-kan

Suffix

-kan

1. language

Affix

-kan

1. 3rd person imperative, let it

   tusikan

   let him sleep

Alternative forms

• -ken (Java Bazzar Malay)

Etymology

Inherited from Malay -kan, from Proto-Malayic *-kən, shortened form of Proto-Malayic *akən. Cognate with Karo Batak -ken and Toba Batak -hon. Doublet of akan (“will (future tense auxiliary)”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-kan/
• Rhymes: -an
• Hyphenation: -kan

Suffix

-kan (non-active/imperative/basic -kan, active meng- -kan, passive di- -kan)

1. used to indicate transitive imperative beneficial verbs

   Belikan aku sebatang pensil!

   Buy me a pencil!

2. used to indicate transitive imperative causative verb, from an intransitive verb base: to order and cause the object to perform [base]

   Bangunkan Siti!

   Wake up Siti!

3. used to indicate transitive imperative instrumental verb, from an intransitive verb base

   Tikamkan belati ini ke perut harimau itu!

   Thrust this knife into that tiger’s belly!

4. used to indicate transitive imperative locative verb, from a noun base.

   Pasarkan buku itu!

   Take that book to the market!

   Gudangkan kursi ini!

   Take this chair into the warehouse!

5. used to indicate transitive imperative causative verb, from a noun base.

   Korbankan dia!

   Sacrifice him!

Further reading

• “-kan” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Romanization

-kan

1. Rōmaji transcription of かん

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *-kən, shortened form of Proto-Malayic *akən. Related to akan (“will (future tense auxiliary)”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-kan]
• Rhymes: -kan, -an

Suffix

-kan (Jawi spelling -کن, formal active meng- -kan, 3rd person passive di- -kan)

1. Used to indicate transitive verbs:
   1. Gives a causative meaning of causing something to become the base word.

      ‎sedih (“sad”) + ‎-kan → ‎sedihkan (“to sadden, to make sad”)

      Cerita ini menyedihkan Adam sehingga dia ternangis.

      This story saddened Adam to the point that he cried.

      Kalau kau buat tu, nanti kau sedihkan mak ayah kau je doh.

      If you do that, you'll only make your parents sad.

      • 1371 CE [c. 1296–1316 CE], Kadi Hasan, Hikayat Bayan Budiman (fiction), translation of Tutinama by Ziya' al-Din Nakhshabi (in Persian); transcribed from Jawi script into the Latin alphabet Ekawati Ekawati, Doni Setiyawan, editors, Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, 2016, →ISBN:

        Sebagai pemimpin, Raja Bayan menyampaikan idenya kepada bayan-bayan yang lain.

        Like a leader, King Parrot told his plan to the other parrots.

   2. Forms a ditransitive verb that has a benefactive meaning of doing the base word for the benefit of someone or something else.

      ‎beli (“to buy”) + ‎-kan → ‎belikan (“to buy someone something”)

      Adam membelikan emaknya buku ini.

      Adam bought his mum this book.

      Adam, mintak belikan adik kamu makanan sekejap.

      Adam, can you buy your little brother some food for a bit.

      • 1303 CE, Terengganu Inscription Stone:

        داٮع ٮرىكں، كامڡ[تْ]اورع ٮرٯهوٮع

        Datang berikan. Keempat orang berpiutan

        Come hither. The fourth for debtors.

Stem

-kan

1. Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations:

Noun

-kan (obligatorily possessed)

1. bone

References

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/nikan-nid

Suffix

-kan

1. Forms nouns from verbs or adjectives

Further reading

• Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.48

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kan/

Suffix

-kan

1. Assimilated form of -gan after the vowels A / I / O / U.

   ‎gez- (“to wander, to go about”) + ‎-egen → ‎gezegen (“planet”)

   ‎çekin- (“to abstain, to hesitate”) + ‎-gen → ‎çekingen (“shy, reserved”)

   ‎çalış- (“to work, to study”) + ‎-kan → ‎çalışkan (“hardworking”)