Natchez slave market

The Natchez slave market was a slave market in Natchez, Mississippi in the United States. Slaves were originally sold throughout the area, including along the Natchez Trace that connected the settlement with Nashville, along the Mississippi River at Natchez-Under-the-Hill, and throughout town. From 1833 to 1863, the Forks of the Road slave market was located about a mile from downtown Natchez at the intersection of Liberty Road and Washington Road, which has since been renamed to D'Evereux Drive in one direction and St. Catherine Street in the other. The market differed from many other slave sellers of the day by offering individuals on a first-come first-serve basis rather than selling them at auction, either singly or in lots.^[1] At one time the Forks of the Road was the second-largest slave market in the United States, trailing only New Orleans.^[2]

The Forks of the Road slave market dates to the 18th century; slave sales in vicinity of Natchez, Mississippi were primarily at the riverboat landings in the 1780s but the widespread use of the Natchez Trace from Nashville beginning in the 1790s shifted the market inland to the Forks of the Road "located on the Trace at the northeast edge of the upper town."^[3] In the years immediately following the War of 1812, the most active slave markets in the South were at Algiers, Louisiana, and Natchez, Mississippi.^[4] In the late teens, sales were held near St. Catherine's Toll Bridge over St. Catherine's Creek near what later was called Pharsalia Race Course.^[5]

One traveler visiting the city in 1817 reported "fourteen flatboats loaded with Negroes for sale there."^[4] William Wells Brown, who accompanied a slave shipment to Natchez in roughly the 1828 to 1832 window of time, reported that there was a warehouse at the boat landing for temporarily storing newly arrived slaves while the pens were further inland, up the cliff and in or near town.^[6]

In 1833, in response to fears of contagion stoked by the 1833 cholera epidemic, several traders signed a public letter agreeing to permanently move the slaves for sale in Natchez outside of the city limits.^[7] Prior to this, slave sales were held several places around the settlement, including at the boat landing and on the front steps of the Mansion House. According to an Alabama newspaper, the move was the consequence of Isaac Franklin dumping the bodies of several enslaved cholera victims (including a teenage girl and an eight-month-old baby,^[8] who had been shipped south from Alexandria, Virginia) into a ravine or bayou near town.^[9] The signers of the letter were just a fraction of the 32 "non-resident slave merchants" selling in Natchez that year, who collectively reported US$238,879 (equivalent to $7,541,987 in 2023) in taxable revenue.^[4]

A visitor from New England to Natchez in 1834, the novelist J. H. Ingraham, reported that "elopements, sickness, deaths, and an expanding cotton belt created a continuous demand for slaves, and that Kentucky and Virginia marts supplied this demand. Ingraham observed that river boats landing in the ports of Natchez and New Orleans nearly always brought a cargo of slaves. During the year 1834, the New Englander estimated that more than 4,000 slaves passed through the 'crossroads' market one mile out of Natchez."^[10] According to Frederic Bancroft in Slave-Trading in the Old South (1931), "The chief market, about 1834, was described as 'a cluster of rough wooden buildings, in the angle of two roads,' a mile from Natchez. There were also four or five other pens in the vicinity, 'where several hundred slaves of all ages, colors and conditions, of both sexes, were exposed for sale.' At that time, Natchez had a population of about 3,000, a majority of whom were colored; and about as many slaves as the entire white population of the little city were annually sold in or near it."^[11]

William T. Martin, who had been a county lawyer nearby, and who became an in-house attorney for Franklin & Ballard, and still later a politician and Confederate general, told Bancroft around the turn of the century: "In some years there were three or four thousand slaves here. I think that I have seen as many as 600 or 800 in the market at one time. There were usually four or five large traders at Natchez every winter. Each had from fifty to several hundred negroes, and most of them received fresh lots during the season. They brought their large gangs late in the fall and sold them out by May. Then they went back for more. They built three large three-story buildings, where several hundred could be accommodated."^[11]

Forks of the Road appears in Harriet Beecher Stowe's non-fiction polemical A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853), in a chapter on the ubiquity of family separation in the domestic slave trade, in which she disputes a Virginian's claim that it was rare to separate families, in the rare cases that slaves were sold to traders at all:^[12]

We take up the Natchez (Mississippi) Courier of Nov. 20th, 1852, and there read: NEGROES. The undersigned would respectfully state to the public that he has leased the stand in the Forks of the Road, near Natchez, for a term of years, and that he intends to keep a large lot of NEGROES on land during the year. He will sell as low or lower than any other trader at this place or in New Orleans. He has just arrived from Virginia with a very likely lot of Field Men and Women; also, House Servants, three Cooks, and a Carpenter. Call and see. A fine Buggy Horse, a Saddle Horse, and a Carryall, on hand, and for sale. Thos. G. James. Where in the world did this lucky Mr. Thos. G. James get this likely Virginia "assortment"?^[12]

The Forks-of-the-Road slave market was demolished in 1863 by U.S. Army troops who recycled the lumber into barracks for themselves and self-emancipated people known as "contraband."^[13] In 2021 the site was made one of four sites comprising the Natchez National Historical Park.^[14]

Sexton's records for Natchez show that in addition to the Forks of the Road there were a group of traders at Natchez Under the Hill.^[15] Natchez-Under-the-Hill was a rowdy port famous for its debauchery. According to one visitor in 1822, "At the foot of the bluff is a small river bottom, along which are built a range of houses where the Prince of Darkness is, I believe, the only acknowledged superior. It is without exception, the most infamous place I ever saw—where villany, hardened by long impunity, triumphs in open day."^[16]

List of traders known to sell at Natchez:

• Robert B. Brashear^[17]
• Benjamin Eaton^[18]
• R. H. Elam^[11]
• Griffin & Pullum
• Hitchens & Colco (?)^[19]
• John D. James, Thomas G. James, David D. James (brothers)^[20][13]
• John O'Ferrall^[13] - when selling out in 1857, he claimed the rental income from his slave depot was US$1,000 (equivalent to $32,700 in 2023) annually^[21]
• Woodroof & Hundley^[18]
• Matthews, Branton & Co.^[22]
• John T. Hatcher^[23]
• Rowan & Harris^[24]
• John P. Phillips^[25]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2023)

• Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
• Natchez Trace and Natchez Trace Parkway
• Hamburg, South Carolina slave market
• New Orleans slave market
• Richmond, Virginia slave market
• Nashville, Tennessee slave market
• Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States