tastes and Preferences
Consumer Income
Prices of Related Goods (Substitute Goods and Complimentary Goods)
Expectations about the Future
4
The Demand Curve: Increases In Demand
Increase in Demand
Curve shifts to the right as a result of an increase in demand by the consumers (D1 to D2). This is caused by a change in one or more of the determinants of demand.
This causes Price to increase (P1 to P2). This shows a willingness to pay a higher price for all pos.
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The law of supply and demand
- 1. The Law of Supply and Demand by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
- 2. Demand and Supply Determinants Price of the good Non-price determinants: Taste or level of desire for the good by the buyer Income of the buyer Prices of related products Substitute products (directly competes with the good in the opinion of the buyer) Complementary products (used along with the good in the opinion of the buyer Future expectations Expected income of the buyer Expected price of the good For the total demand: the number of buyers in the market Price of the good Non-price determinants: Changes in number of producers Resource prices (prices of the inputs necessary to produce the good) Technological changes Prices of other goods Substitute Complementary Expectations of future prices Natural bounty/ calamity Government incentives/disincentives: Subsidies Taxes by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
- 3. The Law of Demand, The Law of Supply As the price of a good decreases/increases, ceteris paribus, the quantity of that good that consumers are willing and able to buy increases/decreases There is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. Consumers want the lowest price possible. As the price of a good decreases/increases, ceteris paribus, the quantity of that good that producers are willing and able to sell increases/decreases There is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied. Producers want the highest price possible by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
- 4. The Law of Supply and Demand P Q D S Pe Qe by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
- 5. The Law of Supply and Demand At any price except one (Pe), the amounts that buyers are willing to buy and the amounts that sellers are willing to sell are unequal. It is only at the price where the amount that buyers are willing to buy and the amount that buyers are willing to sell are equal that there is market equilibrium (“the market clears”). The intersection of supply and demand curves determines the equilibrium price and quantity. In a competitive market, price functions to equalize the quantity demanded by consumers and the quantity supplied by producers, resulting in an economic equilibrium of price and quantity. Any point above the equilibrium price and quantity is a surplus (B in next diagram) ; any point below the equilibrium price and quantity is a shortage (A in next diagram). Therefore, price floors and price ceilings become ineffective over the long term.by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
- 6. The Law of Supply and Demand Price floor Price ceiling by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
- 7. Demand increases/decreases; Supply is constant More consumers Decrease in taste P Q D S Pe Qe D1 P1 Q1 D2 P2 Q2 by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
- 8. Demand is constant; Supply increases/decreases P Q D S Pe Qe S1 P1 Q1 S2 P2 Q2 by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12 More workers Less workers
- 9. Demand increases; Supply increases Family incomes increase from OCW remittances More home depots P Q D S Pe Qe D1 S1 P1 Q1 by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
- 10. Demand decreases; Supply decreases Consumers tighten buying due to rising oil prices Producers curb production due to rising resource costs from rising oil prices; moving towards recessionP Q D S Pe Qe D1 S1 P1 Q1 by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
- 11. Demand increases; Supply decreases Speculation and fears of scarcity drives people to consume more fuel Nigerian bomb blast of two major fuel plants decreases world fuel supply P Q D S Pe Qe D1 S1 P1 Q1 by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
- 12. Demand decreases; Supply increases Due to climate change consciousness, people consume less fuel Due to oil deregulation law; Producers produce more fuel P Q D S Pe Qe D1 S1 P1 Q1 by Jean Lee C. Patindol, c2011-12
Editor's Notes
- #8: More consumers; or decrease in taste
- #9: More workers for a certain profession; or less workers
- #10: Example: family incomes increase from OCW remittances; more home depots
- #11: Consumers tighten buying due to rising oil prices; producers curb production due to rising resource costs from rising oil prices; moving towards recession
- #12: Speculation and fears of scarcity drives people to consume more fuel; Nigerian bomb blast of two fuel plants decreases fuel supply
- #13: Less consumption of fuel; more production of fuel