Archaeological site in Gaza Strip, Palestine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about an archaeological site near Gaza. For the Palestinian village in the West Bank, see Ajjul. For the tell in the Jezreel Valley, see Endor (village).
Tall al-Ajjul or Tell el-'Ajul is an archaeological mound or tell in the Gaza Strip. The fortified city excavated at the site dates as far back as ca. 2000–1800 BCE and was inhabited during the Bronze Age. It is located at the mouth of Wadi Ghazzah just south of the town of Gaza.[1]
Tell el-Ajjul is about 1.8 kilometres (1.1mi) inland from the modern coastline.[2] It is close to the main land route between ancient Egypt and the Levant.[3]
Archaeologists have excavated remains dated mainly to the Middle and Late Bronze Age.[4]
Middle Bronze
Middle Bronze IIA
In the MBIIA, Tell el-Ajjul was an important city in the Southern Levant.
Middle Bronze IIB–C
In the MB IIB, the population increased and many sites developed in the southern Levant. Tell el-Ajjul had the largest number of Egyptian Second Intermediate Period imports.[5]
The settlement of al-Moghraqa was less than 1 kilometre (0.62mi) from Tell el-Ajjul and was active in the Middle Bronze Age; it may have functioned as a satellite settlement of Tell el-Ajjul.[6]
Late Bronze
Large quantities of pumice were deposited during the Late Bronze Age, which may have been caused by the Thera (Santorini) volcanic eruption. If proven correct, this would offer a good correlation and dating tool.[4]
Treaty of Tell Ajul (1229)
The Sixth Crusade came to an end with the so-called Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul.[7] These were in fact two different treaties, the first being the one signed at Tell Ajul by the competing Ayyubid rulers of Egypt, Syria and various smaller principalities. This treaty settled their territorial disputes and left Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt in a very powerful position. The follow-up treaty was signed at Jaffa by Al-Kamil and the leader of the Sixth Crusade, Emperor Frederick II, thus removing the threat posed to Al-Kamil by the European armies.[8][7]
Position of Tell el-Ajjul among other Bronze and Early Iron Age tells in the area
Ajjul is one of the proposed sites for Sharuhen and for Beth Eglaim mentioned in Eusebius's Onomasticon, in contrast with Petrie's initial identification with ancient Gaza.[4] Eusebius placed Beth Eglaim at eight Roman miles from Gaza.[4] The name is absent from the Bible, and is given by Eusebius in Greek as Bethaglaim.[9]
In the 1970s, the archaeologist Aharon Kempinski proposed identifying Tell el-Ajjul with Sharuhen, the last stronghold of the Hyksos c. 1550 BCE.[citation needed]
Plans for new investigations at Tell el-Ajjul began to be developed in 1998 as a joint collaboration between the recently formed Department of Antiquities of Palestine and the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.[19] The department was established in 1994 and the work at Tell el-Ajjul was one of several international collaborations as the Palestinian people took on a greater role in fieldwork in the country.[20] In 1999 and 2000 the archaeological fieldwork was led by Peter M. Fischer and Moain Sadeq because of a common interest in the protection and exploration of the site. The work was interrupted due to the outbreak of the Second Intifada.[4][21]
A large amount of imported pottery from Cyprus has been discovered. These imports begin with Base-ring I, and White Slip I types of pottery. In particular, over 200 sherds of White Slip I have been found, which pottery is rarely found outside of Cyprus. The majority of the sherds, nevertheless, are of the later White Slip II and Base-ring II wares. There are also sherds of other kinds of Cypriot pottery, including Bichrome Wheel-made, Monochrome, Red Lustrous Wheel-made, and White Painted V/VI. Mycenean pottery and such from Upper Egypt were also found.[4][22]
A combination of erosion and human intervention in the form of bulldozing have left the tell smaller than it was in the first half of the 20th century.[3] After the conclusion of excavations at Tell el-Ajjul in the early 21st century the site was buried and adapted to agriculture.[23] The area underwent significant landscapes changes with clearances in the 2000s followed by the construction of new buildings nearby and infrastructure such as roads. Around the time of the 2014 Gaza War, craters and buildings demolitions were recorded at Tell el-Ajjul and in its vicinity through aerial photography.[24] Though thousands of artefacts have been discovered at from Tell el-Ajjul, evidencing that the settlement was "an extremely rich and important trade hub", the finds were moved to other countries.[23]
During the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, hundreds of hundreds of cultural heritage sites in Gaza were damaged or destroyed.[25] UNESCO began a damage assessment and included Tell el-Ajjul amongst the sites that were damage during the conflict.[26]
Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). "Ajjul (Tell el-)". Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York and London: Continuum. pp.25–26. ISBN0-8264-1316-1.
Geoffrey William Bromiley, ed. (1979). "Beth-eglaim". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol.1 (reprint, reviseded.). Wm. B. Eerdmans. p.465. ISBN9780802837813. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
Green, John D. M., and Ros Henry, editors. "Tell El-'Ajjul, 1930–2." Olga Tufnell's "Perfect Journey": Letters and Photographs of an Archaeologist in the Levant and Mediterranean, UCL Press, 2021, pp. 154–98
Petrie, William Flinders; Mackay, Ernest J. H .; Murray, Margaret A. (1952). City of Shepherd Kings and Ancient Gaza V. London: British School of Egypitan Archaeology, University College.
Fischer, Peter M.; Sadeq, Moain (1999). "Tell el-ʿAjjul 1999. A Joint Palestinian-Swedish Field Project: First Season Preliminary Report". Ägypten und Levant. X.
Fischer, Peter M.; Sadeq, Moain (2002). "Tell el-ʿAjjul 2000: Second Season Preliminary Report, with contributions by Anne Lykke, Rainer Feldbacher, Michael Weigl and Christa Mlinar". Ägypten und Levant. XII.
Fischer, Peter M. (2003). "The Preliminary Chronology of Tell El-ʿAjjul: Results of the Renewed Excavations in 1999 and 2000". In Bietak, Manfred (ed.). The Synchronization of Civilizations in the Second Millenium B.C. II: Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 — EuroConference, Haindorf 2nd of May - 7th of May 2001. Wien: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp.263–294.
Subsequent Archaeological Studies
Artzy, Michal; Asaro, Frank; Perlman, Isadore (1973). "The Origin of the Palestinian 'Bichrome' Ware". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 93 (4): 446–461. doi:10.2307/600164. JSTOR600164.
Albright, William F. (1938). "The Chronology of a South Palestinian City, Tell El-ʿAjjul". American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 55 (4): 335–359. doi:10.1086/amerjsemilanglit.55.4.3088117. S2CID171054400. (reprinted in Stewart, J. R. (1974). Kassis, Hanna E. (ed.). Tel El-ʿAjjul: The Middle Bronze Age Remains. Göteborg: P. Aströms Förlag.)
Bergoffen, Celia (1989). A comparative study of the regional distribution of Cypriote pottery in Canaan and Egypt in the Late Bronze Age. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Fine Arts, New York University. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms. pp.153–210, 390–496.
Bergoffen, Celia J. (2001). "The Proto White Slip and White Slip I Pottery from Tell El-Ajjul". The White Slip Ware of Late Bronze Age Cyprus: Proceedings of an International Conference Organized by the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation, Nicosia, in Honour of Malcolm Wiener. Nicosia, 29th-30th October 1998. Wien: Östterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp.145–156.
Bergoffen, Celia J. (2001). "The Base Ring Pottery from Tell El-ʿAjjul". In Åström, Paul (ed.). The Chronology of Base-ring Ware and Bichrome Wheel-made Ware: Proceedings of a Colloquium held in the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, Stockholm, May 18–19 2000. Stockholm: The Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities. pp.31–50.
Epstein, Claire (1966). Palestinian Bichrome Ware. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp.passim.
Fischer, Peter M. (2001). "Cypriote Bichrome Wheel-made Ware and Base-ring Ware from the New Excavations Tell El-ʿAjjul: Synchronism and Dating". In Åström, Paul (ed.). The Chronology of Base-ring Ware and Bichrome Wheel-made Ware: Proceedings of a Colloquium held in the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, Stockholm, May 18–19 2000. Stockholm: The Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities. pp.221–230.
Gonen, Rivka (1992). Burial Patterns & Cultural Diversity in Late Bronze Age Canaan. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp.70–82.
Heurtley, W. A. "A Palestinian Vase-Painter of the Sixteenth Century B.C.". Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities of Palestine. 8: 21–37.
Kempinski, Aharon (1974). "Tell el-ʿAjjûl — Beth-Aglayim or Sharuḥen?". Israel Exploration Journal. 24 (3–4): 145–152.
Kempinski, Aharon (1983). Syrien und Palästina (Kanaan) in der letzten Phase der Mittelbronze-zwei-B-Zeit (1650–1570 v. Chr.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp.131–148.
Kenyon, Kathleen (1956). "Tombs of the Intermediate Early Bronze–Middle Bronze Age at Tell Ajjul". Annual of the Department of Antiquities (Jordan). 3: 41–55.
Merrillees, Robert S. (1974). "Appendix III: Tell el-ʿAjjul Fine and Imported Wares". In Kassis, Hanna E. (ed.). Tel el-'Ajjul: The Middle Bronze Age Remains. Göteborg: P. Aströms Förlag.
Negbi, Oren (1970). The Hoards of Goldwork from Tell el-ʿAjjul. Gothenburg: P. Ästrøm.
Sparks, Rachael Thyrza (2005). "The Lost Loci of Tell el-ʿAjjul: Petrie's Area C". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 137 (1): 23–29. doi:10.1179/174313005x37943. S2CID162607846.
Sparks, Rachael Thyrza (2007). A Future for the Past: Petrie's Palestinian Collection. Essays and Exhibition Catalogue. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
Stiebeing, William Henry Jr. (1970). Burial Practices in Palestine During the Bronze Age. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms. pp.46–57, 82–84, 101–129, 146–147, 149–150, 162, 166, 231–242, 287–289, 339–353, 389–404, 430–442.
Stewart, J. R. (1974). Kassis, Hanna E. (ed.). Tel El-ʿAjjul: The Middle Bronze Age Remains. Göteborg: P. Aströms Förlag.
Tufnell, Olga (1962). "The Courtyard Cemetery at Tell el-Tell el-ʿAjjul, Palestine". Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology. 3: 1–37.
Tufnell, Olga (1980). "A Review of the Contents of Cave 303 at Tell el-ʿAjjul". ʿAtiqot. XIV (English Series): 37–48.
Encyclopedia Articles
Dessel, J. P. (1997). "ʿAjjul, Tell el-". In Meyers, Eric M. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Middle East, Vol. 1. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.38–40.
Liid, Dale (1992). ""ʿAjjul, Tell el-"". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Vol. I. New York: Doubleday. pp.133–134.
Robertson, Brian Mark (1999). The Chronology of the Middle Bronze Age Tombs at Tell el Ajjul. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms.*
Tufnell, Olga (1976). "El-ʿAjjul, Tell (Beth ʿEglayim)". In Avi-Yonah, Michael (ed.). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol. I. pp.52–61.
Tufnell, Olga; Kempinski, Aharon (1993). "ʿAjjul, Tel". In Stern, Ephraim; Lewinson-Gilboa, Ayelet; Aviram, Joseph (eds.). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol. I. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Carta. pp.49–53.
Museum Collections
"Institute of Archaeology Collections". Institute of Archaeology Collections. Institute of Archaeology, University College, London. Retrieved 30 June 2015. (Search for "place=Ajjul").
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