Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi

Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi
	The ruins of the mission church of Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi beneath the backdrop of San Cayetano Mountain and the Sierra Santa Rita.
Location	near Tumacácori, Arizona
Name as founded	La Misión de San Gabriel de Guevavi
English translation	The Mission of Saint Gabriel of the Big Spring
Patron	Saint Gabriel
Founding date	1701
Founding priest(s)	Father Eusebio Francisco Kino; Father Salvatierra
Native tribe(s); Spanish name(s)	Pima; Tohono O'odham
Governing body	National Park Service
Current use	Historical Monument
	Guevavi Mission Ruins
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	U.S. National Historic Landmark
Location	Tumacácori National Historical Park, Santa Cruz County, Arizona
Nearest city	Nogales, Arizona
Coordinates	31°24′35.67″N 110°54′9.68″W
Built	1751
Architect	Joachin de Casares
NRHP reference No.	71000119
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	November 5, 1971
Designated NHL	June 21, 1990

La Misión de San Gabriel de Guevavi was founded by Jesuit missionary priests Eusebio Kino and Juan María de Salvatierra in 1691. Subsequent missionaries called it San Rafael and San Miguel, resulting in the common historical name of Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi (O'odham: Geʼe Wawhia Big Well/Spring^[3]^[4]).

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Located in what is now Arizona, near Tumacácori, the mission served as a district headquarters for the Jesuits.

The mission location was originally a native Sobaipuri or O'odham (Upper Pima) settlement, which Eusebio Kino visited in 1690.^[5] The mission was established in 1691, with Juan de San Martín as resident priest. By the late 1690s, the mission consisted of a church, a carpentry shop, and a blacksmith's area.^{[citation needed]}

Under Jesuit supervision, Pima laborers built a small chapel in 1701, using adobe bricks and basic tools.^[5] Guevavi was designated as cabecera (headquarters) that same year. ^{[citation needed]}

Juan de San Martín left the mission in 1701, leaving it to be administered remotely by Agustín de Campos [es], Ignacio Xavier Keller,^[5] and Luis Xavier Velarde. A new priest, Juan Bautista Grazhoffer, was not assigned to the mission until 1732. Grazhoffer changed the mission name to San Rafael; another priest changed it to San Miguel in 1744.^[5]

In 1751, Joseph Garrucho contracted Joaquín de Casares of Arizpe to direct Pima laborers in building a new and larger 15-foot by 50-foot church,^[5] the ruins of which still exist today. The mother of Juan Bautista de Anza is buried in front of the altar.^{[citation needed]} The church was damaged in the Pima Revolt, and renovated in 1754 under the supervision of Francisco Xavier Pauer.^[5]

As of 1767, the mission had three asistencias: Mission San Ignacio de Sonoitac, Mission San José de Tumacácori, and Mission San Cayetano de Calabazas.^[5] At some times, it also had Mission San Luís Baconacos as an asistencia.^[6]

The first Franciscan priest, Juan Crisóstomo Gil de Bernabé, arrived in 1768 and took up residency at the mission with about fifty families.^{[citation needed]} The Apaches attacked in 1769 and killed all but two of the few Spanish soldiers guarding the mission; in 1770 and 1771 the natives continued their attacks and the cabecera was relocated to Tumacácori. Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi was abandoned for the last time by 1776.^[5]

1691–1701: Juan de San Martín
1701–1732: no resident priest
1732–1733: Juan Bautista Grazhoffer^[5]
1734: Philipp Segesser^[7]^: 43
1734–1737: no resident priest
1737–1740: Alexandro Rapicani^[7]^: 43
1740–1744: Joseph de Torres Perea^[7]^: 43
1744–1745: Ildefonso de la Peña^[7]^: 44
1745–1751: Joseph Garrucho^[7]^: 44^[8]
1751–1760: Francisco Xavier Pauer^[8]
1760–1768: no resident priest
1768–1771: Juan Crisóstomo Gil de Bernabé

The convento and church have been excavated by the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society^[9] and the National Park Service.^[10] Historian John Kessell has written a comprehensive history of Guevavi.^[8]^[11] Archaeologist Deni Seymour has excavated a portion of the indigenous Sobaipuri-O'odham settlement of Guevavi^[12]^[13] and Father Kino's "neat little house and church."^[13]^[14]

Tumacácori National Historical Park

The Mission's ruins were incorporated into Tumacácori National Historical Park in 1990. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990.,^[2]^[15]

Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail

The Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi is a designated site of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, a National Park Service area in the United States National Trails System.

[1]
"National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
[2]
"Mission Los Santos Angeles de Guevavi". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
[3]
Mathiot, Madeleine (1973). A Dictionary of Papago Usage. Vol. 1: B-K, Vol. 2: L-Z. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. ISBN 9780877501688.
[4]
Saxton, Dean; Saxton, Lucille; Enos, Susie (1983). Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima Dictionary. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-1942-2.
[5]
Stockel, Henrietta (September 15, 2022). Salvation Through Slavery: Chiricahua Apaches and Priests on the Spanish Colonial Frontier. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4327-7.
[6]
Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614-1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 165–183. ISSN 0004-1408. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
[7]
Sheridan, Thomas E. (May 26, 2016). Landscapes of Fraud: Mission Tumacácori, the Baca Float, and the Betrayal of the O’odham. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-3441-8.
[8]
Kessell, John L. (1970). Mission of sorrows; Jesuit Guevavi and the Pimas, 1691-1767. Tucson, University of Arizona Press. pp. 87–188. ISBN 978-0-8165-0192-2. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
[9]
Robinson, William J., 1976 Mission Guevavi: Excavations in the Convento. The Kiva 42(2):135–175.
[10]
Burton, Jeffrey F., 1992a San Miguel de Guevavi: The Archaeology of an Eighteenth Century Jesuit Mission on the Rim of Christendom. Tucson, AZ: Western Archaeological and Conservation Center National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
[11]
Dobyns, Henry F. (1962). Pioneering Christians Among the Perishing Indians of Tucson. Editorial Estudios Andinos. p. 7.
[12]
Seymour, Deni J., 1997 Finding History in the Archaeological Record; The Upper Piman Settlement of Guevavi. Kiva 62(3):245–260.
[13]
Seymour, Deni J., 2011 Where the Earth and Sky are Sewn Together: Sobaípuri-O’odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
[14]
Seymour, Deni J., 2009 Father Kino's 'Neat Little House and Church' at Guevavi. Journal of the Southwest 51(2):285–316.
[15]
Barnes, Mark R. (June 27, 1989). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Mission Los Santos Angeles de Guevavi Site" (pdf). National Park Service.

"Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi". Tumacácori National Historical Park. Retrieved November 7, 2006.
Burrus, E. J., 1965 Kino and the Cartography of Northwestern New Spain. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society.
Burrus, E. J., 1971a Kino and Manje: Explorers of Sonora and Arizona. In Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10. Rome and St. Louis: Jesuit Historical Institute.
Burton, Jeffrey F., 1992a San Miguel de Guevavi: The Archaeology of an Eighteenth Century Jesuit Mission on the Rim of Christendom. Tucson, AZ: Western Archaeological and Conservation Center National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Burton, Jeffrey F., 1992b Remnants of Adobe and Stone: The Surface Archaeology of the Guevavi and Calabazas Units, Tumacacori National Historical Park, Arizona. Tucson, AZ: Western Archaeological and Conservation Center National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Karns, H. J., 1954 Luz de Tierra Incognita. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Silhouettes.
Kessell, John L., 1970 Mission of Sorrow: Jesuit Guevavi and the Pimas, 1691–1767. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Masse, W. Bruce, 1981 A Reappraisal of the Protohistoric Sobaipuri Indians of Southeastern Arizona. In The Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, A.D. 1450–1700. David R. Wilcox and W. Bruce Masse, editors. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 24, pp. 28–56.
Robinson, William J., 1976 Mission Guevavi: Excavations in the Convento. The Kiva 42(2):135–175.
Seymour, Deni J., 1993 Piman Settlement Survey in the Middle Santa Cruz River Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. Report submitted to Arizona State Parks in fulfillment of survey and planning grant contract requirements.
Seymour, Deni J., 1997 Finding History in the Archaeological Record: The Upper Piman Settlement of Guevavi. Kiva 62(3):245–260.
Seymour, Deni J., 2007 A Syndetic Approach to Identification of the Historic Mission Site of San Cayetano Del Tumacácori. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, Vol. 11(3):269–296.
Seymour, Deni J., 2007 Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part I. New Mexico Historical Review, Volume 824):469–499.
Seymour, Deni J., 2008 Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part II. New Mexico Historical Review, Volume 83(2):171–199.
Seymour, Deni J., 2009 Father Kino's 'Neat Little House and Church' at Guevavi. Journal of the Southwest 51(2):285–316.
Seymour, Deni J., 2011 Where the Earth and Sky are Sewn Together: Sobaípuri-O’odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

National Park Service – Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi — Tumacácori National Historical Park
National Park Service – Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. AZ-1, "San Gabriel de Guevavi, Santa Cruz River, Nogales, Santa Cruz County, AZ", 6 photos, 3 measured drawings, 2 data pages

[nris-1] [1]
"National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.

[nhlsum-2] [2]
"Mission Los Santos Angeles de Guevavi". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved September 27, 2007.

[MathiotDict-3] [3]
Mathiot, Madeleine (1973). A Dictionary of Papago Usage. Vol. 1: B-K, Vol. 2: L-Z. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. ISBN 9780877501688.

[Saxton-1983-4] [4]
Saxton, Dean; Saxton, Lucille; Enos, Susie (1983). Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima Dictionary. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-1942-2.

[stockel-5] [5]
Stockel, Henrietta (September 15, 2022). Salvation Through Slavery: Chiricahua Apaches and Priests on the Spanish Colonial Frontier. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4327-7.

[eckhart-6] [6]
Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614-1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 165–183. ISSN 0004-1408. Retrieved April 30, 2024.

[sheridan-7] [7]
Sheridan, Thomas E. (May 26, 2016). Landscapes of Fraud: Mission Tumacácori, the Baca Float, and the Betrayal of the O’odham. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-3441-8.

[kessell-8] [8]
Kessell, John L. (1970). Mission of sorrows; Jesuit Guevavi and the Pimas, 1691-1767. Tucson, University of Arizona Press. pp. 87–188. ISBN 978-0-8165-0192-2. Retrieved February 12, 2024.

[9] [9]
Robinson, William J., 1976 Mission Guevavi: Excavations in the Convento. The Kiva 42(2):135–175.

[10] [10]
Burton, Jeffrey F., 1992a San Miguel de Guevavi: The Archaeology of an Eighteenth Century Jesuit Mission on the Rim of Christendom. Tucson, AZ: Western Archaeological and Conservation Center National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.

[11] [11]
Dobyns, Henry F. (1962). Pioneering Christians Among the Perishing Indians of Tucson. Editorial Estudios Andinos. p. 7.

[12] [12]
Seymour, Deni J., 1997 Finding History in the Archaeological Record; The Upper Piman Settlement of Guevavi. Kiva 62(3):245–260.

[ReferenceA-13] [13]
Seymour, Deni J., 2011 Where the Earth and Sky are Sewn Together: Sobaípuri-O’odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

[14] [14]
Seymour, Deni J., 2009 Father Kino's 'Neat Little House and Church' at Guevavi. Journal of the Southwest 51(2):285–316.

[nrhpinv-15] [15]
Barnes, Mark R. (June 27, 1989). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Mission Los Santos Angeles de Guevavi Site" (pdf). National Park Service.

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Tumacácori National Historical Park

Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail

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Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi

Tumacácori National Historical Park

Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail

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History

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Archaeology

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