Sulpiride

Sulpiride
Clinical data
Trade names	Dogmatil, Others
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Routes of; administration	By mouth (tablets, capsules, solution), intramuscular injection
ATC code	N05AL01 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances); UK: POM (Prescription only); In general: ℞ (Prescription only);
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	25–40%
Protein binding	<40%
Metabolism	Not metabolized; 95% is exerted as the unchanged drug
Elimination half-life	6–8 hours
Excretion	Urine (70–90%),; Feces.
Identifiers
	IUPAC name N-[(1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl]-2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzamide;
CAS Number	15676-16-1 ;
PubChem CID	5355;
IUPHAR/BPS	5501;
DrugBank	DB00391 ;
ChemSpider	5162 ;
UNII	7MNE9M8287;
KEGG	D01226 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL26 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1042574 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.036.124
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C15H23N3O4S
Molar mass	341.43 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES NS(=O)(=O)c1ccc(OC)c(c1)C(=O)NCC1CCCN1CC;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H23N3O4S/c1-3-18-8-4-5-11(18)10-17-15(19)13-9-12(23(16,20)21)6-7-14(13)22-2/h6-7,9,11H,3-5,8,10H2,1-2H3,(H,17,19)(H2,16,20,21) ; Key:BGRJTUBHPOOWDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	(verify)

Sulpiride, sold under the brand name Dogmatil among others, is an atypical antipsychotic (although some texts have referred to it as a typical antipsychotic)^[10] medication of the benzamide class which is used mainly in the treatment of psychosis associated with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, and is sometimes used in low dosage to treat anxiety and mild depression.

Quick Facts Clinical data, Trade names ...

Close

The drug is chemically and clinically similar to amisulpride. Levosulpiride is its purified levo-isomer and is sold in some countries for similar purposes.

Sulpiride is commonly used in Asia, Central America, Europe, South Africa and South America. It is not approved in the United States, Canada, or Australia.

Schizophrenia

Sulpiride's primary use in medicine is in the management of the symptoms of schizophrenia.^[2] It has been used as both a monotherapy and adjunctive therapy (in case of treatment-resistance) in schizophrenia.^[2]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

Depression and anxiety

It has also been used in the treatment of dysthymia.^[16] There is evidence, although low quality, that sulpiride could accelerate antidepressant response in patients with major depressive disorder.^[17] In Japan, sulpiride is both approved as a treatment for schizophrenia and for major depressive disorder (low dose).^[18]^[19]

There is also evidence of its efficacy in treating panic disorder.^[20]^[21] It was studied at low doses in the treatment of refractory panic disorder and was reported to be effective in a small open-label study.^[21]

Other uses

Sulpiride is indicated for the treatment of vertigo in some countries.^[22]

Contraindications^[2]

Hypersensitivity to sulpiride
Pre-existing breast cancer or other prolactin-dependent tumors
Phaeochromocytoma
Intoxication with other centrally-active drugs
Concomitant use of levodopa
Acute porphyria
Comatose state or CNS depression
Bone-marrow suppression

Cautions^[2]

Pre-existing Parkinson's disease
Patients under 18 years of age (insufficient clinical data)
Pre-existing severe heart disease/bradycardia, or hypokalemia (predisposing to long QT syndrome and severe arrhythmias)
Patients with pre-existing epilepsy. Anticonvulsant therapy should be maintained
Lithium use — increased risk of neurological side effects of both drugs

Pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy: Animal studies did not reveal any embryotoxicity or fetotoxicity, nor did limited human experience. Due to insufficient human data, pregnant women should be treated with sulpiride only if strictly indicated. Additionally, the newborns of treated women should be monitored, because isolated cases of extrapyramidal side effects have been reported.^[2]
Lactation: Sulpiride is found in the milk of lactating women. Since the consequences are unclear, women should not breastfeed during treatment.^[2]

Sulpiride is usually well tolerated, producing few adverse effects. Their incidences are as follows:^[2]^[11]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]

Common (>1%) adverse effects

Dizziness
Headache
Extrapyramidal side effects

- Tremor

- Dystonia

- Akathisia — a sense of inner restlessness that presents itself with the inability to stay still

- Parkinsonism

Somnolence (not a very prominent adverse effect considering its lack of α₁ adrenergic, histamine and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor affinity)
Insomnia
Weight gain or loss
Hyperprolactinemia (elevated plasma levels of the hormone, prolactin which can, in turn lead to sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, etc.)
Nausea
Vomiting
Nasal congestion
Anticholinergic adverse effects such as:

- Dry mouth

- Constipation

- Blurred vision

Impaired concentration

Rare (<1% incidence) adverse effects

Tardive dyskinesia — a rare, often permanent^{[citation needed]} movement disorder that, more often than not, results from prolonged treatment with antidopaminergic agents such as antipsychotics. It presents with slow (hence tardive), involuntary, repetitive and purposeless movements that most often affect the facial muscles.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome — a rare, life-threatening complication that results from the use of antidopaminergic agents. Its incidence increases with concomitant use of lithium (medication) salts
Blood dyscrasias — rare, sometimes life-threatening complications of the use of a number of different antipsychotics (most notably clozapine) which involves abnormalities in the composition of a person's blood (e.g. having too few white blood cells per unit volume of blood). Examples include:

- Agranulocytosis — a significant drop in white blood cell count, leaving individuals wide open to life-threatening opportunistic infections

- Neutropenia

- Leucopenia

- Leukocytosis^[30]

Seizures
Torsades de pointes

Unknown incidence adverse effects include

QTc interval prolongation which can lead to potentially fatal arrhythmias.
Cholestatic jaundice^[31]
Elevated liver enzymes
Primary biliary cirrhosis^[32]
Allergic reactions
Photosensitivity — sensitivity to light
Skin rashes
Depression
Catatonia
Palpitations
Agitation
Diaphoresis — sweating without a precipitating factor (e.g. increased ambient temperature)
Hypotension — low blood pressure
Hypertension — high blood pressure
Venous thromboembolism (probably rare)

Sulpiride has a relatively low order of acute toxicity. Substantial amounts may cause severe but reversible dystonic crises with torticollis, protrusion of the tongue, and/or trismus. In some cases all the classical symptoms typical of severe Parkinson's disease may be noted; in others, over-sedation/coma may occur. The treatment is largely symptomatic. Some or all extrapyramidal reactions may respond to the application of anticholinergic drugs such as biperiden or benzatropine. All patients should be closely monitored for signs of long QT syndrome and severe arrhythmias.

Sulpiride neither inhibits nor stimulates cytochrome P450 family (CYP) of oxidizing enzymes in human, thus would not cause clinically significant interactions with other drugs,^[5] which are metabolized by CYPs. However, the risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when sulpiride is combined with other drugs, but this is not related to substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYPs.

Pharmacodynamics

More information Receptor, Affinity (Ki, nM) ...

Sulpiride^[33]
Receptor	Affinity (K_i, nM)
DAT	>10,000
5-HT_1A	>10,000
5-HT_2A	4,786
5-HT₃	>10,000
5-HT₆	5,011^{[unreliable source?]}
5-HT₇	5,011^{[unreliable source?]}
α₁	>10,000
α₂	>10,000
D₁	>10,000
D₂	9.8
D₃	8.05
D₄	54
H₁	>10,000
V₃	>10,000
Affinity values are toward cloned human receptors.

Close

Sulpiride is a selective antagonist at dopamine D₂, D₃ and to a lesser extent D₄ receptors. Antagonism at 5-HT_1A dominates in doses exceeding 600 mg daily. In doses of 600 to 1,600 mg sulpiride shows mild sedating and antipsychotic activity. Its antipsychotic potency compared to chlorpromazine is only 0.2 (1/5). In low doses (in particular 50 to 200 mg daily) its prominent feature is antagonism of presynaptic inhibitory dopamine and serotonin receptors, accounting for some antidepressant activity and a stimulating effect. Additionally, it alleviates vertigo.

The benzamide neuroleptics (including sulpiride, amisulpride, and sultopride) have been shown to activate the endogenous gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor in vivo at therapeutic concentrations.^[34] Sulpiride was found in one study in rats to upregulate GHB receptors.^[35] GHB has neuroleptic properties and it is believed binding to this receptor may contribute to the effects of these neuroleptics.

Sulpiride, along with clozapine, and valproate has been found to activate DNA demethylation in the brain.^[36]

Sulpiride was discovered in 1966 as a result of a research program by Justin-Besançon and C. Laville at Laboratoires Delagrange who were working to improve the anti-dysrhythmic properties of procainamide; the program led first to metoclopramide and later to sulpiride.^[37]^[38] Laboratoires Delagrange was acquired by Synthelabo in 1991^[39]^[40] which eventually became part of Sanofi.^[41]

Brand names

Sulpiride is marketed under the brand names Dogmatil (DE, HK, SG, PH), Dolmatil (IE, UK, NL), Eglonyl (RU, ZA, HR, SI), Espiride (ZA), Modal (IL), Prometar (UY), Equilid (BR) and Sulpor (UK), among many others.^[42]

Medicinal forms

These include tablet and oral solution^[43]

Patient aversions

Some individuals from the Caribbean region may have an aversion to taking the medication due to the association with the brand name of Dogmatil. Dogmatil has been associated with dog medication.

Hormonal contraception

Sulpiride has been studied for use as a hormonal contraceptive in women in whom conventional oral contraceptives are contraindicated and to potentiate progestogen-only contraceptives.^[44]^[45] The contraceptive effects of sulpiride are due to its prolactin-releasing and antigonadotropic effects and the hyperprolactinemia–amenorrhea state that it induces.^[44]^[45]

Irritable bowel syndrome

Since the use of psychotropic drugs is efficient in treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),^[46] sulpiride is studied as potential sole maintenance therapy in the treatment of IBS.^[47]^[48]^[46]

[1]
Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
[2]
"Sulpiride Tablets 200mg, 400mg (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). Sanofi. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
[3]
Bressolle F, Brès J, Fauré-Jeantis A (January 1992). "Absolute bioavailability, rate of absorption, and dose proportionality of sulpiride in humans". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 81 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1002/jps.2600810106. PMID 1619566.
[4]
Imondi AR, Alam AS, Brennan JJ, Hagerman LM (March 1978). "Metabolism of sulpiride in man and rhesus monkeys". Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. 232 (1): 79–91. PMID 96745.
[5]
Niwa T, Inoue S, Shiraga T, Takagi A (January 2005). "No inhibition of cytochrome P450 activities in human liver microsomes by sulpiride, an antipsychotic drug". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 28 (1): 188–191. doi:10.1248/bpb.28.188. PMID 15635191.
[6]
Telles-Correia D, Barbosa A, Cortez-Pinto H, Campos C, Rocha NB, Machado S (February 2017). "Psychotropic drugs and liver disease: A critical review of pharmacokinetics and liver toxicity". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8 (1): 26–38. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i1.26. PMC 5292604. PMID 28217372.
[7]
Lv Q, Yi Z (February 2018). "Antipsychotic Drugs and Liver Injury". Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 30 (1): 47–51. PMC 5925599. PMID 29719358.
[8]
Kobari T, Namekawa H, Kato Y, Yamada S (June 1985). "Biotransformation of sultopride in man and several animal species". Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 15 (6): 469–476. doi:10.3109/00498258509045020. PMID 4036171.
[9]
Brès J, Bressolle F (December 1991). "Pharmacokinetics of sulpiride in humans after intravenous and intramuscular administrations". J Pharm Sci. 80 (12): 1119–24. doi:10.1002/jps.2600801206. PMID 1815069.
[10]
Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8.
[11]
Taylor D, Paton C, Shitij K (2012). The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-97948-8.
[12]
Wang J, Omori IM, Fenton M, Soares B (January 2010). "Sulpiride augmentation for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD008125. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008125.pub2. PMID 20091661.
[13]
Lai EC, Chang CH, Kao Yang YH, Lin SJ, Lin CY (May 2013). "Effectiveness of sulpiride in adult patients with schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 39 (3): 673–83. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs002. PMC 3627763. PMID 22315480.
[14]
Soares BG, Fenton M, Chue P (2000). "Sulpiride for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD001162. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001162. PMID 10796605.
[15]
Omori IM, Wang J, Soares B, Fenton M (October 2009). "Sulpiride versus other antipsychotics for schizophrenia (Protocol)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD008126. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008126.
[16]
Pani L, Gessa GL (2002). "The substituted benzamides and their clinical potential on dysthymia and on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia". Molecular Psychiatry. 7 (3): 247–53. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001040. PMID 11920152. S2CID 3153728.
[17]
Uchida H, Takeuchi H, Suzuki T, Nomura K, Watanabe K, Kashima H (December 2005). "Combined treatment with sulpiride and paroxetine for accelerated response in patients with major depressive disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 25 (6): 545–51. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000185425.00644.41. PMID 16282835. S2CID 10727911.
[18]
"Search results detail| Kusurino-Shiori(Drug information Sheet)". www.rad-ar.or.jp. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
[19]
Towlson EK, Vértes PE, Müller-Sedgwick U, Ahnert SE (12 September 2019). "Brain Networks Reveal the Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs on Schizophrenia Patients and Controls". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10: 611. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00611. PMC 6752631. PMID 31572229.
[20]
Bell C, Bhikha S, Colhoun H, Carter F, Frampton C, Porter R (February 2013). "The response to sulpiride in social anxiety disorder: D2 receptor function". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (2): 146–51. doi:10.1177/0269881112450778. PMID 22745189. S2CID 32951554.
[21]
Nunes EA, Freire RC, Dos Reis M, de Oliveira E, Silva AC, Machado S, et al. (September 2012). "Sulpiride and refractory panic disorder". Psychopharmacology. 223 (2): 247–9. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2818-6. PMID 22864966. S2CID 14870287.
[22]
"Medicinanet - Equilid 50". Retrieved 5 September 2018.
[23]
Lepola U, Koskinen T, Rimón R, Salo H, Gordin A (July 1989). "Sulpiride and perphenazine in schizophrenia. A double-blind clinical trial". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 80 (1): 92–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb01305.x. PMID 2669445. S2CID 28719315.
[24]
Munk-Andersen E, Behnke K, Heltberg J, Nielsen H, Gerlach J (1984). "Sulpiride versus haloperidol, a clinical trial in schizophrenia. A preliminary report". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 311: 31–41. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb06857.x. PMID 6367362. S2CID 31689174.
[25]
Gerlach J, Behnke K, Heltberg J, Munk-Anderson E, Nielsen H (September 1985). "Sulpiride and haloperidol in schizophrenia: a double-blind cross-over study of therapeutic effect, side effects and plasma concentrations". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 147 (3): 283–8. doi:10.1192/bjp.147.3.283. PMID 3904885. S2CID 24056594.
[26]
Standish-Barry HM, Bouras N, Bridges PK, Watson JP (1983). "A randomized double blind group comparative study of sulpiride and amitriptyline in affective disorder". Psychopharmacology. 81 (3): 258–60. doi:10.1007/bf00427274. PMID 6417717. S2CID 28134446.
[27]
Quinn N, Marsden CD (August 1984). "A double blind trial of sulpiride in Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 47 (8): 844–7. doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.8.844. PMC 1027949. PMID 6236286.
[28]
Peselow ED, Stanley M (1982). "Clinical trials of benzamides in psychiatry". Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology. 35: 163–94. PMID 6756060.
[29]
Edwards JG, Alexander JR, Alexander MS, Gordon A, Zutchi T (December 1980). "Controlled trial of sulpiride in chronic schizophrenic patients". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 137 (6): 522–9. doi:10.1192/bjp.137.6.522. PMID 7011469. S2CID 789670.
[30]
Levkovitz H, Abramovitch Y, Nitzan I (June 1994). "Leukocytosis related to the therapeutic dosage of sulpiride". Biological Psychiatry. 35 (12): 963. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)91244-0. PMID 8080896. S2CID 43471005.
[31]
Melzer E, Knobel B (December 1987). "Severe cholestatic jaundice due to sulpiride". Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 23 (12): 1259–60. PMID 3326861.
[32]
Ohmoto K, Yamamoto S, Hirokawa M (December 1999). "Symptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis triggered by administration of sulpiride". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 94 (12): 3660–1. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01634.x. PMID 10606349. S2CID 33986018.
[33]
Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
[34]
Maitre M, Ratomponirina C, Gobaille S, Hodé Y, Hechler V (April 1994). "Displacement of [3H] gamma-hydroxybutyrate binding by benzamide neuroleptics and prochlorperazine but not by other antipsychotics". European Journal of Pharmacology. 256 (2): 211–4. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(94)90248-8. PMID 7914168.
[35]
Ratomponirina C, Gobaille S, Hodé Y, Kemmel V, Maitre M (April 1998). "Sulpiride, but not haloperidol, up-regulates gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptors in vivo and in cultured cells". European Journal of Pharmacology. 346 (2–3): 331–7. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00068-5. PMID 9652377.
[36]
Dong E, Nelson M, Grayson DR, Costa E, Guidotti A (September 2008). "Clozapine and sulpiride but not haloperidol or olanzapine activate brain DNA demethylation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13614–9. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513614D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805493105. PMC 2533238. PMID 18757738.
[37]
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[39]
Conard D (17 October 1991). "Synthélabo rachète les laboratoires Delagrange". Les Echos.
[40]
"Laboratoires Delagrange". Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
[41]
Meek T (24 May 2013). "A look back at Sanofi's merger with Synthélabo". PMLiVE.
[42]
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[43]
"Sulpiride 200mg/5ml Oral Solution". EMC. Datapharm.
[44]
Buvat J, Decroix-Blacker C, Legal F, Gasnault JP (January 1976). "[One thousand months of contraception with sulpiride]". Revue Française de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique (in French). 71 (1): 53–61. PMID 959705. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
[45]
Payne MR, Howie PW, McNeilly AS, Cooper W, Marnie M, Kidd L (August 1985). "Sulpiride and the potentiation of progestogen only contraception". British Medical Journal. 291 (6495): 559–61. doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6495.559. PMC 1418199. PMID 2994800.
[46]
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El-Reshaid K, Al-Bader S (2019). "New regimen for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with emphasis on Sulpride as the sole maintenance therapy". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 9 (5): 154–157. doi:10.22270/jddt.v9i5.3424. S2CID 208163204.
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Media related to Sulpiride at Wikimedia Commons

[1] [1]
Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.

[EMC-2] [2]
"Sulpiride Tablets 200mg, 400mg (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). Sanofi. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.

[Pharm-3] [3]
Bressolle F, Brès J, Fauré-Jeantis A (January 1992). "Absolute bioavailability, rate of absorption, and dose proportionality of sulpiride in humans". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 81 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1002/jps.2600810106. PMID 1619566.

[pmid96745-4] [4]
Imondi AR, Alam AS, Brennan JJ, Hagerman LM (March 1978). "Metabolism of sulpiride in man and rhesus monkeys". Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. 232 (1): 79–91. PMID 96745.

[NoInhibition-5] [5]
Niwa T, Inoue S, Shiraga T, Takagi A (January 2005). "No inhibition of cytochrome P450 activities in human liver microsomes by sulpiride, an antipsychotic drug". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 28 (1): 188–191. doi:10.1248/bpb.28.188. PMID 15635191.

[6] [6]
Telles-Correia D, Barbosa A, Cortez-Pinto H, Campos C, Rocha NB, Machado S (February 2017). "Psychotropic drugs and liver disease: A critical review of pharmacokinetics and liver toxicity". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8 (1): 26–38. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i1.26. PMC 5292604. PMID 28217372.

[7] [7]
Lv Q, Yi Z (February 2018). "Antipsychotic Drugs and Liver Injury". Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 30 (1): 47–51. PMC 5925599. PMID 29719358.

[8] [8]
Kobari T, Namekawa H, Kato Y, Yamada S (June 1985). "Biotransformation of sultopride in man and several animal species". Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 15 (6): 469–476. doi:10.3109/00498258509045020. PMID 4036171.

[pmid1815069-9] [9]
Brès J, Bressolle F (December 1991). "Pharmacokinetics of sulpiride in humans after intravenous and intramuscular administrations". J Pharm Sci. 80 (12): 1119–24. doi:10.1002/jps.2600801206. PMID 1815069.

[10] [10]
Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8.

[Maudsley-11] [11]
Taylor D, Paton C, Shitij K (2012). The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-97948-8.

[Coch-12] [12]
Wang J, Omori IM, Fenton M, Soares B (January 2010). "Sulpiride augmentation for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD008125. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008125.pub2. PMID 20091661.

[13] [13]
Lai EC, Chang CH, Kao Yang YH, Lin SJ, Lin CY (May 2013). "Effectiveness of sulpiride in adult patients with schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 39 (3): 673–83. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs002. PMC 3627763. PMID 22315480.

[14] [14]
Soares BG, Fenton M, Chue P (2000). "Sulpiride for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD001162. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001162. PMID 10796605.

[15] [15]
Omori IM, Wang J, Soares B, Fenton M (October 2009). "Sulpiride versus other antipsychotics for schizophrenia (Protocol)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD008126. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008126.

[16] [16]
Pani L, Gessa GL (2002). "The substituted benzamides and their clinical potential on dysthymia and on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia". Molecular Psychiatry. 7 (3): 247–53. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001040. PMID 11920152. S2CID 3153728.

[17] [17]
Uchida H, Takeuchi H, Suzuki T, Nomura K, Watanabe K, Kashima H (December 2005). "Combined treatment with sulpiride and paroxetine for accelerated response in patients with major depressive disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 25 (6): 545–51. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000185425.00644.41. PMID 16282835. S2CID 10727911.

[18] [18]
"Search results detail| Kusurino-Shiori(Drug information Sheet)". www.rad-ar.or.jp. Retrieved 16 March 2020.

[19] [19]
Towlson EK, Vértes PE, Müller-Sedgwick U, Ahnert SE (12 September 2019). "Brain Networks Reveal the Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs on Schizophrenia Patients and Controls". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10: 611. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00611. PMC 6752631. PMID 31572229.

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Schizophrenia

Depression and anxiety

Other uses

Pregnancy and lactation

Pharmacodynamics

Brand names

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Hormonal contraception

Irritable bowel syndrome

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Sulpiride

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