Earth science 12.1

Oct 20, 2011Download as PPT, PDF3 likes1,341 views

Tamara

Uniformitarianism The concept that processes that have shaped Earth in the past are essentially the same as those operating today

Relative dating Process by which rocks are placed in their proper sequence or order; Only the chronological order of events is determined, not the absolute age in years.

unconformity A surface that represents a break in the rock record, caused by erosion or lack of deposition

Correlation Establishing the equivalence of rocks of similar age in different areas

Key Concept Rocks record geological events and changing life forms of the past

Key concept We have learned that earth is much older than anyone had previously imagined and that its surface and interior have been changed by the same geological processes that continue today

Key concept Uniformitarianism means that the forces and processes that we observe today have been at work for a very long time

Key Concept Relative dating tells us the sequence in which events occurred, not how long ago they occurred

Key Concept The law of superposition states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it.

Key Concept The principle of original horizontality means that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.

Key concept An unconformity represents a long period during which deposition stopped, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed.

Key Concept An angular unconformity indicates that during the pause in deposition, a period of deformation (folding or tilting) and erosion occurred.

The document discusses key concepts in relative dating and uniformitarianism used by geologists to interpret Earth's history. Relative dating determines the chronological order of events but not their absolute age. The principles of superposition, original horizontality, and cross-cutting relationships help establish the sequence of rock layers and intrusions. Unconformities represent gaps in the geologic record due to erosion or lack of deposition. Rocks record past geological events and life forms, allowing geologists to understand Earth's features through the concept of uniformitarianism that current processes shaped the past.

The Great Unconformity Frenchman Mountain Southern NevadaFrank DeFrancesco

Plate Tectonics Theory RanceCy

Geomorphology Topic 1 (Part 1) - Basic ConceptsWilliam W. Little

This document provides an overview of key concepts in geomorphology. It defines geomorphology as the study of landforms and discusses how landforms are shaped by tectonic and hydrologic processes. Early theories that invoked supernatural causes are contrasted with modern theories of uniformitarianism and plate tectonics. The roles of various controlling factors - including geomorphic agents, surficial materials, tectonic setting, and climate - are examined. Different types of crustal features like continents, mountain belts, shields, and continental shelves are also introduced.

Laws of stratigraphyAlay Desai

This document discusses the key principles of stratigraphy, which is the branch of geology that studies the layers of rock in the Earth's crust and the history they record. It outlines several important principles including superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, crosscutting relationships, and fossil succession. These principles are used to interpret the relative ages of rock layers and the geological events they provide evidence of, such as mountain building, climate change, and evolution of plant and animal life over time. Examples are given to illustrate principles like unconformities, folding, faulting, and how they impact the interpretation of rock sequences.

Introduction to Sedimentary Structures - Part 1William W. Little

Sedimentary bedding and structures provide information about depositional environments. Beds form layers and their thickness indicates the depositional process. Beds are often nested within each other. Bedding patterns include massive, tabular, wedge-shaped and lenticular beds. Bedforms like ripples, dunes and cross-bedding are produced by fluid flows and indicate flow conditions. Other structures provide evidence of channels, erosion and soft-sediment deformation. Together, these features preserve a record of Earth's surface history.

Deformation of CrustJerome Bigael

The document discusses the deformation of rock crust through various tectonic processes. It defines deformation as the process by which crust is deformed along plate margins, producing geologic structures like folds, faults, joints and foliation. It describes how different rock types deform under stress through either ductile or brittle deformation. The key types of deformation discussed are folding, where layers of rock are bent, and faulting, where connected blocks of rock are displaced along a fracture plane. Common fold types include anticlines, synclines and monoclines. Fault types include normal, reverse, strike-slip and oblique-slip faults.

Mass movementHARI RAAM

Mass movement refers to the downslope movement of soil, sand, and rock under the force of gravity. It includes different types such as landslides, rockfalls, debris flows, and earthflows. Mass movement can occur rapidly or slowly depending on factors like the material composition and slope angle. Common classifications of mass movement divide it into three main types: flowage, sliding, and subsidence. Flowage involves the irregular movement of unconsolidated material with no clear surface of failure. Sliding occurs along a distinct surface of failure and can include rotational or translational sliding of various materials. Subsidence is the downward sinking of surface materials due to removal of underground support or compaction of weaker subsurface layers.

Earth Science 9 2Tamara

The theory of plate tectonics proposes that Earth's outer shell consists of individual, rigid plates that interact at boundaries, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart like oceanic ridges; convergent boundaries where plates move together; and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other without creating or destroying lithosphere. According to the theory, the lithosphere consists of plates that are continually shifting and changing shape at these boundary interactions.

Geologic LawsJanelle Wilson

The document discusses three geological principles: the Law of Superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence of rock strata, older rocks will be below younger rocks; the Law of Original Horizontality states that sedimentary rocks are deposited in horizontal layers; and the Law of Uniformitarianism asserts that the geological processes observed in the present have operated throughout Earth's history in a similar manner and intensity.

How rocks behave under different types of stressMittyMitty

This document discusses how rocks behave under different types of stress. It explains that rocks undergo deformation and strain when subjected to tensional, compressional, or shear stresses. The document outlines the different stages of rock deformation, from elastic to ductile to fracture, and factors like temperature, confining pressure, and composition that influence the deformation process. It also describes geological structures like joints, faults, folds, anticlines and synclines that form from rock deformation.

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Transform Plate BoundariesShirleykaHector

This document discusses tectonic plates and transform plate boundaries. It notes that tectonic plates are large pieces of rock that make up Earth's crust, and there are two main types - oceanic and continental plates. At transform boundaries, the plates move horizontally past one another, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. When the plates rub together at these boundaries, it causes huge stress that results in earthquakes, faults, and tsunamis.

Landforms Created By Tectonic Processesgavinjudd

Folds are bends in rock layers caused by forces within the Earth's crust. Folds can range in size from a few centimeters wide to several kilometers wide. Folds usually occur in series and resemble waves, with upward bends called anticlines and downward bends called synclines. Pressure from crustal movements deep in the Earth cause buried sedimentary rock layers to bend. Later erosion and uplift bring folded rock layers back to the surface. Folds helped form mountain systems like the Andes, Alps, and Himalayas.

Introduction to Sedimentary Structures - Part 2William W. Little

The document discusses various types of sedimentary structures formed in sedimentary rocks, including graded bedding formed by currents, gravity-driven structures like turbidites, and soft-sediment deformation features caused by compaction or slumping. Biological structures include trace fossils, burrows, and stromatolites. Diagenetic structures also form after deposition, such as concretions, dissolution cavities, and unconformities. Many sedimentary structures can provide information about paleocurrents.

EarthquakeJerome Bigael

Primary sedimentary structuresUniversity of Azad Jammu & Kashmir

Primary sedimentary structures are features formed during deposition of sedimentary rocks that provide information about the depositional environment. Some key primary sedimentary structures mentioned in the document include stratification, cross-bedding, ripples, graded bedding, sole marks, fossils, rip-up clasts, rainprints, desiccation cracks, imbrication, flute casts, soft-sediment deformation structures like slump folds, flame structures and clastic dikes. These structures can be used to determine paleocurrent direction, relative age, top vs bottom of strata, and the environmental conditions during deposition.

3.1 deformation of the earths crustmojavehack

The document discusses deformation of the Earth's crust through isostatic adjustment and stresses. Isostatic adjustment occurs when crust thickens or thins due to changes in weight, causing the crust to rise or sink into the mantle like a cargo ship. There are three main stresses on the crust - compression at convergent boundaries, tension at divergent boundaries, and shearing at transform faults. The crust is constantly seeking isostatic balance under these stresses.

Chapter 16.2: Relative-Age DatingKorrnell Academy: L Class Grade 8 Science

Behaviors of Rocks Under Stress and PressureIVAN MON PANES

Rock structure documents tectonic movements beneath the Earth's surface that deform rocks through compression, tension, and shearing forces. Compressional forces push rock layers together, causing folding and faulting. Tensional forces pull rock layers apart, forming basins and rift valleys. Shearing forces cause vertical or horizontal displacement along faults. These tectonic forces shape the Earth's crust over geological time.

UnconformitiesPRAMODA G

Unconformities represent gaps or missing time in the geologic record due to non-deposition or erosion. There are several types of unconformities that can form, such as angular unconformities, disconformities, and nonconformities. Unconformities are important as they provide information about periods of geologic activity, like folding or erosion of the land, and help place boundaries on geologic timescales. They can be identified in the field based on features like a lack of parallel bedding above and below the contact, presence of erosion surfaces, and fossils of widely different ages across the boundary.

Geological structures- التراكيب الجيولوجيه Ahmed Alkawaliny

Geological structures- التراكيب الجيولوجيه Geological Structures What are Geologic Structures? إيه هيا التراكيب الجيولوجيه؟ Division of Structures تقسيم للتراكيب الجيولوجيه A- Primary structures  Ripple marks  Mud cracks  Cross bedding  Graded bedding  Burrows B- Secondary Structures  Folds  Faults  Joints  Unconformities What are Geologic Structures? إيه هيا التراكيب الجيولوجيه؟  Geologic structure is any feature in rocks that results from deformation, such as folds, joints, and faults. اى شكل فى الصخر ينتج من خلال عملية التشويه مثل : الصدوع والطيات هى التشققات والتصدعات الضخمة والالتواءات العنيفة التى تشوه صخور القشرة الارضية .  Geologic structures are usually the result of the powerful tectonic forces that occur within the earth. These forces fold and break rocks, form deep faults, and build mountains . Division of Structures • Primary (or sedimentary) structures: such as ripple marks, cross-bedding, and mud cracks form in sediments during or shortly after deposition. هى التراكيب الناتجة من تدخل العمليات الخارجية أثناء الترسيب • Secondary structures: is that structures formed after the formations of any kind of rocks, such as folds, faults, or unconformities. Primary structures They are any structures in sedimentary rock formed at or shortly after the time of deposition: such as: هى الاشكال التى تتخلف بالصخور تحت تأثير عوامل مناخية وبيئية خاصة مثل الجفاف والحرارة وتأثير الرياح والتيارات المائية وغيرها وبدون أى تدخل من جانب القوى والحركات الارضية أمثلة ذلك:  Ripple marks علامات النيم: هي تموجات رملية صغيرة تنشأ على سطح الطبقات الرسوبية بواسطة حركة الماء أو الهواء و تكون حروف علامات النيم متعامدة على اتجاه الحركة. They are wavelike (undulating) structures produced in granular sediment such as sand by unidirectional wind and water currents or by oscillating wave currents. Wind and current ripples. (Asymmetric Wave ripples. (Symmetric  Mud cracks التشققات فى الرواسب الطينية : حيث ينكمش سطح الرسوبيات الطينية مخلفة شقوقا مميزة فى فترات الجفاف Mud crack is a crack in clay-rich sediment that has dried out.  Cross bedding التطبق المتقاطع هو النمط الذي تسلكه الرسوبيات الجديدة المتراكمة عند تأثرها بأي من التيارات المائية أو الهوائية. عندما تستق

Ppt of geomorphologyNavjotpreet Kaur

Pangaea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. The continents were joined together before breaking apart and drifting to their current positions due to plate tectonic forces. Pangaea was surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa and contained the continental masses of Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. Wegener's continental drift theory explains how plate tectonics causes the continents to shift and change position over geologic time, resulting in the fragmentation of Pangaea and the gradual drifting of landmasses to their present locations.

Earth Science 4.4 : Deforming the Earth's CrustChris Foltz

1) Rocks can deform through folding or faulting when subjected to compression or tension stress from tectonic plate movement. There are three main types of folds - anticlines, synclines, and monoclines - and three main types of faults - normal, reverse, and strike-slip. 2) Mountains form through various processes including folding of rock layers, faulting that drops crustal blocks, and volcanic eruption of magma at the surface. 3) Vertical movement of the crust involves either uplift, where areas rise to higher elevations, or subsidence, where areas sink to lower elevations. Uplift can occur through rebound as crust rebounds after being compressed. Subs

Natural Disasters Topic 3 (Plate Tectonics)William W. Little

This document provides an overview of plate tectonic theory and the evidence that supports it. It discusses early ideas including continental drift theory and how the development of seafloor spreading theory addressed continental drift's lack of a driving mechanism. It then summarizes key evidence for seafloor spreading including the global system of mid-ocean ridges, patterns of magnetic reversals in ocean crust, and the age progression of ocean floors. This led to the modern theory of plate tectonics unifying continental drift and seafloor spreading.

Tectonic Plates by Dave HollandDavid Holland

This document provides information about the structure of the Earth and plate tectonics. It discusses the four main layers of the Earth as well as the three layers of the mantle. It then defines tectonic plates and describes the six different types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. Examples of resulting land formations from each boundary type are given such as mountains, volcanoes, rift valleys, and earthquakes. Students are assigned group work to research and present on one specific type of plate boundary formation.

Biology chapter 31 1 reptilesTamara

Reptiles are ectothermic animals that rely on the environment to regulate their body temperature. They lay amniotic eggs that have a protective shell and membranes, allowing embryonic development on land outside of water. Reptiles have key adaptations for terrestrial living including lungs, a four-chambered heart, efficient excretion, limbs for movement, internal fertilization, and shelled eggs. The four main groups of modern reptiles are lizards and snakes, crocodilians, turtles and tortoises, and tuatara.

Biology 31 2 birdsTamara

Birds have several anatomical adaptations that help them maintain homeostasis and enable flight. Feathers develop from skin pits and provide insulation, while endothermy allows birds to generate their own body heat. The crop and gizzard aid digestion, and air sacs allow for one-way airflow through the lungs during respiration. Birds also have scaled legs and modified front limbs as wings, along with efficient organ systems, aerodynamic features, lightweight bones, and strong chest muscles.

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Earth science 12.1

1. 12.1 Discovering Earth’s History

2. Uniformitarianism The concept that processes that have shaped Earth in the past are essentially the same as those operating today

3. Relative dating Process by which rocks are placed in their proper sequence or order; Only the chronological order of events is determined, not the absolute age in years.

4. unconformity A surface that represents a break in the rock record, caused by erosion or lack of deposition

5. Correlation Establishing the equivalence of rocks of similar age in different areas

6. Key Concept Rocks record geological events and changing life forms of the past

7. Key concept We have learned that earth is much older than anyone had previously imagined and that its surface and interior have been changed by the same geological processes that continue today

8. Key concept Uniformitarianism means that the forces and processes that we observe today have been at work for a very long time

9. Key Concept Relative dating tells us the sequence in which events occurred, not how long ago they occurred

10. Key Concept The law of superposition states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it.

11. Key Concept The principle of original horizontality means that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.

12. Key concept An unconformity represents a long period during which deposition stopped, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed.

13. Key Concept An angular unconformity indicates that during the pause in deposition, a period of deformation (folding or tilting) and erosion occurred.

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