Huilliche people

16th century

In the 1540s Spanish conquereros led by Pedro de Valdivia arrived in Central Chile from newly conquered Peru. Between 1549 and 1553 the Spanish founded several cities in Mapuche territory and one in Huilliche territory: Valdivia.^[14] Albeit the death of Pedro de Valdivia in 1553 halted the Spanish conquests for a while Osorno and Castro were established in Huilliche territory in 1558 and 1567 respectively.^[14][15] The Spanish defeat by Mapuches in the battle of Curalaba in 1598 triggered a general uprising that led to the destruction of all Spanish cities in Huilliche territory except Castro.^[2][16]

17th century

The portion of Futahuillimapu south of Maipué River became largely depopulated following a period of pillaging by the Spanish and loyalist Huilliches that had relocated from Osorno to the forts of Carelmapu and Calbuco.^[2][17] After Valdivia was refounded in 1645, the Spanish struggled to establish a land route to the vicinities of Chiloé Archipelago across independent Huilliche territory.^[2][18][A]

There are reports in the 17th and 18th centuries of internal conflicts among the Huilliche. This may have stunted population growth.^[2]

18th century

In late 18th century Basque navigator José de Moraleda wrote that Huilliches of Osorno were more stocky, agile and of general better appearance than the people of Chiloé.^[2] Their ponchos were described by Moraleds as less pleasing ("vistosos") than those of Chiloé.^[2]

A new battle took place between Spanish and Huilliche forces in 1759 near the shores of río Bueno. The outcome of the battle has been subject ot different interpretations.^[20][21] The battle of 1759 was an exception to the overall policy of befriending indigenous communities on behalf of the Spanish authorities in Valdivia.^[22]

In 1792 the Huilliches were ravaged by a Spanish army led by Tomás de Figueroa.^[23] A peace parliament and treaty was signed in 1793.^[23] In the treaty Huilliche property was recognized by the Spanish.^[23]

19th century

Sociedad Stuttgart, a society established in the 19th century to bring German settlers to Chile, purchased about 15 000 km² under fraudulent conditions from Huilliches in the Precordillera east of Osorno.^[24] This purchase was later ratified by Chilean courts and serves to illustrate how Chilean authorities ignored their own legal order that guaranteed Huilliche property.^[24]

As result of the establishment of Chilean and European settlers, including Germans, around Bueno River, Osorno Huilliches living in the Central Valley migrated to the coastal region of Osorno.^[24] In the 1920s, The economy of Osorno shifted towards cattle farming, with land ownership concentrated among the German immigrants, and many Huilliches became peasants of haciendas.^[25]