The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Beginnings

Joseph Smith formally organized the church as the Church of Christ, on April 6, 1830, in western New York;^[f] the church's name was later changed to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.^{[24]: 627 n. 73} Initial converts were drawn to the church in part because of the newly published Book of Mormon, a self-described chronicle of Indigenous American prophets that Smith said he had translated from golden plates.^[31]

Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion.^{[24]: 122 [32][33]} In 1831, the church moved to Kirtland, Ohio,^{[g][35]: 97} and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri,^{[24]: 162 [35]: 109} where Smith planned to eventually move the church headquarters.^[h] However, in 1833, Missouri settlers violently expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County.^{[24]: 222–227 [i]} The church attempted to recover the land through a paramilitary expedition, but did not succeed.^[37] Nevertheless, the church flourished in Kirtland as Smith published new revelations and the church built the Kirtland Temple,^[j][41] culminating in a dedication of the building similar to the day of Pentecost.^[42] The Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections.^{[24]: 328–338 [43]} Smith regrouped with the remaining church in Far West, Missouri,^[k] but tensions soon escalated into violent conflicts with the Missouri settlers.^[46] Believing the Latter Day Saints to be an insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that they be "exterminated or driven from the State".^[l] In 1839, the Latter Day Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the church's new headquarters.^{[24]: 383–384}

Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who flooded into Nauvoo.^[47] Meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates.^[48] He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow righteous people to become gods in the afterlife,^[m] and a secular institution to govern the Millennial kingdom.^{[45]: 120–122 [n]} He also introduced the church to a full accounting of his First Vision, in which he claimed that two heavenly "personages" appeared to him at age 14.^[o] This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in human history since the resurrection of Jesus.^[55]

On June 27, 1844, Smith and his brother, Hyrum, were killed by a mob in Carthage, Illinois,^{[35]: 393–394 [24]} while being held on charges of treason.^[56] Because Hyrum was Joseph's designated successor, their deaths caused a succession crisis,^{[45]: 143 [35]: 398} and Brigham Young assumed leadership over a majority of the church's membership.^{[24]: 556–557} Young had been a close associate of Smith's and was the president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the church.

Other splinter groups followed other leaders around this time. These groups have no affiliation with the LDS Church,^{[45]: 198–211} however they share a common heritage in their early church history. Collectively, they are called the Latter Day Saint movement. The largest of these smaller groups is the Community of Christ, based in Independence, Missouri, followed by the Church of Jesus Christ, based in Monongahela, Pennsylvania. Like the LDS Church, these faiths believe in Joseph Smith as a prophet and founder of their religion. They also accept the Book of Mormon, and most accept at least some version of the Doctrine and Covenants. However, they tend to disagree to varying degrees with the LDS Church concerning doctrine and church leadership.^[57][58]

Pioneer era

For two years after Smith's death, conflicts escalated between Mormons and other Illinois residents. Brigham Young led his followers, later called the Mormon pioneers, westward to Nebraska and then in 1847 on to what later became the Utah Territory,^[59] which at the time had been part of the lands of the Ute, Goshute, and Shoshone nations, and claimed by Mexico until 1848.^[62] Around 80,000 settlers arrived between 1847 and 1869,^[8] who then branched out and colonized a large region now known as the Mormon Corridor. Meanwhile, efforts to globalize the church began in earnest around this time, with missionaries being sent off to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii), India, Chile, Australia, China, South Africa, and all over Europe.^[63]

Young incorporated the LDS Church as a legal entity, and initially governed both the church and the state as a theocratic leader. He also publicized the practice of plural marriage in 1852. Modern research suggests that around 20 percent of Mormon families may have participated in the practice.^[3]

By 1857, tensions had again escalated between Mormons and other Americans, largely as a result of accusations involving polygamy and the theocratic rule of the Utah Territory by Young.^[64] The Utah Mormon War ensued from 1857 to 1858, which resulted in the relatively peaceful invasion of Utah by the United States Army. The most notable instance of violence during this conflict was the Mountain Meadows massacre, in which leaders of a local Mormon militia ordered the massacre of a civilian emigrant party who was traveling through Utah during the escalating military tensions.^{[6]: 120–123} After the massacre was discovered, the church became the target of significant media criticism for it.^[65]

After the Army withdrew, Young agreed to step down from power and be replaced by a non-Mormon territorial governor, Alfred Cumming. Nevertheless, the LDS Church still wielded significant political power in the Utah Territory.^[66] Coterminously, tensions between Mormon settlers and Indigenous tribes continued to escalate as settlers began colonizing a growing area of tribal lands. While Mormons and Indigenous peoples made attempts at peaceful coexistence, skirmishes ensued from about 1849 to 1873 culminating in the armed conflicts of Walkara's War, the Bear River Massacre, and the Black Hawk War.

After Young's death in 1877, he was followed in the church presidency by John Taylor and Wilford Woodruff successively, who resisted efforts by the United States Congress to outlaw Mormon polygamous marriages. In 1878, the United States Supreme Court, in Reynolds v. United States, decreed that "religious duty" to engage in plural marriage was not a valid defense to prosecutions for violating state laws against polygamy. Conflict between Mormons and the U.S. government escalated to the point that, in 1890, Congress disincorporated the LDS Church and seized most of its assets. Soon thereafter, Woodruff issued a manifesto that officially suspended the performance of new polygamous marriages in the United States.^[67] Relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, such that Utah was admitted as a U.S. state in 1896. Relations further improved after 1904, when church president Joseph F. Smith again disavowed polygamy before the United States Congress and issued a "Second Manifesto", calling for all plural marriages in the church to cease. Eventually, the church adopted a policy of excommunicating its members found practicing polygamy.^[68] Some fundamentalist groups with relatively small memberships have broken off and continue to practice polygamy, but the Church distances itself from them.^[69][70]

Modern times

During the 20th century, the church grew substantially and became an international organization. In 2000, the church reported over 60,000 missionaries and global church membership stood at just over 11 million.^[71] Nominal worldwide membership surpassed 16 million in 2018. Slightly under half of church membership lives within the U.S.^[72] Academics have called the denomination a Restorationist church,^[73] a new religious movement,^[74] and a potential world religion.^[75]

The church has become a strong proponent of the nuclear family and at times played a prominent role in political matters, including opposition to MX Peacekeeper missile bases in Utah and Nevada,^[76] the Equal Rights Amendment,^[76] legalized gambling,^[77] same-sex marriage,^[78]: 2 and physician-assisted death.^[79]

A number of official changes have taken place to the organization during the modern era. In 1978, the church reversed its previous policy of excluding Black men of African descent from the priesthood, which had been in place since 1852;^[80]: 70 members of all races can now be ordained to the priesthood. Also, since the early 1900s, the church has instituted a Priesthood Correlation Program to centralize church operations and bring them under a hierarchy of priesthood leaders. During the Great Depression, the church also began operating a church welfare system, and it has conducted humanitarian efforts in cooperation with other religious organizations such as Catholic Relief Services, as well as secular organizations like Care International.^[81][82] The church supported^{[clarification needed]} its members serving in the armed forces during World Wars I and II, both in the U.S. and internationally.^{[citation needed]} From 1913 to 2020 the church was a major sponsor of Scouting programs for boys, particularly in the United States. The LDS Church was the largest chartered organization in the Boy Scouts of America,^[83][84] but in 2020, the church ended its relationship with the BSA and began an alternate, religion-centered youth program, which replaced all other youth programs.^[85]

During the second half of the 20th century and early 21st, the church has responded to various challenges to its doctrine and authority. Challenges have included rising secularization,^[86][87] challenges to the correctness of the translation of the Book of Abraham,^[88][89] and primary documents forged by Mark Hofmann purporting to contradict important aspects of official early church history.^[90] The church's positions regarding women, Black people, and homosexuality have all been publicly criticized during this timeframe.

Nature of God

LDS Church theology includes the belief in a Godhead composed of God the Father, his son, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost as three separate persons who share a unity of purpose or will; however, they are viewed as three distinct beings. This is in contrast with the predominant Christian view, which holds that God is a Trinity of three distinct persons in one essence. The Latter-day Saint conception of the Godhead is similar to what contemporary Christian theologians call social trinitarianism.^[91] The church also believes that God the Father and his son, Jesus Christ, are separate beings with bodies of flesh and bone, while the Holy Ghost lacks such a physical body.^[92]

According to statements by church leaders, God sits at the head of the human family and is married to a Heavenly Mother, who is the mother of human spirits.^[93] However, church leaders have also categorically discouraged prayers to her and counseled against speculation regarding her.^[94]

Jesus Christ

Church members believe in Jesus Christ as the literal Son of God and Messiah, his crucifixion as a conclusion of a sin offering, and his subsequent resurrection.^{[95][96]: 171–172} However, Latter-day Saints reject the ecumenical creeds and the definition of the Trinity.^[97] Jesus is also seen as the elder brother of all who live in this world.^[96]: 155 The church teaches that Jesus performed a substitutionary atonement; in contrast with other Christian denominations, the church teaches this atonement began in the garden of Gethsemane and continued to his crucifixion (rather than the orthodox belief that the crucifixion alone was the physical atonement).^{[96]: 178, 291} The church also teaches that Jesus appeared to other peoples after his death, including spirits of the dead in the spirit world,^{[95][96]: 211} and Indigenous Americans.^[97][95][98]

The church also teaches that Jesus is the true founder and leader of the church itself.^[99] The physical establishment of the church by Smith in 1830 is seen as simply the reestablishment of the same primitive church that existed under Jesus and his Apostles.^[100]: 37 Similarly, the church teaches that Jesus leads the church presently through its apostles and prophets,^[101] especially its current president.^[100]: 38

Cosmology and plan of salvation

The church's cosmology and plan of salvation include the doctrines of a pre-existence, an earthly mortal existence, three degrees of heaven and exaltation.

According to these doctrines, every human spirit is a spiritual child of a Heavenly Father and each has the potential to continue to learn, grow, and progress in the eternities, eventually achieving eternal life, which is to become one with God in the same way that Jesus Christ is one with the Father, thus allowing the children of God to become divine beings—that is, gods—themselves.^[116]: 74 This view on the doctrine of theosis is also referred to as becoming a "joint-heir with Christ".^[106] The process by which this is accomplished is called exaltation, a doctrine which includes the reunification of the mortal family after the resurrection and the ability to have spirit children in the afterlife and inherit a portion of God's kingdom.^[106][117]

According to LDS Church theology, men and women may be sealed to one another so that their marital bond continues into the eternities.^[s] Children may also be sealed to their biological or adoptive parents to form permanent familial bonds, thus allowing all immediate and extended family relations to endure past death.^{[t][122][123]} The most significant LDS ordinances may be performed via proxy in behalf of those who have died, such as baptism for the dead. The church teaches that all will have the opportunity to hear and accept or reject the gospel of Jesus Christ, either in this life or the next.^[124][125]

Within church cosmology, the fall of Adam and Eve is seen positively. The church teaches that it was essential to allow humankind to experience separation from God, to exercise full agency in making decisions for their own happiness.^{[126][127][128]}

Restorationism

The LDS Church teaches that, subsequent to the death of Jesus and his original apostles, his church, along with the authority to act in Jesus Christ's name and the church's attendant spiritual gifts, were lost, due to a combination of external persecutions and internal heresies.^[100]: 33 The "Restoration"—as begun by Joseph Smith and embodied in the church itself—refers to a return of the authentic priesthood power, spiritual gifts, ordinances, living prophets and revelation of the primitive Church of Christ.^[129][130] This restoration is associated with a number of events which are understood to have been necessary to re-establish the early Christian church found in the New Testament, and to prepare the earth for the Second Coming of Jesus.^[131] In particular, Latter-day Saints believe that angels appeared to Joseph Smith and a limited number of his associates, and bestowed various priesthood authorities on them.

Leadership

The church is led by a president, who is considered a "prophet, seer, and revelator." Within the church, he is referred to as "the Prophet" or the "President of the Church." He is considered the only person who is authorized to receive revelation from God on behalf of the whole world or entire church. As such, the church teaches that he is essentially infallible when speaking on behalf of God—although the exact circumstances when his pronouncements should be considered authoritative are debated within the church.^[132][133] In any case, modern declarations with broad doctrinal implications are often issued by joint statement of the First Presidency; they may be joined by the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles as well.^[134][135] Church members believe Joseph Smith was the first modern-day prophet.^[136]

Normally, the Prophet and two other ordained apostles he chooses as counselors form the First Presidency, the presiding body of the church; twelve other apostles form the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.^[137] When a president dies, his successor is chosen from the remaining apostles, and is invariably the longest-tenured of the group.^[138] Apostles are chosen by the church president after the death of an existing apostle.^[139] Following the death of church president Thomas S. Monson on January 2, 2018,^[140] senior apostle Russell M. Nelson was announced as president on January 16.^[141]

The general authorities of the church consist of the First Presidency, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, first two Quorums of Seventy and the Presiding Bishopric. And under the leadership of the general officers are five organizations: the Relief Society, Sunday School, Young Women, Young Men, and Primary.^[3] Women serve as presidents and counselors in the presidencies of the Relief Society, Young Women, and Primary, while men serve as presidents and counselors of the Sunday School and Young Men.^[142]

Home and family

The church and its members consider marriage and family highly important, with emphasis placed on large, nuclear families.^[3] In 1995, the church's First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve issued "The Family: A Proclamation to the World", which asserts the importance of a heterosexual, nuclear family. The proclamation defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman and stated that the family unit is "central to the Creator's plan for the eternal destiny of His children." The document further says that "gender is an essential characteristic of individual premortal, mortal, and eternal identity and purpose," that the father and mother have differing roles as "equal partners" in raising children, that "children are entitled to birth within the bonds of matrimony", and that successful marriages and happy families are most likely established when founded upon the teachings of Jesus Christ.^[145] The proclamation also promotes specific roles essential to maintaining the strength of the family unit—the traditional roles of a husband and father as the family's breadwinner and those of a wife and mother as a nurturing caregiver. It concludes by inviting its audience to "promote those measures designed to maintain and strengthen the family as the fundamental unit of society".^[3] Senior church leaders have continued to emphasize conservative teachings on marriage and gender to the present time.^[146]

LDS Church members are encouraged to set aside one evening each week, typically Monday, to spend together in "Family Home Evening" (FHE), which typically consists of gathering as a family to study the faith's gospel principles, and other family activities. Daily family prayer is also encouraged.^[3]

Sources of doctrine

The theology of the LDS Church consists of a combination of biblical doctrines with modern revelations and other commentary by LDS leaders, particularly Joseph Smith. The most authoritative sources of theology are the faith's canon of four religious texts, called the "standard works". Included in the standard works are the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the D&C and the Pearl of Great Price.^[147]

The Book of Mormon is a foundational sacred book for the church; the terms "Mormon" and "Mormonism" come from the book itself. The LDS Church teaches that the Angel Moroni told Smith about golden plates containing the record, guided him to find them buried in the Hill Cumorah, and provided him the means of translating them from Reformed Egyptian. It claims to give a history of the inhabitants from a now-extinct society living on the American continent and their distinct Judeo-Christian teachings. The Book of Mormon is very important to modern Latter-day Saints, who consider it the world's most correct text.^[148]

The Bible, also part of the church's canon, is believed to be the word of God—subject to an acknowledgment that its translation may be incorrect, or that authoritative sections may have been lost over the centuries. Most often, the church uses the Authorized King James Version.^[102] Two extended portions of the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible have been canonized and are thus considered authoritative.^[u] Additionally, over 600^[149] of the more doctrinally significant verses from the translation are included as excerpts in the current LDS Church edition of the Bible.^[150] Other revelations from Smith are found in the D&C, and in the Pearl of Great Price.^[3] Another source of authoritative doctrine is the pronouncements of the current Apostles and members of the First Presidency. The church teaches that the First Presidency and the Quorum of Twelve Apostles are prophets^[151] and that they are therefore authorized teachers of God's word.^[152]

In addition to doctrine given by the church as a whole, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives,^[153] and in revealing truth to them, especially about spiritual matters. Generally, this is said to occur through thoughts and feelings from the Holy Ghost, in response to prayer.^[154] Similarly, the church teaches its members may receive individual guidance and counsel from God through blessings from priesthood holders. In particular, patriarchal blessings are considered special blessings that are received only once in the recipient's life, which are recorded, transcribed, and archived.^[155]: 239

Rituals

Baptism by immersion is considered highly important in the LDS Church. This depiction from circa 1850 shows the all-white clothing used in the ordinance.

In the church, an ordinance is a sacred rite or ceremony that has spiritual and symbolic meanings, and acts as a means of conveying divine grace. Ordinances are physical acts which signify or symbolize an underlying spiritual act; for some ordinances, the spiritual act is the finalization of a covenant between the ordinance recipient and God. Ordinances are generally performed under priesthood authority.

The ordinance of baptism is believed to bind its participant to Jesus Christ, who saves them in their imperfection if they continually keep their promises to him.^[156] Baptism is performed by immersion, and is typically administered to children starting at age eight.

Church members believe that through the ordinances of temple sealing and temple endowment, anyone can reach the highest level of salvation in the celestial kingdom and eternally live in God's presence, continue as families, become gods, create worlds, and make spirit children over whom they will govern.^{[117][106][107]}

Other ordinances performed in the church include confirmation, the sacrament (analogous to the Eucharist or holy communion), and priesthood ordination.

Diet and health

The LDS Church asks its members to adhere to a dietary code called the Word of Wisdom, in which they abstain from the consumption of alcohol, coffee, tea, tobacco, and illicit or harmful substances.^[157] The Word of Wisdom also encourages the consumption of herbs and grains along with the moderate consumption of meat.^[3]

When Joseph Smith published the Word of Wisdom in 1833, it was considered only advice; violation did not restrict church membership. During the 1890s, though, church leaders started emphasizing the Word of Wisdom more. In 1921, church president Heber J. Grant made obeying the Word of Wisdom a requirement to engage in worship inside of the faith's temples. From that time, church leadership has emphasized the forbidding of coffee, tea, tobacco, and alcohol, but not the other guidelines concerning meat, grains, and herbs.^[3] In 2019, the church further clarified through its New Era magazine that the usage of marijuana and opioids is prohibited except as prescribed by a competent physician for medical purposes.^[158]

Sexuality

Church members are expected to follow a moral code called the law of chastity, which prohibits adultery, homosexual behavior, and sexual relations before or outside of marriage.^[102]: 1 As part of the law of chastity, the church strongly opposes pornography, and considers masturbation an immoral act.^[159] Law of chastity violations can be grounds for church discipline; resulting penalties may include having access to the temple and sacrament revoked, as well as excommunication.^[160] The church discourages romantic dating until around the age of 16.^[161][162]

Tithing and other donations

Church members are expected to donate one-tenth of their income to support the operations of the church. After initially relying on a communal lifestyle known as the law of consecration throughout most of the 1830s, the church created the law of tithing in July 1838 when the membership was concentrated in Missouri.^[163] Church members would frequently tithe by giving ten percent of their livestock and produce; nowadays donations are generally done with money.^[163]

Annual donations were estimated to total $7 billion^[164][165] to $33 billion^[166] USD donated in 2012 (equivalent to $9.3 billion to $43.8 billion in 2023^[167]). To qualify for participation in temple ordinances (which Latter-day Saints believe are necessary for their salvation), paying a full tithe is a requirement, regardless of one's temporal circumstances.^[171] Members are also encouraged to fast (abstain from food and drink) on the first Sunday of each month for two consecutive meals. They donate at least the cost of the two skipped meals of the fast as a "fast offering", which the church uses to assist people in need and expand its humanitarian efforts.^[172]

Local leadership is not paid, and is expected to tithe as well. Full-time missionaries, however, are not expected to pay tithing as they are usually paying to be a missionary.^[173]

Missionary service

Serving a two-year, full-time proselytizing mission is expected for all able-bodied LDS young men.^{[174][175][176]} Missionaries do not choose where they serve or the language in which they will proselytize, and are expected to fund their missions themselves or with the aid of their families.^[3] Prospective male missionaries must be between the ages of 18 and 25 and have completed secondary school.^[177] All proselytizing missionaries are organized geographically into administrative areas called missions. The efforts in each mission are directed by an older adult male mission president. As of July 2020, there were 407 missions of the church.^[178]

Although missionary service is expected for men, it is not compulsory and is not required to retain church membership.^{[179][180][181]} Unmarried women between the ages of 19 and 29 may also serve as missionaries,^[174][182] generally for a term of 18 months. Retired couples are also encouraged to serve missions, and may serve from 6–23 months terms.^[183] Unlike younger missionaries, these senior missionaries may serve in non-proselytizing capacities such as humanitarian aid workers or family history specialists.^[183] Other men and women who desire to serve a mission, but may not be able to perform full-time service in another state or country due to health issues, may serve in a non-proselytizing mission. They might assist at Temple Square in Salt Lake City or aid in the seminary system in schools.^[184]

Sabbath day observance

Church members are expected to set aside Sundays as a day of rest and worship. Typically, weekly worship meetings occur solely on Sundays. Shopping and recreation are discouraged on Sundays as well.^[5]: 456

Weekly meetings

Meetings for worship and study are held at meetinghouses, which are typically utilitarian in character.^[3] The main focus of Sunday worship is the Sacrament meeting, where the sacrament is passed to church members; sacrament meetings also include prayers, the singing of hymns by the congregation or choir, and impromptu or planned sermons by church members. Also included in weekly meetings are times for Sunday School, or separate instructional meetings based on age and gender, including the Relief Society for women.

Church congregations are organized geographically.^[5]: 150 Members are generally expected to attend the congregation within their assigned geographical area; however, some geographical areas also provide separate congregations for young single adults, older single adults, or for speakers of alternate languages.^[5]: 151 For Sunday services, the church is grouped into either larger congregations known as wards, or smaller congregations known as branches.^[5]: 152 Regional church organizations, encompassing multiple congregations, include stakes,^[5]: 175 missions, districts and areas.^[185]

The church's Young Men and Young Women organizations meet at the meetinghouse once a week, on a day other than Sunday, where the youth participate in activities.

Temple worship

In LDS theology, a temple is considered to be a holy building, dedicated as a "House of the Lord" and held as more sacred than a typical meetinghouse or chapel. In temples, church members participate in ceremonies that are considered the most sacred in the church, including marriage, and an endowment ceremony that includes a washing and anointing, receiving a temple garment, and making covenants with God. Baptisms for the dead—as well as other temple ordinances on behalf of the dead^[3]—are performed in the temples as well.

Temples are considered by church members to be the most sacred structures on earth, and as such, operating temples are not open to the public.^[186] Then after the temple is dedicated, permission to enter is reserved only for church members who pass periodic interviews with ecclesiastical leaders and receive a special recommendation card, called a temple recommend, that they present upon entry.^[3] Church members are instructed not to share details about temple ordinances with non-members or even converse about them outside the temple itself.^[3] As of May 2023, there are 177 operating temples worldwide.^[187]

To perform ordinances in temples on behalf of deceased family members, the church emphasizes genealogical research, and encourages its lay members to participate in genealogy.^[188] It operates FamilySearch, the largest genealogical organization in the world.^[189]

Conferences

Twice each year (the first weekend of April and October), general authorities and general officers address the worldwide church through general conference. General conference sessions are translated into as many as 80 languages and are broadcast from the 21,000-seat^[190] Conference Center in Salt Lake City. During this conference, church members formally acknowledge, or "sustain", the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles as prophets, seers, and revelators.^[191]

Individual stakes also hold formal conferences within their own boundaries biannually; wards hold conferences annually.^[192]

Name and legal entities

The church teaches that it is a continuation of the Church of Christ restored in 1830 by Joseph Smith. This original church underwent several name changes during the 1830s, being changed to "The Church of the Latter Day Saints",^[193] "The Church of Jesus Christ",^[194] "The Church of God",^[11] "The Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints"^[193] and "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" (by an 1838 revelation).^{[193][25]: 160} Finally, after Smith died, Brigham Young and the largest body of Smith's followers incorporated the church in 1851 by legislation of the Utah Territory^[v] under the name "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", which included a hyphenated "Latter-day" and a British-style lower-case d.^[195]

Common informal names for the church include the LDS Church, the Mormon Church, and the Latter-day Saints Church.^[198] The church requests that the official name be used when possible or, if necessary, shortened to "the Church" or "the Church of Jesus Christ".^[194] In August 2018, church president Russell M. Nelson asked members of the church and others to cease using the terms "LDS", "Mormon" and "Mormonism" to refer to the church, its membership, or its belief system and instead to call the church by its full and official name.^{[199][200][w]} Subsequent to this announcement, the church's premier vocal ensemble, the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, was officially renamed and became the "Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square".^[202] Reaction to the name change policy has been mixed.^[203]

Legally, the church currently functions as a corporation sole, incorporated in Utah,^[204] of which the Presiding Bishop is the sole officer.^{[failed verification]}

Intellectual Reserve is a nonprofit corporation wholly owned by the church, which holds the church's intellectual property, such as copyrights, trademarks, and other media.^[205]

Utah Property Management Associates (UPMA), formerly Zions Securities Corporation (ZSC), is a subsidiary of Property Reserve Inc.,^[206] which manages property owned by the Corporation of the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints mostly in Salt Lake City, Utah.^[207][208] They manage major corporate, residential, and retail spaces along with parking lots and plazas.^[209]

Priesthood hierarchy and church service

The LDS Church is organized in a hierarchical priesthood structure administered by its male members. Members of the church-wide leadership are called general authorities. They exercise both ecclesiastical and administrative leadership over the church and direct the efforts of regional leaders down to the local level. General authorities, general officers and mission presidents work full-time for the church, and typically receive stipends from church funds or investments.^[210] As well as speaking in general conference, general authorities and general officers speak to church members in local congregations throughout the world; they also speak to youth^[211] and young adults^[212] in broadcasts and at the Church Educational System (CES) schools, such as Brigham Young University (BYU).^[213] Local congregations are typically led by bishops, who perform similar functions to pastors in the Protestant tradition, or parish priests in the Roman Catholic Church.^[214]

All males who are living the standards of the church are generally considered for the priesthood and are ordained to the priesthood as early as age 11.^[215] Ordination occurs by a ceremony where hands are laid on the head of the one ordained. The priesthood is divided into an order for young men aged 11 years and older (called the Aaronic priesthood) and an order for men 18 years of age and older (called the Melchizedek priesthood).^[3][5]: 26 Additional authorities within the priesthood—called priesthood keys–are extended to holders of certain church leadership callings.

Some church leaders and scholars have spoken of women holding or exercising priesthood power.^[216] However, women are not formally ordained to the priesthood, and they do not participate in public functions administered by the priesthood—such as passing the Sacrament, giving priesthood blessings, or holding leadership positions over mixed-gender congregations. Since 2013, the Ordain Women organization has sought formal priesthood ordination for women.^[217] In 2019, church leadership authorized LDS women to serve as witnesses for baptisms, a ceremonial role previously reserved for male priesthood holders.^[218]

Each active church member is expected to receive a calling, or position of assigned responsibility within the church. Church members are expected to neither ask for specific callings, nor decline callings that are extended to them by their leaders. Leadership positions in the church's various congregations are filled through the calling system, and the vast majority of callings are filled on a volunteer basis.^[x][y] Members volunteer general custodial work for local church facilities.^[222]

Programs and organizations

The church operates several programs and organizations in the fields of proselytizing, education, and church welfare such as LDS Humanitarian Services. Many of these organizations and programs are coordinated by the Priesthood Correlation Program, which is designed to provide a systematic approach to maintain worldwide consistency, orthodoxy, and control of the church's ordinances, doctrines, organizations, meetings, materials, and other programs and activities.^{[223][6]: 184–215}

The church also operates CES, which includes BYU, BYU–Idaho, BYU–Hawaii, and Ensign College. The church also operates Institutes of Religion near the campuses of many colleges and universities. For high-school aged youth, the church operates a four-year Seminary program, which provides religious classes for students to supplement their secular education.^[3] The church also sponsors a low-interest educational loan program known as the Perpetual Education Fund, which provides educational opportunities to students from developing nations.^[224][225]

The church's welfare system, initiated in 1930 during the Great Depression, provides aid to the poor. Leaders ask members to fast once a month and donate the money they would have spent on those meals to help the needy, in what is called a fast offering.^[3] Money from the program is used to operate Bishop's storehouses, which package and store food at low cost. Distribution of funds and food is administered by local bishops. The church also distributes money through its Philanthropies division to disaster victims worldwide.^[226]

Other church programs and departments include Family Services, which provides adoption resource referrals, marital and family counseling, psychotherapy, and addiction counseling;^[227] the LDS Church History Department, which collects church history and records; and the Family History Department, which administers the church's large family history efforts, including FamilySearch, the world's largest family history library and organization.^[189][228] Other facilities owned and operated by the church include Temple Square, the Church Office Building, the Church Administration Building, the Church History Library and the Granite Mountain Records Vault.

Finances

Since 1941, the church has been classified by the IRS as a 501(c)(3) organization and is therefore tax-exempt. Donations are tax-deductible in the United States.^[229] The church has not released church-wide financial statements since 1959.^[230] In the absence of official statements, people interested in knowing the church's financial status and behavior, including both members of the church and people outside the church, have attempted to estimate or guess.^[231]

In 1997, Time magazine called the LDS Church one of the world's wealthiest churches per capita.^[232] The church has stated that its for-profit, non-profit, and educational subsidiary entities are all audited by professionals independent from other church entities.^[233]

The church receives significant funds from tithes and fast offerings. It has been estimated that during the 2010s its net worth increased by about $15 billion per year ($19.3 billion in 2023^[167]),^[166] and by $22 billion during the COVID-19 pandemic.^[234] According to a 2020 estimate by The Wall Street Journal, the LDS Church's investment fund had a net worth of around $100 billion.^[235][236]

The church's assets are held in a variety of holding companies, subsidiary corporations, and for-profit companies including: Bonneville International, KSL, Deseret Book Company, and holding companies for cattle ranches and farms in at least 12 U.S. States, Canada, New Zealand, and Argentina. Also included are banks and insurance companies, hotels and restaurants, real estate development, forestry and mining operations, and transportation and railway companies.^[237][238] Investigative journalism from the Truth & Transparency Foundation in 2022 suggests the church may be the owner of the most valuable real estate portfolio in the United States, with a minimum market value of $15.7 billion.^[237] The church has also invested in for-profit business and real estate ventures such as City Creek Center.^[238] The church-owned investment firm Ensign Peak Advisors publicly reports management of $37.8 billion of financial securities, as of 2020.^[204] By summer 2023 assets including "international shares as well as bonds, hybrid investments, real estate and major stakes in private equity" were estimated to exceed $163 billion.^[239]

Media and arts

LDS-themed media includes cinema, fiction, websites, and graphical art such as photography and paintings. The church owns a chain of bookstores called Deseret Book, which provide a channel through which publications are sold; church leaders have authored books and sold them through the publishing arm of the bookstore. BYU TV, the church-sponsored television station, also airs on several networks. The church also produces several pageants annually depicting various events of the primitive and modern-day church. Its Easter pageant Jesus the Christ has been identified as the "largest annual outdoor Easter pageant in the world".^[243] The church encourages entertainment without violence, sexual content, or vulgar language; many church members specifically avoid rated-R movies.^[244]

The church's official choir, the Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square, was formed in the mid-19th century and performs in the Salt Lake Tabernacle. They have traveled to more than 28 countries,^[245] and are considered one of the most famous choirs in the world.^[246] The choir has received a Grammy Award, four Emmy Awards,^[247] two Peabody Awards,^[248] and the National Medal of Arts.^[249]

Political involvement in the U.S.

The LDS Church states it generally takes no partisan role in politics,^[250] but encourages its members to play an active role as responsible citizens in their communities, including becoming informed about issues and voting.^[251] The church maintains that the faith's values can be found among many political parties.^[251][250] It also generally does not take sides in global conflicts.^[252]

A 2012 Pew Center on Religion and Public Life survey indicates that 74 percent of U.S. members lean towards the Republican Party.^[253] Some liberal members say they feel that they have to defend their worthiness due to political differences.^[254] Democrats and those who lean Democrat made up 18% of church members surveyed in the 2014 Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Survey.^[255][256]

The official church stance on when to become involved in politics includes when church leaders deem there to be moral issues, or issues the church believes "directly affect [its] mission, teachings or operations."^[250] The church played an important role in defeating same-sex marriage legalization in Hawaii, Alaska, Nebraska, Nevada, California, and Utah.^[257][258] It supported a gay rights bill in Salt Lake City which bans discrimination against homosexual persons in housing and employment,^[259][260] opposed gambling,^[77] opposed storage of nuclear waste in Utah,^[261] and supported an approach to U.S. immigration policy as outlined in the Utah Compact.^[262] It also opposed a ballot initiative legalizing medicinal marijuana in Utah,^[263] but supported a possible alternative to it.^[264] In 2019 and 2021, the church stated its opposition to the Equality Act, which would prohibit discrimination in the United States on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, but supported alternate legislation that it said would protect both LGBTQ rights and religious freedom.^[265] In 2022, the church stated its support for the Respect for Marriage Act—which codified same-sex marriage as legal in the United States—due to the "protections for religious freedom" it included.^[266]

In the 117th United States Congress, there are nine LDS Church members, including all six members of Utah's congressional delegation, all of whom are Republicans.^[267] Utah's current governor, Spencer Cox, is a church member,^[268] as are supermajorities in both houses of the Utah State Legislature.^[269]

Child sexual abuse

The church has been criticized for a number of abuses allegedly perpetrated or covered up by local church leadership; several cases have been settled out of court.^{[314][315][316]} In other cases, church leaders have been criticized for: allegedly failing to report abuse to law enforcement;^[317] improperly invoking clergy-penitent privilege in so doing;^[315] and failing to keep records of sexual abuse claims which were reported through its Helpline phone number.^[315]

Scriptures

In the late 1820s, criticism centered on the claim by Joseph Smith to have been led to a set of gold plates from which the Book of Mormon was reputedly translated.^[318]

Mainstream archaeological, historical, and scientific communities have discovered little to support the existence of the civilizations described in the Book of Mormon, and do not consider it to be an actual record of historical events.^[29]: xv Scholars have pointed out a number of anachronisms within the text. They argue that no evidence of a reformed Egyptian language has ever been discovered;^{[319]: 91 [ac]} the Book of Mormon explicitly says it was written in a Reformed Egyptian text.^[321] Also, general archaeological and genetic evidence has not supported the book's statements about any known Indigenous peoples of the Americas.^[322][323]

Since its publication in 1842, the Book of Abraham (currently published as part of the canonical Pearl of Great Price) has also been a major source of controversy. Numerous non-Mormon Egyptologists, beginning in the late 19th century,^[324]: 61 have disagreed with Joseph Smith's explanations of the book's facsimiles. Translations of the original papyri—by both Mormon and non-Mormon Egyptologists—do not match the text of the Book of Abraham as purportedly translated by Joseph Smith.^[325]: 61 Indeed, the transliterated text from the recovered papyri and facsimiles published in the Book of Abraham contain no direct references to Abraham.^[328] Scholars have also asserted that damaged portions of the papyri were reconstructed incorrectly by Smith or his associates.^[325]: 25

Polygamy

Polygamy (called plural marriage within the church) was practiced by church leaders for more than half of the 19th century,^[329] and practiced publicly from 1852 to 1890 by between 20 and 30 percent of Latter-day Saint families.^[330][68] It was instituted privately in the 1830s by founder Joseph Smith and announced publicly in 1852 at the direction of Brigham Young.^[68]

For over 60 years, the church and the United States were at odds over the issue: at one point, the Republican platform referenced "the twin relics of barbarism—polygamy and slavery."^[331] The church defended the practice as a matter of religious freedom, while the federal government aggressively sought to eradicate it; in 1862, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, which prohibited plural marriage in the territories.^[68]

In 1890, church president Wilford Woodruff issued a manifesto that officially terminated the practice in the US,^[67] though it did not dissolve existing polygamous marriages.^[329] Some church members continued to enter into polygamous marriages in Canada and Mexico, but these eventually stopped in 1904 when church president Joseph F. Smith disavowed polygamy before Congress and issued a "Second Manifesto", calling for all plural marriages in the church to cease. Several small fundamentalist groups, seeking to continue the practice, split from the LDS Church, but the mainline church now excommunicates members found practicing polygamy and distances itself from those fundamentalist groups.^{[116]: 91 [332]} The church does allow divorced or widowed men to be sealed to other women without cancelling any existing sealings.^[333]

Minorities

Black people

See also: Black people and temple and priesthood policies in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Black segregation and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Curses of Cain and Ham and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Interracial marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Mormonism and slavery

The teachings, attitudes, and practices of top LDS Church leaders towards Black people have changed significantly from its founding years to the modern times, and the church has faced criticism and controversy on these topics.^[338] Joseph Smith allowed several Black men to be ordained as priests during his presidency, but also taught that the dark skin of people of Black African ancestry was a sign of a curse from God.^{[339]: 213 [340]: 27} Both Smith and Brigham Young taught that Black people were subject to the Biblical curse of Ham,^{[341]: 126 [342]} and curse of Cain.^{[340][341]: 256} Both made statements in support of Black enslavement,^[335]: 22 and Young legalized Black slavery while acting as Utah territory's governor.^[346]

From 1844 to 1978, the church barred Black people from participating in temple ordinances necessary for the highest level of salvation;^{[347][348][349]} prevented most men of Black African descent from being ordained to the church's lay, all-male priesthood;^[350]: 64 supported racial segregation in its communities and schools;^{[335]: 67, 78 [351]} taught that righteous Black people would be made White after death;^{[307][352][353]: 148} and opposed interracial marriage.^{[354][80]: 89} Leaders taught on many occasions during this time that Black people were less righteous in the pre-existence.^[356] The temple and priesthood racial restrictions were lifted by top leaders in 1978^[358] following public pressure during the United States' civil rights movement.^[ad] In 2013 the church directly disavowed its previous teachings on race for the first time.^[307][361] In 2018, the Church formed an alliance with the NAACP in an effort to improve race relations.^[362]

Native American people

See also: Native American people and Mormonism, Mormon teachings on skin color, Genetics and the Book of Mormon, Archaeology and the Book of Mormon, and Indian Placement Program

Over the past two centuries, the relationship between Native American people and the LDS Church has included friendly ties, displacement, battles, slavery, education placement programs, official and unofficial discrimination, and criticism.^[363][364] Church leadership and publications taught that Native Americans are descendants of Lamanites, a dark-skinned and cursed people from the Book of Mormon.^{[365]: 196 [364]} More recently, LDS researchers and publications generally favor a smaller geographic footprint of Lamanite descendants.^[ae][367] There is no direct support amongst mainstream historians and archaeologists for the historicity of the Book of Mormon or Middle Eastern origins for Native American peoples.^[369]

Soon after Mormons colonized the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, Native American child slaves became a vital source of labor.^{[370]: 273–274} The settlers initially had some peaceful relations, but because resources were scarce in the desert, hostilities broke out with the local Native Americans.^[371] According to LDS Church Historian Marlin K. Jensen as more LDS immigrants arrived and took over the land of Native nations, "Resources the Indians had relied on for generations diminished, and in time they felt forced to resist and fight for their own survival ... the land and cultural birthright Indians once possessed in the Great Basin were largely taken from them."^[371] Within 50 years of Mormon settlement, the population of Utah's Native Americans was reduced by almost 90%.^[370]: 273

The church ran an Indian Placement Program between the 1950s and the 1990s, wherein Indigenous children were adopted by White church members. Criticism resulted during and after the program, including claims of improper assimilation and even abuse.^[372][307] However, many of the involved students and families praised the program.^{[373]: 194–195} Church leaders taught for decades that Native Americans' darker skin would be made lighter due to their righteousness.^{[374][351][339]: 64}

LGBTQ+ individuals

See also: Homosexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Gender minorities and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Sexual orientation change efforts and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, LGBT rights and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and LGBT Mormon suicides

The church's policies and treatment of sexual minorities and gender minorities have long been the subject of external criticism,^{[375][376][377]} as well as internal controversy and disaffection by members.^{[378][379][380]} Because of its ban against same-sex sexual activity and same-sex marriage, the LDS church taught for decades that any adherents attracted to the same sex could and should change that through sexual orientation change efforts and righteous striving.^[381] The church provided therapy and programs for attempting to change sexual orientation.^[382]

Current teachings and policies leave homosexual members with the options of: attempts to change their sexual orientation, entering a mixed-orientation opposite-sex marriage, or lifelong celibacy.^[386] Some have argued that church teachings against homosexuality and the treatment of LGBT members have contributed to their elevated rates of PTSD, depression,^{[387][388][389]} suicide and teen homelessness.^[392] The church's decades-long, political involvement opposing US same-sex marriage laws has further garnered criticism and protests.^[394]

Those considering gender-affirming surgery are not allowed to be baptized, and those who have already had one need special clearance from the First Presidency before baptism.^{[395][396]: 145} Undergoing a "trans-sexual [sic] operation," including gender-affirming surgery like chest surgery (i.e. top surgery)^[397] may imperil the membership of a current member.^[398][399] Ordinances after baptism such as receiving the priesthood and temple endowments are only done according to birth sex.^[400] Members that gender express through clothing or pronouns differing from the sex assigned at their birth will receive membership restrictions and a notation on their membership records.^[400]

Criticism of Joseph Smith

In the 1830s, the church was heavily criticized for Smith's handling of a banking failure in Kirtland, Ohio.^[401] After the Mormons migrated west, there was fear and suspicion about the LDS Church's political and military power in Missouri,^[af] culminating in the 1838 Mormon War and the Mormon Extermination Order by Governor Lilburn Boggs. In the 1840s, criticism of the church included its theocratic aspirations in Nauvoo, Illinois. Criticism of the practice of plural marriage and other doctrines Smith taught were published in the Nauvoo Expositor in 1844.^{[24]: 539 [ag]} After Smith took a leading role in having the paper's printing press destroyed, he was charged with treason and jailed. While he awaited trial, an angry mob stormed the jailhouse and shot him fatally.^[402]

In modern popular opinion, non-Mormons in the U.S. generally consider Smith a "charlatan, scoundrel, and heretic."^[403] The Book of Mormon musical mocks his account of the golden plates.^[404] In 2007, Christopher Hitchens, writing in Slate, lambasted Smith as a mountebank, charlatan, and fraud (and the church itself as a "ridiculous cult" and a "racket" that became a religion).^[405]

Financial controversy

The church has fought to keep its internal financial information out of the public record.^[406][407] The church's failure to make its finances public has drawn criticism.^[411]

In December 2019, a whistleblower alleged the church held over $100 billion in investment funds through its investment management company, Ensign Peak Advisors (EP); that it used these funds in for-profit ventures rather than charity; and that it misled contributors and the public about the usage and extent of those funds.^[412][413] The church's First Presidency stated that "the Church complies with all applicable law governing our donations, investments, taxes, and reserves," and that "a portion" of funds received by the church are "methodically safeguarded through wise financial management and the building of a prudent reserve".^[414] The church has not directly addressed the fund's size to the public, but third parties have treated the disclosures as legitimate.^[235][236] The disclosure has led to criticism that the church's wealth may be excessive.^[415]

The church has transferred more than 1 billion dollars of tithing collected in Canada, tax-free, to church universities over a 15-year period.^[416] In October 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald announced that while the church publicly claimed to have donated US$1.35 billion to charity between 2008 and 2020, its private financial reports showed that it donated only US$0.177 billion.^[417][ah]

In February 2023, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a $5 million penalty to the church and its investment company, EP. The SEC alleged that the church concealed its investments and their management in multiple shell companies from 1997 to 2019; the SEC believes these shell companies were approved by senior church leadership to avoid public transparency.^[407] The church released a statement that in 2000 EP "received and relied upon legal counsel regarding how to comply with its reporting obligations while attempting to maintain the privacy of the portfolio." After initial SEC concern in June 2019, the church stated that EP "adjusted its approach and began filing a single aggregated report."^[419]