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This document discusses the basics of human anatomy and physiology. It covers the six levels of structural and functional organization in the human body from chemical to organism. Homeostasis and homeostatic regulation are explained, including the roles of negative and positive feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis. Key anatomical terminology is defined, including anatomical position, body planes, sections, and body cavities. The serous membranes that line body cavities are also introduced.

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 1 The Human Organism Cells of the Peritoneum
Characteristics of Living Things Organization
Characteristics of Living Things Responsiveness
Characteristics of Living Things Growth and Differentiation
Characteristics of Living Things Reproduction
Characteristics of Living Things Movement
Characteristics of Living Things Metabolism and Excretion
Definitions Anatomy – Study of structure Physiology – Study of function
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems Regional anatomy is the study of the body by areas Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body
Studies in Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of cells Histology – study of tissues
Studies in Anatomy Gross Anatomy Regional anatomy - the study of the body by areas Systemic anatomy - the study of the body by organ systems Surface anatomy - uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures Developmental anatomy – study of structure throughout the lifespan
Studies in Anatomy Gross Anatomy Embryology – study of structural development from fertilization to birth Medical or pathological anatomy – study of anatomical changes caused by disease
Studies in Physiology Cell physiology – study of the function of cells Special physiology – study of the function of organs System physiology – study of the function of organ systems Pathological physiology – study of changes in function caused by disease
Structural and Functional Organization Six Levels of Organization Chemical Level Cell Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level
Structural and Functional Organization Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
Structural and Functional Organization Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
Structural and Functional Organization Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
Structural and Functional Organization Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism
Structural and Functional Organization Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism
Structural and Functional Organization Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism
Fig. 1.3a Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs
Fig. 1.3b Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs
Homeostasis Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment set point is the ideal normal value (body temperature) normal range is the fluctuation around set point
Homeostatic regulation Autoregulation – a cell, tissue or organ automatically adjusts to a change in the environment. Example: inflammation
Homeostatic regulation Extrinsic regulation: When the nervous or endocrine system controls or adjusts the activity of tissues, organs or organ systems in response to a change in the environment.
Homeostatic regulatory mechanism Stimulus – a change in an enviromental factor Receptor (sensor) – a sensor that is sensitive to the environmental change Control center (integration center) – receives and processes the stimulus. If needed send a message to the effector
Homeostatic regulatory mechanism Effector – usually a muscle or a gland. Proves the response to the stimulus. The action of the effector determines if the response will take place through negative feedback or positive feedback.
Homeostasis Homeostasis is maintained by negative and positive feedback mechanisms Negative feedback turns off or reverses the original stimulus Positive feedback enhances and up-regulates the initial stimulus (is usually harmful to the body)
 
Homeostatic imbalance A homeostatic imbalance is a disease Signs – characteristics of a disease that can be measured Symptoms – characteristics of a disease that cannot be measured
 
Terminology and Body Plane Body Positions Anatomical position human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward Supine – person laying face up Prone – person laying face down
Terminology and Body Plane Directional terms Always refer to anatomical position Right Left Superior Inferior Cephalic Caudal Anterior Posterior Ventral Dorsal Proximal Distal Lateral Medial Superficial Deep
Fig. 1.11 Body Parts and Regions
Fig. 1.12 Body Parts and Regions
Body Planes Sagittal plane: divides the body into left and right parts Transverse plane: divides the body into superior and inferior parts Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Fig. 1.13
Organ Planes Longitudinal section: along its long axis Cross (transverse) section: right angle to the long axis Oblique section: across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle Fig. 1.14
Body Cavities Thoracic cavity: bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity: Contains two subdivisions Abdominal cavity: bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles Pelvic cavity: surrounded by the pelvic bones Fig. 1.15
Serous Membranes Parietal membrane: lines the wall of the cavity Visceral membrane: is in contact with the internal organs Serous fluid: secreted by the serous membrane and protects organs against friction
Serous Membranes Pericardial cavity: has the pericardium that surrounds the heart Pleural cavities: has the pleura that surround the lungs
Serous Membranes Peritoneal cavity: has the peritoneum that surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs Mesenteries hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs Retroperitoneal organs are located “behind” the parietal peritoneum

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Seeley chapter 1

  • 1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 1 The Human Organism Cells of the Peritoneum
  • 2. Characteristics of Living Things Organization
  • 3. Characteristics of Living Things Responsiveness
  • 4. Characteristics of Living Things Growth and Differentiation
  • 5. Characteristics of Living Things Reproduction
  • 6. Characteristics of Living Things Movement
  • 7. Characteristics of Living Things Metabolism and Excretion
  • 8. Definitions Anatomy – Study of structure Physiology – Study of function
  • 9. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems Regional anatomy is the study of the body by areas Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body
  • 10. Studies in Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of cells Histology – study of tissues
  • 11. Studies in Anatomy Gross Anatomy Regional anatomy - the study of the body by areas Systemic anatomy - the study of the body by organ systems Surface anatomy - uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures Developmental anatomy – study of structure throughout the lifespan
  • 12. Studies in Anatomy Gross Anatomy Embryology – study of structural development from fertilization to birth Medical or pathological anatomy – study of anatomical changes caused by disease
  • 13. Studies in Physiology Cell physiology – study of the function of cells Special physiology – study of the function of organs System physiology – study of the function of organ systems Pathological physiology – study of changes in function caused by disease
  • 14. Structural and Functional Organization Six Levels of Organization Chemical Level Cell Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level
  • 15. Structural and Functional Organization Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
  • 16. Structural and Functional Organization Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
  • 17. Structural and Functional Organization Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
  • 18. Structural and Functional Organization Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism
  • 19. Structural and Functional Organization Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism
  • 20. Structural and Functional Organization Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism
  • 21. Fig. 1.3a Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs
  • 22. Fig. 1.3b Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs
  • 23. Homeostasis Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment set point is the ideal normal value (body temperature) normal range is the fluctuation around set point
  • 24. Homeostatic regulation Autoregulation – a cell, tissue or organ automatically adjusts to a change in the environment. Example: inflammation
  • 25. Homeostatic regulation Extrinsic regulation: When the nervous or endocrine system controls or adjusts the activity of tissues, organs or organ systems in response to a change in the environment.
  • 26. Homeostatic regulatory mechanism Stimulus – a change in an enviromental factor Receptor (sensor) – a sensor that is sensitive to the environmental change Control center (integration center) – receives and processes the stimulus. If needed send a message to the effector
  • 27. Homeostatic regulatory mechanism Effector – usually a muscle or a gland. Proves the response to the stimulus. The action of the effector determines if the response will take place through negative feedback or positive feedback.
  • 28. Homeostasis Homeostasis is maintained by negative and positive feedback mechanisms Negative feedback turns off or reverses the original stimulus Positive feedback enhances and up-regulates the initial stimulus (is usually harmful to the body)
  • 29.  
  • 30. Homeostatic imbalance A homeostatic imbalance is a disease Signs – characteristics of a disease that can be measured Symptoms – characteristics of a disease that cannot be measured
  • 31.  
  • 32. Terminology and Body Plane Body Positions Anatomical position human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward Supine – person laying face up Prone – person laying face down
  • 33. Terminology and Body Plane Directional terms Always refer to anatomical position Right Left Superior Inferior Cephalic Caudal Anterior Posterior Ventral Dorsal Proximal Distal Lateral Medial Superficial Deep
  • 34. Fig. 1.11 Body Parts and Regions
  • 35. Fig. 1.12 Body Parts and Regions
  • 36. Body Planes Sagittal plane: divides the body into left and right parts Transverse plane: divides the body into superior and inferior parts Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Fig. 1.13
  • 37. Organ Planes Longitudinal section: along its long axis Cross (transverse) section: right angle to the long axis Oblique section: across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle Fig. 1.14
  • 38. Body Cavities Thoracic cavity: bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity: Contains two subdivisions Abdominal cavity: bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles Pelvic cavity: surrounded by the pelvic bones Fig. 1.15
  • 39. Serous Membranes Parietal membrane: lines the wall of the cavity Visceral membrane: is in contact with the internal organs Serous fluid: secreted by the serous membrane and protects organs against friction
  • 40. Serous Membranes Pericardial cavity: has the pericardium that surrounds the heart Pleural cavities: has the pleura that surround the lungs
  • 41. Serous Membranes Peritoneal cavity: has the peritoneum that surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs Mesenteries hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs Retroperitoneal organs are located “behind” the parietal peritoneum