Module:WikidataIB

This module is designed specifically to implement a mechanism which moves control of whether Wikidata values are used in an infobox from the template coder at the infobox design level to the editor at the article level. It is only intended to be used inside an infobox.

One of the three sandboxes should be used for testing anything other than trivial amendments.

Test cases for the main module and two of the sandboxes are available.

Modules and test cases

	Module	Test cases
Main	Module:WikidataIB	Module talk:WikidataIB/testing
sandbox	Module:WikidataIB/sandbox	Module talk:WikidataIB/sandbox/testing
sandbox1	Module:WikidataIB/sandbox1	Module talk:WikidataIB/sandbox1/testing
sandbox2	Module:WikidataIB/sandbox2

Overview

The module provides these calls specifically for use in infoboxes at present:

1. getValue

   getPreferredValue - obsoleted: use getValue|rank=best instead.

2. getCoords
3. getQualifierValue
4. getValueByQual
5. getValueByLang

The obsolete call getSourcedValue has now been removed as it is redundant to getValue which can do the same job using the |onlysourced=true parameter (which is set by default).

There are also these utility calls:

1. getLink
2. getLabel
3. getAT
4. getDescription
5. pageId
6. formatDate
7. checkBlacklist
8. emptyor
9. labelorid
10. getLang
11. getQid

Example form of each call:

{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |<PropertyID> |name=<fieldname> |suppressfields=<list of fields which will never display> |fetchwikidata=<list of fields to fetch values from Wikidata> |onlysourced=<yes/no> |noicon=<yes/no> |df=<dmy/mdy/y> |bc=<BC/BCE> |qual=<ALL/DATES/P999> |list=<ubl/hlist/prose> |linked=<yes/no> |<local parameter>}}

{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getCoords |name=<fieldname> |suppressfields=<list of fields which will never display> |fetchwikidata=<list of fields to fetch values from Wikidata> |<local parameter>}}

{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getQualifierValue |<PropertyID> |pval=<ID of target value for the property> |qual=<qualifier ID for that target value> |name=<fieldname> |suppressfields=<list of fields which will never display> |fetchwikidata=<list of fields to fetch values from Wikidata> |onlysourced=<yes/no>}}

{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValueByQual |<PropertyID> |qualID=<qualifier property ID to match> |qvalue=<QID of target value for the qualifier property> |name=<fieldname> |suppressfields=<list of fields which will never display> |fetchwikidata=<list of fields to fetch values from Wikidata> |onlysourced=<yes/no>}}

{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValueByLang |<PropertyID> |lang=<language code to match> |name=<fieldname> |suppressfields=<list of fields which will never display> |fetchwikidata=<list of fields to fetch values from Wikidata> |onlysourced=<yes/no>}}

Function getValue

Parameters to getValue

Name	Alias	Function	Default
(first unnamed)	1	The property-ID whose values are returned. Required.
(second unnamed)	2	A locally supplied value that, if it is not empty, will be returned in preference to the value on Wikidata.	empty
qid		The Q-number (entity-ID) of the entity that the property belongs to. If not supplied or empty, defaults to the associated Wikidata entry of the current page – uses mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage().	Item id for current page
rank		[Case insensitive] When set to best, returns preferred values if present, otherwise returns normal values. When set to preferred returns preferred values. When set to normal, returns normal values. When set to deprecated returns deprecated values. Any parameter value beginning with "b" is "best"; beginning with "p" is "preferred"; beginning with "n" is "normal"; beginning with "d" is deprecated. Multiple values are allowed: "p n d" would return all ranks. "Best" overrides the other flags. Other values are ignored and if no ranks are requested, preferred and normal are returned.	preferred and normal
qual		The property-ID of a qualifier that is to be returned in parentheses after the property. Setting qual=ALL returns all qualifiers. Setting qual=DATES returns (P580) and (P582) with a date separator.	none
fetchwikidata	fwd	List of fields to fetch values from. ALL fetches all fields. A value of NONE or blank or omitting the parameter fetches no fields.	none
suppressfields	spf	List of fields which will never display. This will even force a local value in the field not to display.	none
name		Name of the field. When encoding an infobox, this is the name that fetchwikidata and suppressfields will recognise. Required if fetchwikidata or suppressfields is specified (except when fetchwikidata=ALL).	nil
onlysourced	osd	A boolean which will filter out Wikidata values that are unsourced or only sourced to Wikipedia. Values no, false and 0 are all false; anything else is true.	true
df		Date format: may be dmy (day before month) or mdy (month before day) or y (year alone).	dmy
bc		Format of the BC/BCE suffix for dates.	BCE
linked		A boolean that enables the link to a local page via its sitelink on Wikidata. Values no, false and 0 are all false; anything else is true.	true
wdlinks	wdl	A boolean that enables the display of links to Wikidata when no local article exists. Values no, false and 0 are all false; anything else is true.	false
unitabbr		A boolean that enables unit abbreviations for common units. Values no, false and 0 are all false; anything else is true.	false
maxvals		Sets the maximum number of values to be returned when multiple values are available. Setting it to 1 is useful where the returned string is used within another call, e.g. image. Values 0 and empty return all values.	0 (all)
collapse		Sets the maximum number of values to be returned before the content is auto-collapsed. Values 0 and empty allow all content to be displayed uncollapsed.	0 (all)
linkprefix		A link prefix that is prepended to the linked value when linked. Applies only to items that have articles and to strings (e.g. url). It triggers linking of strings. Any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed.	empty
linkpostfix		A link postfix that is appended to the linked value when linked. Applies only to items that have articles and to strings (e.g. url). It triggers linking of strings. Any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed.	empty
prefix		A prefix that is prepended to the displayed value of strings (e.g. url). Any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed.	empty
postfix		A postfix that is appended to the displayed value of strings (e.g. url). Any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed.	empty
qlinkprefix		Qualifier link prefix (see linkprefix).	empty
qlinkpostfix		Qualifier link postfix (see linkpostfix).	empty
qprefix		Qualifier prefix (see prefix).	empty
qpostfix		Qualifier postfix (see postfix).	empty
sorted		A boolean which enables sorting of the values returned. Values no, false and 0 are all false; anything else is true.	false
qsorted		A boolean which enables sorting of the qualifier values within each item returned. Values no, false and 0 are all false; anything else is true.	false
noicon		A boolean which will suppress the trailing "edit at Wikidata" pen-icon. Useful for when the returned value is to be further processed. Values no, false and 0 are all false; anything else is true.	false
list		The name of a template that the list of multiple values is then passed through. Examples include "hlist" and "ubl". Setting it to "prose" produces something like "1, 2, 3, and 4"	none
sep		Customises the string that is used to separate multiple returned values. Any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed. If nothing or an empty string is passed it is set to the default list separator (", " in English).	", "
qsep		Customises the string that is used to separate multiple returned qualifier values. Any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed. If nothing or an empty string is passed it is set to the default list separator (", " in English).	", "
format		Determines whether global coordinates should be rendered as degree/minute/second or as decimal degrees. Any value beginning "dec" (case insensitive) will render as decimal. Anything else will render as DMS.	dms
show		Determines how global coordinates should be returned. The value "longlat" will return longitude, latitude. Any other value beginning "lon" (case insensitive) will return just longitude. Any value beginning "lat" (case insensitive) will return just latitude. When used with |noicon=true, all of these will be pure numbers in decimal degrees (signed: N and E as positive), which are intended for use in mapping templates, etc. Anything other value (or nothing) will render the usual coordinate values as DMS or decimal with "NSEW" qualifiers, etc.	empty
lang		Allows an unlinked value to be returned in the chosen language. Takes a standard ISO language code recognised by MediaWiki. If not supplied or blank, the local language (or set language for multi-lingual wikis) is used as normal.	local language

Base parameters

• getValue can also take a named parameter |qid= which is the Wikidata ID for an article. This will not normally be used as omitting it defaults to the current article.
• The property whose value is to be returned is passed in the first unnamed property and is required.
• The second unnamed parameter, if supplied, will become the returned value and no call to Wikidata will be made.

Whitelist and blacklist

• The name of the field that this function is called from is passed in the named parameter |name=, which is first checked against a blacklist of fields that are never to be displayed, (i.e. the call must return nil in all circumstances). If the field is not on the blacklist, it is then checked against a whitelist. If the name of the field matches, the call will return any locally supplied value if it is supplied as the second unnamed parameter, or the Wikidata value otherwise.
• The name is compulsory when the blacklist or whitelist is used, so the module returns nil if it is not supplied, other than when |fetchwikidata=ALL.
• The blacklist is passed in the named parameter |suppressfields=
• The whitelist is passed in the named parameter |fetchwikidata=

Sourcing

The getValue function will accept a boolean parameter onlysourced which will suppress return of Wikidata values that are unsourced or only sourced to Wikipedia. The absence of the parameter, an empty parameter (|onlysourced=) and the empty string ("") all default to true (i.e. only referenced values are returned). The values no, false and 0 are treated as false (i.e. all values are returned); any other value is true (although |onlysourced=yes/no is recommended for readability).

Link to Wikidata

The getValue function will accept a boolean parameter noicon which will suppress the trailing "edit at Wikidata" icon and link for cases when the returned value is to be further processed by the infobox (e.g. a url). The absence of the parameter or an empty parameter (|noicon=) default to false (i.e. the icon is added). The empty string ("") and the values no, false and 0 are treated as false; any other value is true (although |noicon=true is recommended for readability).

Dates

In order to handle the requirement for dates in mdy, dmy or just year formats, getValue accepts a named parameter |df= that may take the values "dmy", "mdy", or "y" - default is "dmy".

As an article may require either of suffixes BC and BCE, getValue accepts a named parameter |bc= that may take the values "BC", or "BCE" - default is "BCE". Some test cases are shown at Module talk:WikidataIB/testing #Calls to getValue for dates.

Ranks

The |rank= parameter, when set to preferred, returns only preferred values; when set to normal, returns only normal values; when set to deprecated, returns only deprecated values. If the parameter is set to best, it returns preferred values if present, otherwise normal values. Any parameter value beginning with "p" is "preferred"; any parameter value beginning with "n" is "normal"; any parameter value beginning with "d" is "deprecated"; any parameter value beginning with "b" is "best". Combinations of values are allowed, e.g. |rank=p n returns all the preferred and normal values (which is the default), although "best" overrides any other parameters.

Specific value-type handlers

The module has specific handlers for the following data types:

1. Items that correspond to an article in some Wikipedia, called "wikibase-items". These will be linked to the corresponding (and disambiguated) article on English Wikipedia where possible.
2. Items that represent dates. These may be centuries, years, years and months, or years, months and days.
3. Items that represent Commons media, urls, external ids, or other sorts of plain text.
4. Items that represent quantities. All of these may have an associated unit, or be dimensionless, and may have a range.
5. Items that represent global coordinates. These will be in degrees of latitude and longitude and will have an associated precision.

Items that represent other types of data are not handled at present.

The third class of data types may be used with the parameters:

• |prefix=, |postfix=, |linkprefix=, |linkpostfix=

If you don't supply at least one of |linkprefix= or |linkpostfix=, then just |prefix= and |postfix= are used. For example, when getting the (P717) in (Q532127):

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB/sandbox|getValue|P717|fetchwikidata=ALL|onlysourced=no |prefix="before " |postfix=" after" |qid=Q532127}} →

Use double-quotes to enclose the parameter value if it has leading or trailing spaces (otherwise they are stripped out). If you supply |linkprefix= or |linkpostfix=, then all four parameters are used and a link is made for each value like this:

• [[ linkprefix WikidataValue1 linkpostfix | prefix WikidataValue1 postfix]], [[ linkprefix WikidataValue2 linkpostfix | prefix WikidataValue2 postfix]], etc.

That allows multiple links to be made to different sections of a list article, such as List of observatory codes. For example, when getting the (P717) in (Q532127) we can make the links:

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB/sandbox|getValue|P717|fetchwikidata=ALL|onlysourced=no |prefix= |postfix= |linkprefix="List of observatory codes#" |linkpostfix= |qid=Q532127}} →

The parameters |prefix=, |postfix=, |linkprefix=, |linkpostfix= are also applied to wikibase-items if they are linked.

Formatting multiple returned values

• |sorted=<yes|no> is a boolean passed to enable sorting of the values returned. No parameter, or an empty string, or "false", or "no", or "0" disables sorting. It's only a very dumb alphabetical sort and sorts linked values as "[[ ..."
• |sep=<separator characters> allows the separator between multiple returned values to be defined. The default is ", " (comma plus normal space). If the separator has leading or trailing spaces, enclose it in double quotes (e.g. |sep=" - "). Any double quotes are stripped from the separator. The pipe character (|) must be escaped as {{!}}. For reasons of accessibility (see MOS:PLIST), do not use |sep=<br> for vertical unbulleted lists; use |list=ubl instead.
• |list=<hlist|ubl> allows multiple returned values to be displayed as a horizontal list (|list=hlist), or a vertical unbulleted list (|list=ubl). These override the separator and do not display the 'pen icon' linked to "Edit at Wikidata"

Limiting the returned values

Sometimes a property is expected to have a single value, such as চিত্ৰ (P18), but may have multiple values on Wikidata. Setting |maxvals=1 will limit the number of values returned to 1. Any other value is possible and functions as expected, but zero is treated as "no limit".

Unlinking

A returned value that represents an article on the local wiki will be linked by default. This includes redirects, but not dab pages. Sometimes there is a need not to link that returned values and this may be accomplished by setting |linked=no.

Unit abbreviations

When the returned value is a quantity, the name of the units in which it is expressed is appended. Infoboxes may wish to use abbreviations instead for common units. This can be done by setting |unitabbr=true.

Qualifiers

A parameter |qual= may be supplied, which will return qualifiers of the required property, if they exist. If the value is set to a property id (P12345), then only the values of qualifiers with that property will be returned. If the value is set to |qual=ALL, then all of the qualifier values are returned. If the value is set to |qual=DATES then the (P580) and the (P582) of the property are returned with a date separator. In each case, any qualifier values returned follow the property value, and are enclosed in parentheses. If multiple qualifier values are returned, they will be separated by commas by default, although the separator can be changed by specifying |qsep= (which may be enclosed in double-quotes, which are stripped out, so that spaces can be included). Setting the parameter |qsorted=yes will sort the returned qualifier values alphanumerically.

Short form of parameters

Some of the longer parameters may be abbreviated to make infobox designs more compact:

• fwd → fetchwikidata
• osd → onlysourced
• spf → suppressfields
• wdl → wdlinks

Wrapper template

The template {{wdib}} can be used as a convenient wrapper for {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue}}.

Other main functions

Function getPreferredValue

The getPreferredValue function works exactly like getValue, taking the same parameters, but if any values for a property have the preferred rank set, it will only return those values. This is now deprecated in favour of getValue|rank=best.

Function getCoords

• getCoords can also take a named parameter |qid= which is the Wikidata ID for an article. This will not normally be used as omitting it defaults to the current article.
• The first unnamed parameter, if supplied, will become the returned value and no call to Wikidata will be made.
• The coordinates from Wikidata are parsed and passed to Template:Coord which returns the display as if it were called manually.
• The blacklist of fields that are never to be displayed, and the whitelist are implemented in the same way as for getValue using |suppressfields= and |fetchwikidata=

Function getQualifierValue

The getQualifierValue function is for use when we want to fetch the value of a qualifier. We need to know the property and the value of the property that the qualifier relates to. The parameters are:

• The property ID passed in the unnamed parameter (or |1=)
• The target value for that property in |pval=
• The qualifier ID for that target value in |qual=
• The same parameters to implement whitelisting and blacklisting of the property as in getValue
• Optional boolean to specify whether only sourced values of the property are returned (defaults to "no") in |onlysourced=
• Optional item ID for arbitrary access in |qid=
• The same parameters to format output as in getValue

Example of getQualifierValue

In (Q1513315) there is a property (P793), which has a value (Q385378). That has two qualifiers, (P580) and (P582). To get the start date:

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getQualifierValue |P793 |pval=Q385378 |qual=P580 |name=xyz |fetchwikidata=ALL }}

In South Pole Telescope it returns:

Function getValueByQual

The getValueByQual function returns the value of a property which has a qualifier with a given entity value. The parameters are:

• The property ID passed in the unnamed parameter (or |1=)
• The property ID for a qualifier (or "ALL" or "DATES") in |qualID=
• The Wikibase-entity ID of a value for that qualifier in |qvalue=
• The same parameters to implement whitelisting and blacklisting of the property as in getValue
• Optional boolean to specify whether only sourced values of the property are returned (defaults to "no") in |onlysourced=
• Optional item ID for arbitrary access in |qid=
• The same parameters to format output as in getValue

Example of getValueByQual

In মাংস (Q10990) there is a property (P443) that has multiple values, each of which has a qualifier কৰ্মৰাজী বা নামটোৰ ভাষা (P407). We can return the property value whose qualifier has the value (Q7979)

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValueByQual |qid=Q10990 |P443 |qualID=P407 |qvalue=Q7979 |fwd=ALL |osd=no |noicon=true}} →

Function getValueByLang

The getValueByLang function returns the value of a property which has a qualifier কৰ্মৰাজী বা নামটোৰ ভাষা (P407) whose value has the given language code. The parameters are:

• The property ID passed in the unnamed parameter (or |1=)
• The MediaWiki language code to match the language whose code is given by |lang=xx[-yy]. If no code is supplied, it uses the default language.
• The same parameters to implement whitelisting and blacklisting of the property as in getValue
• Optional boolean to specify whether only sourced values of the property are returned (defaults to "no") in |onlysourced=
• Optional item ID for arbitrary access in |qid=
• The same parameters to format output as in getValue

Utility functions

Function getLink

getLink has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=

If there is a sitelink to an article on the local Wiki, it returns a link to the article with the Wikidata label as the displayed text. If there is no sitelink, it returns the label as plain text. If there is no label in the local language, it displays the qid instead.

Wikidata: (Q29016906) and (Q3621491)

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getLink |Q29016906}} → Corisca and the Satyr
• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getLink |Q3621491}} → archaeologist

Function getLabel

getLabel has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=

It returns the Wikidata label for the local language as plain text. If there is no label in the local language, it displays the qid instead. Note that this is the label given to the Wikidata entry in the same language as the current Wiki, if the label exists.

Wikidata: (Q29016906) and (Q3621491)

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getLabel |Q29016906}} → Corisca and the Satyr
• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getLabel |Q3621491}} → archaeologist

Function getAT

getAT has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=

If there is a sitelink to an article on the local Wiki, it returns the sitelink as plain text, i.e. the article title. If there is no sitelink, it returns nothing. Note that this is the title of the article in the current Wikipedia, if the interlanguage link exists in the Wikidata entry.

Wikidata: (Q29016906) and (Q3621491)

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getAT |Q29016906}} →
• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getAT |Q3621491}} →

Function getDescription

getDescription has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid= (it defaults to the associated qid of the current article if omitted). It has a local parameter passed as the first unnamed parameter. Any local parameter passed (other than "Wikidata" or "none") becomes the return value. It returns the article description for the Wikidata entity in plain text if the local parameter is "Wikidata". Nothing is returned if the description doesn't exist or "none" is passed as the local parameter.

Wikidata: (Q29016906) and (Q3621491)

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getDescription |qid=Q29016906 |wikidata}} → painting by Artemisia Gentileschi
• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getDescription |qid=Q29016906 |A painting}} → A painting
• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getDescription |qid=Q29016906 |none}} →
• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getDescription |qid=Q3621491 |wikidata}} → person studying human activity in the past
• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getDescription |qid=Q3621491 |A profession}} → A profession
• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getDescription |qid=Q3621491 |none}} →

Function formatDate

formatDate accepts a datetime of the usual format from mw.wikibase.entity:formatPropertyValues, like "1 August 30 BCE" as parameter 1 and formats it according to the df (date format) and bc parameters.

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |formatDate | 1 August 30 BCE |bc=BCE |df=dmy}} → 1 August 30 BCE
• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |formatDate | 1 August 30 BCE |bc=BC |df=mdy}} → August 1, 30 BC
• df = "dmy" / "mdy" / "y" - default is "dmy"
• bc = "BC" / "BCE" - default is "BCE"

Function checkBlacklist

checkBlacklist allows a test to check whether a named field is allowed. It returns true if the field is not blacklisted (i.e. allowed) It returns false if the field is blacklisted (i.e. disallowed)

Example:

• {{#if:{{#invoke:WikidataIB |checkBlacklist |name=nationality |suppressfields=residence; nationality; citizenship}} | not blacklisted | blacklisted}} → not blacklisted
• {{#if:{{#invoke:WikidataIB |checkBlacklist |name=birth_place |suppressfields=residence; nationality; citizenship}} | not blacklisted | blacklisted}} → not blacklisted

Function emptyor

emptyor returns nil if its first unnamed argument is just punctuation, whitespace or html tags otherwise it returns the argument unchanged (including leading/trailing space).

If the argument could contain "=", then it must be called explicitly:

• | 1 = whatever-the-argument-is

In that case, leading and trailing spaces are trimmed.

It finds use in infoboxes where it can replace tests like:

• {{#if: {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getvalue |P99 |fwd=ALL}} | <span class="xxx">{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getvalue |P99 |fwd=ALL}}</span> | }}

with a form that uses just a single call to Wikidata:

• {{#invoke |WikidataIB |emptyor |1= <span class="xxx">{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getvalue |P99 |fwd=ALL}}</span> }}

Function labelorid

labelorid is a public function to expose the output of labelOrId().

The Q-number (entity ID) is passed as |qid= or as an unnamed parameter.

It returns the Wikidata label for that entity or the qid if no label exists.

Function getQid

• getQid works with the current page and its associated Wikidata entry.
• It returns qid, if supplied as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=;
• failing that, the Wikidata entity ID of the "category's main topic (P301)", if it exists;
• failing that, the Wikidata entity ID associated with the current page, if it exists;
• otherwise, nothing

Function examine

examine provides a dump of the entire property given in the first unnamed parameter (or in |pid= as a named alias) from the item given by the parameter 'qid', or from the item corresponding to the current page if qid is not supplied. It works in a similar manner to the Dump function, but only loads a single claim, rather than the whole Wikidata entry.

• Example: {{#invoke:WikidataIB |examine |qid=Q1396889 |P50}}

Coding into an infobox

Typically, the getValue call will be invoked in an infobox definition, using appropriate template parameters. One simple implementation is given as an example in Template:Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox. As an illustration, the 'author' field in the infobox is coded like this:

| label2  = Author{{#if:{{{authors|}}}|s}}
|  data2  = {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P50 |name=author |fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |{{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}} }}

The property to be fetched is the first unnamed parameter. In this case it is লেখক (P50).

The name of the field is passed in |name= and that name is checked against the blacklist and the whitelist. To always suppress the author field in a particular article, an editor will set |suppressfields=author in the infobox. The author field will then never be displayed.

If the field is not blacklisted, then the infobox can be set to display a locally supplied value for author simply by setting |author=George Orwell, for example, in the infobox. It also accepts |authors=. If the name of the field is on the whitelist, e.g. |fetchwikidata=author; genre; pub_date; pages; dewey; congress, and the local value is not supplied, then the infobox will display the value retrieved from Wikidata. Any separators can be used, except | and {}.

As a shorthand, |fetchwikidata=ALL will fetch all of the fields that are not blacklisted, as long as no local value is already provided in the article for a given field.

Since Wikidata labels are normally lower case, the sentence case function from Module:String2 can be used to capitalise the first letter of the returned text, e.g.

• {{#invoke:String2 | sentence | {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P136 |name=genre |fetchwikidata=ALL |onlysourced=false}} }} in (Q1396889) produces:
• Roman à clef, satirical fiction, উপকথা, dystopian fiction frameless |text-top |10px |alt=edit this on wikidata|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/q1396889?uselang=as#p136|edit this on wikidata

Example of calls in an infobox

Basic use of getValue:

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P000 |name=fieldname |qid={{{qid|}}} |fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|}}} |onlysourced={{{onlysourced|}}} |{{{localparameter|}}} }}

Full collection of parameters:

• {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P000 |name=fieldname |qid={{{qid|}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|}}} |onlysourced={{{onlysourced|}}} |noicon={{{noicon|}}} |wdl={{{wikidatalink|}}} |df={{dateformat|}} |bc={{{bc|}}} |prefix= |postfix= |linkprefix= |linkpostfix= |sorted={{{sorted|}}} |sep={{{separator|}}} |list={{listtype|}}} |{{{localparameter|}}} }}

Any of the parameters can, of course, be fixed for a given field in an infobox, rather than taking the parameter supplied to the infobox, which will affect all fields. For example, one field may set |list=hlist where a series of short words is expected; whereas another field could use |list=ubl where an unbulleted vertical list of several words on each line is required.

The getCoords call will display the output of Template:Coord when supplied with the coordinates returned from Wikidata. It can be coded like this:

|label20 = Coordinates
| data20 = {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getCoords |name=coordinates |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |fetchwikidata={{{fetchwikidata|}}} |{{{coordinates|}}} }}

An example is Template:Infobox biosphere reserve

{{Infobox biosphere reserve
| fetchwikidata = ALL
}}

Displays coordinates in the usual positions when used in an article where Wikidata has coordinates.

Upgrading existing infoboxes

Since the parameter |fetchwikidata= is needed for any Wikidata functionality, an existing infobox may be replaced by an infobox incorporating these calls without any change whatsoever to any article. Each article using the new infobox can later be enabled by supplying |fetchwikidata=ALL, or a list of required fields for that article. At that point, the onus is on the editor enabling the functionality to check that no unwanted fields are now being displayed. If so, they can be added to a blacklist for the article by setting |suppressfields= to the list of unwanted fields.

Verifiability

Where it will always be essential for a particular field to only contain values that are referenced, use getValue, making sure that |onlysourced= is not set to 'false', '0' or 'no'. By default it will exclude values that are unsourced or only sourced to a Wikipedia, thus making the job of checking easier at the article level. If unsourced data is acceptable (!), set |onlysourced=no. As it is beyond my wit to produce an automated mechanism that knows whether an existing source is reliable or not in a given context, that job must still be performed at the article level by an editor familiar with the subject. It should always be done when first enabling Wikidata for that article.

Helper templates

Template:If then show

tests whether the first unnamed parameter is not an empty string and returns it if it does. Otherwise it returns the second unnamed parameter. Optional third and fourth unnamed parameters provide a prefix and a suffix for the first parameter when returned. Useful when the first parameter is a call to Wikidata.

Template:Ifnoteq then show

tests whether the first unnamed parameter is equal to the second unnamed parameter and returns the third unnamed parameter if it does. Otherwise it returns the first unnamed parameter. This is useful when the first parameter is a {{#invoke: of a Lua module that returns a value for which a specific exception is required.

Template:Formatter link

takes an external identifier code as |code= and uses a formatter url as |url= to construct a link to the external resource, which uses the code as display.

Template:Emptyor

tests a piece of text to ascertain whether it's effectively empty or contains some text. If the unnamed parameter consists only of html tags, punctuation (e.g. Wiki-markup) and whitespace, then Emptyor returns nothing; otherwise it returns the parameter unchanged. Wrapper for p.emptyor function.

Example of use: Infobox book

This section is taken from Template:Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox/doc.

No Wikidata

{{Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox
| suppressfields =
| fetchwikidata  =
| name           = Animal Farm
| title_orig     = Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
| image          = Animal Farm - 1st edition.jpg
| image_size     = 200px
| caption        = First edition cover
| author         = [[George Orwell]]
| country        = United Kingdom
| language       = English
| genre          = Political satire
}}

Works as a non-aware infobox: only locally supplied parameters are displayed.

{{Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox
| name           = Animal Farm
| title_orig     = Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
| image          = Animal Farm - 1st edition.jpg
| image_size     = 200px
| caption        = First edition cover
| author         = [[George Orwell]]
| country        = United Kingdom
| language       = English
| genre          = Political satire
}}

The blacklist and whitelist can be omitted if unused

All Wikidata

{{Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox
| fetchwikidata  = author; genre; pub_date; pages; dewey; congress
}}

Fetches the author, publication date, number of pages, Dewey index, and Library of Congress catalogue number values from Wikidata.

{{Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox
| fetchwikidata  = ALL
}}

As shorthand, the |fetchwikidata= parameter can be set to ALL to fetch all available fields. Any field can be suppressed by naming it in |suppressfields=, or overridden by supplying a local value.

Never display genre

{{Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox
| suppressfields = genre
| fetchwikidata  = author; genre; pub_date; pages; dewey; congress
}}

The genre field will always be suppressed, even if a local value is supplied.

{{Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox
| suppressfields = genre
| fetchwikidata  = author; genre; pub_date; pages; dewey; congress
| genre          = Political satire
}}

Local override

{{Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox
| fetchwikidata  = author; genre; pub_date; pages; dewey; congress
| genre          = Political satire
}}

The genre field is set to display "Political satire", no matter what is stored in Wikidata.

{{Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox
| fetchwikidata  = ALL
| genre          = Novel
}}

The genre field is set to display "Novel", no matter what is stored in Wikidata.

Don't fetch genre

{{Infobox book/Wikidata/Sandbox
| suppressfields = 
| fetchwikidata  = author; pub_date; pages; dewey; congress
}}

The genre field will not be fetched from Wikidata. Only the author, publication date, number of pages, Dewey index, and Library of Congress catalogue number are imported. A local value for genre will display.

See also

• Module:Wikidata, handling Wikidata more basically

Tracking categories

• Category:Articles with missing Wikidata information (0)

---

-- Version: 2021-02-06
-- Module to implement use of a blacklist and whitelist for infobox fields
-- Can take a named parameter |qid which is the Wikidata ID for the article
-- if not supplied, it will use the Wikidata ID associated with the current page.
-- Fields in blacklist are never to be displayed, i.e. module must return nil in all circumstances
-- Fields in whitelist return local value if it exists or the Wikidata value otherwise
-- The name of the field that this function is called from is passed in named parameter |name
-- The name is compulsory when blacklist or whitelist is used,
-- so the module returns nil if it is not supplied.
-- blacklist is passed in named parameter |suppressfields (or |spf)
-- whitelist is passed in named parameter |fetchwikidata (or |fwd)

local p = {}

local cdate -- initialise as nil and only load _complex_date function if needed
-- Module:Complex date is loaded lazily and has the following dependencies:
-- Module:Calendar
-- Module:ISOdate
-- Module:DateI18n
-- Module:No globals
-- Module:I18n/complex date
-- Module:Ordinal
-- Module:I18n/ordinal
-- Module:Yesno
-- Module:Formatnum
-- Module:Linguistic
--
-- The following, taken from https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikibase/DataModel#Dates_and_times,
-- is needed to use Module:Complex date which seemingly requires date precision as a string.
-- It would work better if only the authors of the mediawiki page could spell 'millennium'.
local dp = {
	[6] = "সহস্ৰাব্দ",
	[7] = "শতিকা",
	[8] = "দশক",
	[9] = "বছৰ",
	[10] = "মাহ",
	[11] = "দিন",
}

local i18n =
{
	["errors"] =
	{
		["property-not-found"] = "Property not found.",
		["No property supplied"] = "No property supplied",
		["entity-not-found"] = "Wikidata entity not found.",
		["unknown-claim-type"] = "Unknown claim type.",
		["unknown-entity-type"] = "Unknown entity type.",
		["qualifier-not-found"] = "Qualifier not found.",
		["site-not-found"] = "Wikimedia project not found.",
		["labels-not-found"] = "No labels found.",
		["descriptions-not-found"] = "No descriptions found.",
		["aliases-not-found"] = "No aliases found.",
		["unknown-datetime-format"] = "Unknown datetime format.",
		["local-article-not-found"] = "Article is available on Wikidata, but not on Wikipedia",
		["dab-page"] = " (dab)",
	},
	["months"] =
	{
		"জানুৱাৰী", "ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী", "মাৰ্চ", "এপ্ৰিল", "মে'", "জুন",
		"জুলাই", "আগষ্ট", "ছেপ্টেম্বৰ", "অক্টোবৰ", "নৱেম্বৰ", "ডিচেম্বৰ"
	},
	["century"] = "শতিকা",
	["BC"] = "BC",
	["BCE"] = "BCE",
	["ordinal"] =
	{
		[1] = "ম",
		[2] = "য়",
		[3] = "য়",
		[4] = "ৰ্থ",
		[5] = "ম",
		["default"] = "th"
	},
	["filespace"] = "ফাইল",
	["Unknown"] = "অজ্ঞাত",
	["NaN"] = "সংখ্যা নহয়",
	-- set the following to the name of a tracking category,
	-- e.g. "[[Category:Articles with missing Wikidata information]]", or "" to disable:
	["missinginfocat"] = "[[Category:Articles with missing Wikidata information]]",
	["editonwikidata"] = "Edit this on Wikidata",
	["latestdatequalifier"] = function (date) return "before " .. date end,
	-- some languages, e.g. Bosnian use a period as a suffix after each number in a date
	["datenumbersuffix"] = "",
	["list separator"] = ", ",
	["multipliers"] = {
		[0]  = "",
		[3]  = " হাজাৰ",
		[6]  = " মিলিয়ন",
		[9]  = " বিলিয়ন",
		[12] = " ট্ৰিলিয়ন",
	}
}
-- This allows an internationisation module to override the above table
if 'en' ~= mw.getContentLanguage():getCode() then
	require("Module:i18n").loadI18n("Module:WikidataIB/i18n", i18n)
end

-- This piece of html implements a collapsible container. Check the classes exist on your wiki.
local collapsediv = '<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}">'

-- Some items should not be linked.
-- Each wiki can create a list of those in Module:WikidataIB/nolinks
-- It should return a table called itemsindex, containing true for each item not to be linked
local donotlink = {}
local nolinks_exists, nolinks = pcall(mw.loadData, "Module:WikidataIB/nolinks")
if nolinks_exists then
	donotlink = nolinks.itemsindex
end

-- To satisfy Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles, certain types of items are italicised, and others are quoted.
-- The submodule [[Module:WikidataIB/titleformats]] lists the entity-ids used in 'instance of' (P31),
-- which allows this module to identify the values that should be formatted.
-- WikidataIB/titleformats exports a table p.formats, which is indexed by entity-id, and contains the value " or ''
local formats = {}
local titleformats_exists, titleformats = pcall(mw.loadData, "Module:WikidataIB/titleformats")
if titleformats_exists then
	formats = titleformats.formats
end

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Private functions
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- makeOrdinal needs to be internationalised along with the above:
-- takes cardinal number as a numeric and returns the ordinal as a string
-- we need three exceptions in English for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 21st, .. 31st, etc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local makeOrdinal = function(cardinal)
	local ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal.default
	if cardinal % 10 == 1 then
		ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[1]
	elseif cardinal % 10 == 2 then
		ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[2]
	elseif cardinal % 10 == 3 then
		ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[3]
	end
	-- In English, 1, 21, 31, etc. use 'st', but 11, 111, etc. use 'th'
	-- similarly for 12 and 13, etc.
	if (cardinal % 100 == 11) or (cardinal % 100 == 12) or (cardinal % 100 == 13) then
		ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal.default
	end
	return tostring(cardinal) .. ordsuffix
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- findLang takes a "langcode" parameter if supplied and valid
-- otherwise it tries to create it from the user's set language ({{int:lang}})
-- failing that it uses the wiki's content language.
-- It returns a language object
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local findLang = function(langcode)
	local langobj
	langcode = mw.text.trim(langcode or "")
	if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode) then
		langobj = mw.language.new( langcode )
	else
		langcode = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess( '{{int:lang}}' )
		if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode) then
			langobj = mw.language.new( langcode )
		else
			langobj = mw.language.getContentLanguage()
		end
	end
	return langobj
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- _getItemLangCode takes a qid parameter (using the current page's qid if blank)
-- If the item for that qid has property country (P17) it looks at the first preferred value
-- If the country has an official language (P37), it looks at the first preferred value
-- If that official language has a language code (P424), it returns the first preferred value
-- Otherwise it returns nothing.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local _getItemLangCode = function(qid)
	qid = mw.text.trim(qid or ""):upper()
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid then return end
	local prop17 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P17")[1]
	if not prop17 or prop17.mainsnak.snaktype ~= "value" then return end
	local qid17 = prop17.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
	local prop37 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid17, "P37")[1]
	if not prop37 or prop37.mainsnak.snaktype ~= "value" then return end
	local qid37 = prop37.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
	local prop424 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid37, "P424")[1]
	if not prop424 or prop424.mainsnak.snaktype ~= "value" then return end
	return prop424.mainsnak.datavalue.value
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- roundto takes a number (x)
-- and returns it rounded to (sf) significant figures
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local roundto = function(x, sf)
	if x == 0 then return 0 end
	local s = 1
	if x < 0 then
		x = -x
		s = -1
	end
	if sf < 1 then sf = 1 end
	local p = 10 ^ (math.floor(math.log10(x)) - sf + 1)
	x = math.floor(x / p + 0.5) * p * s
	-- if it's integral, cast to an integer:
	if x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end
	return x
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- decimalToDMS takes a decimal degrees (x) with precision (p)
-- and returns degrees/minutes/seconds according to the precision
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local decimalToDMS = function(x, p)
	-- if p is not supplied, use a precision around 0.1 seconds
	if not tonumber(p) then p = 1e-4 end
	local d = math.floor(x)
	local ms = (x - d) * 60
	if p > 0.5 then -- precision is > 1/2 a degree
		if ms > 30 then d = d + 1 end
		ms = 0
	end
	local m = math.floor(ms)
	local s = (ms - m) * 60
	if p > 0.008 then -- precision is > 1/2 a minute
		if s > 30 then m = m +1 end
		s = 0
	elseif p > 0.00014 then -- precision is > 1/2 a second
		s = math.floor(s + 0.5)
	elseif p > 0.000014 then -- precision is > 1/20 second
		s = math.floor(10 * s + 0.5) / 10
	elseif p > 0.0000014 then -- precision is > 1/200 second
		s = math.floor(100 * s + 0.5) / 100
	else -- cap it at 3 dec places for now
		s = math.floor(1000 * s + 0.5) / 1000
	end
	return d, m, s
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- decimalPrecision takes a decimal (x) with precision (p)
-- and returns x rounded approximately to the given precision
-- precision should be between 1 and 1e-6, preferably a power of 10.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local decimalPrecision = function(x, p)
	local s = 1
	if x < 0 then
		x = -x
		s = -1
	end
	-- if p is not supplied, pick an arbitrary precision
	if not tonumber(p) then p = 1e-4
	elseif p > 1 then p = 1
	elseif p < 1e-6 then p = 1e-6
	else p = 10 ^ math.floor(math.log10(p))
	end
	x = math.floor(x / p + 0.5) * p * s
	-- if it's integral, cast to an integer:
	if  x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end
	-- if it's less than 1e-4, it will be in exponent form, so return a string with 6dp
	-- 9e-5 becomes 0.000090
	if math.abs(x) < 1e-4 then x = string.format("%f", x) end
	return x
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- formatDate takes a datetime of the usual format from mw.wikibase.entity:formatPropertyValues
-- like "1 August 30 BCE" as parameter 1
-- and formats it according to the df (date format) and bc parameters
-- df = ["dmy" / "mdy" / "y"] default will be "dmy"
-- bc = ["BC" / "BCE"] default will be "BCE"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local format_Date = function(datetime, dateformat, bc)
	local datetime = datetime or "1 August 30 BCE" -- in case of nil value
	-- chop off multiple vales and/or any hours, mins, etc.
	-- keep anything before punctuation - we just want a single date:
	local dateval = string.match( datetime, "[%w ]+")

	local dateformat = string.lower(dateformat or "dmy") -- default to dmy

	local bc = string.upper(bc or "") -- can't use nil for bc
	-- we only want to accept two possibilities: BC or default to BCE
	if bc == "BC" then
		bc = "&nbsp;" .. i18n["BC"] -- prepend a non-breaking space.
	else
		bc = "&nbsp;" .. i18n["BCE"]
	end

	local postchrist = true -- start by assuming no BCE
	local dateparts = {}
	for word in string.gmatch(dateval, "%w+") do
		if word == "BCE" or word == "BC" then -- *** internationalise later ***
			postchrist = false
		else
			-- we'll keep the parts that are not 'BCE' in a table
			dateparts[#dateparts + 1] = word
		end
	end
	if postchrist then bc = "" end -- set AD dates to no suffix *** internationalise later ***

	local sep = "&nbsp;" -- separator is nbsp
	local fdate = table.concat(dateparts, sep) -- set formatted date to same order as input

	-- if we have day month year, check dateformat
	if #dateparts == 3 then
		if dateformat == "y" then
			fdate = dateparts[3]
		elseif dateformat == "mdy" then
			fdate = dateparts[2] .. sep .. dateparts[1] .. "," .. sep .. dateparts[3]
		end
	elseif #dateparts == 2 and dateformat == "y" then
		fdate = dateparts[2]
	end

	return fdate .. bc
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- dateFormat is the handler for properties that are of type "time"
-- It takes timestamp, precision (6 to 11 per mediawiki), dateformat (y/dmy/mdy), BC format (BC/BCE),
-- a plaindate switch (yes/no/adj) to en/disable "sourcing circumstances"/use adjectival form,
-- any qualifiers for the property, the language, and any adjective to use like 'before'.
-- It passes the date through the "complex date" function
-- and returns a string with the internatonalised date formatted according to preferences.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: findLang(); cdate(); dp[]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local dateFormat = function(timestamp, dprec, df, bcf, pd, qualifiers, lang, adj, model)
	-- output formatting according to preferences (y/dmy/mdy/ymd)
	df = (df or ""):lower()
	-- if ymd is required, return the part of the timestamp in YYYY-MM-DD form
	-- but apply Year zero#Astronomers fix: 1 BC = 0000; 2 BC = -0001; etc.
	if df == "ymd" then
		if timestamp:sub(1,1) == "+" then
			return timestamp:sub(2,11)
		else
			local yr = tonumber(timestamp:sub(2,5)) - 1
			yr = ("000" .. yr):sub(-4)
			if yr ~= "0000" then yr = "-" .. yr end
			return yr .. timestamp:sub(6,11)
		end
	end
	-- A year can be stored like this: "+1872-00-00T00:00:00Z",
	-- which is processed here as if it were the day before "+1872-01-01T00:00:00Z",
	-- and that's the last day of 1871, so the year is wrong.
	-- So fix the month 0, day 0 timestamp to become 1 January instead:
	timestamp = timestamp:gsub("%-00%-00T", "-01-01T")
	-- just in case date precision is missing
	dprec = dprec or 11
	-- override more precise dates if required dateformat is year alone:
	if df == "y" and dprec > 9 then dprec = 9 end
	-- complex date only deals with precisions from 6 to 11, so clip range
	dprec = dprec>11 and 11 or dprec
	dprec = dprec<6 and 6 or dprec
	-- BC format is "BC" or "BCE"
	bcf = (bcf or ""):upper()
	-- plaindate only needs the first letter (y/n/a)
	pd = (pd or ""):sub(1,1):lower()
	if pd == "" or pd == "n" or pd == "f" or pd == "0" then pd = false end
	-- in case language isn't passed
	lang = lang or findLang().code
	-- set adj as empty if nil
	adj = adj or ""
	-- extract the day, month, year from the timestamp
	local bc = timestamp:sub(1, 1)=="-" and "BC" or ""
	local year, month, day = timestamp:match("[+-](%d*)-(%d*)-(%d*)T")
	local iso = tonumber(year) -- if year is missing, let it throw an error
	-- this will adjust the date format to be compatible with cdate
	-- possible formats are Y, YY, YYY0, YYYY, YYYY-MM, YYYY-MM-DD
	if dprec == 6 then iso = math.floor( (iso - 1) / 1000 ) + 1 end
	if dprec == 7 then iso = math.floor( (iso - 1) / 100 ) + 1 end
	if dprec == 8 then iso = math.floor( iso / 10 ) .. "0" end
	if dprec == 10 then iso = year .. "-" .. month end
	if dprec == 11 then iso = year .. "-" .. month .. "-" .. day end
	-- add "circa" (Q5727902) from "sourcing circumstances" (P1480)
	local sc = not pd and qualifiers and qualifiers.P1480
	if sc then
		for k1, v1 in pairs(sc) do
			if v1.datavalue and v1.datavalue.value.id == "Q5727902" then
				adj = "circa"
				break
			end
		end
	end
	-- deal with Julian dates:
	-- no point in saying that dates before 1582 are Julian - they are by default
	-- doesn't make sense for dates less precise than year
	-- we can suppress it by setting |plaindate, e.g. for use in constructing categories.
	local calendarmodel = ""
	if tonumber(year) > 1582
		and dprec > 8
		and not pd
		and model == "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985786" then
		calendarmodel = "julian"
	end
	if not cdate then
		cdate = require("Module:Complex date")._complex_date
	end
	local fdate = cdate(calendarmodel, adj, tostring(iso), dp[dprec], bc, "", "", "", "", lang, 1)
	-- this may have QuickStatements info appended to it in a div, so remove that
	fdate = fdate:gsub(' <div style="display: none;">[^<]*</div>', '')
	-- it may also be returned wrapped in a microformat, so remove that
	fdate = fdate:gsub("<[^>]*>", "")
	-- there may be leading zeros that we should remove
	fdate = fdate:gsub("^0*", "")
	-- if a plain date is required, then remove any links (like BC linked)
	if pd then
		fdate = fdate:gsub("%[%[.*|", ""):gsub("]]", "")
	end
	-- if 'circa', use the abbreviated form *** internationalise later ***
	fdate = fdate:gsub('circa ', '<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>&nbsp;')
	-- deal with BC/BCE
	if bcf == "BCE" then
		fdate = fdate:gsub('BC', 'BCE')
	end
	-- deal with mdy format
	if df == "mdy" then
		fdate = fdate:gsub("(%d+) (%w+) (%d+)", "%2 %1, %3")
	end
	-- deal with adjectival form *** internationalise later ***
	if pd == "a" then
		fdate = fdate:gsub(' century', '-century')
	end
	return fdate
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- parseParam takes a (string) parameter, e.g. from the list of frame arguments,
-- and makes "false", "no", and "0" into the (boolean) false
-- it makes the empty string and nil into the (boolean) value passed as default
-- allowing the parameter to be true or false by default.
-- It returns a boolean.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local parseParam = function(param, default)
	if type(param) == "boolean" then param = tostring(param) end
	if param and param ~= "" then
		param = param:lower()
		if (param == "false") or (param:sub(1,1) == "n") or (param == "0") then
			return false
		else
			return true
		end
	else
		return default
	end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- _getSitelink takes the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=
-- It takes an optional parameter |wiki= to determine which wiki is to be checked for a sitelink
-- If the parameter is blank, then it uses the local wiki.
-- If there is a sitelink to an article available, it returns the plain text link to the article
-- If there is no sitelink, it returns nil.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local _getSitelink = function(qid, wiki)
	qid = (qid or ""):upper()
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid then return nil end
	wiki = wiki or ""
	local sitelink
	if wiki == "" then
		sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)
	else
		sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid, wiki)
	end
	return sitelink
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- _getCommonslink takes an optional qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=
-- It returns one of the following in order of preference:
-- 	the Commons sitelink of the Wikidata entity - but not if onlycat=true and it's not a category;
-- 	the Commons sitelink of the topic's main category of the Wikidata entity;
-- 	the Commons category of the Wikidata entity - unless fallback=false.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: _getSitelink(); parseParam()
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local _getCommonslink = function(qid, onlycat, fallback)
	qid = (qid or ""):upper()
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid then return nil end
	onlycat = parseParam(onlycat, false)
	if fallback == "" then fallback = nil end
	local sitelink = _getSitelink(qid, "commonswiki")
	if onlycat and sitelink and sitelink:sub(1,9) ~= "Category:" then sitelink = nil end
	if not sitelink then
		-- check for topic's main category
		local prop910 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P910")[1]
		if prop910 then
			local tmcid = prop910.mainsnak.datavalue and prop910.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
			sitelink = _getSitelink(tmcid, "commonswiki")
		end
		if not sitelink then
			-- check for list's main category
			local prop1754 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P1754")[1]
			if prop1754 then
				local tmcid = prop1754.mainsnak.datavalue and prop1754.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
				sitelink = _getSitelink(tmcid, "commonswiki")
			end
		end
	end
	if not sitelink and fallback then
		-- check for Commons category (string value)
		local prop373 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P373")[1]
		if prop373 then
			sitelink = prop373.mainsnak.datavalue and prop373.mainsnak.datavalue.value
			if sitelink then sitelink = "Category:" .. sitelink end
		end
	end
	return sitelink
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- The label in a Wikidata item is subject to vulnerabilities
-- that an attacker might try to exploit.
-- It needs to be 'sanitised' by removing any wikitext before use.
-- If it doesn't exist, return the id for the item
-- a second (boolean) value is also returned, value is true when the label exists
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local labelOrId = function(id, lang)
	if lang == "default" then lang = findLang().code end
	local label
	if lang then
		label = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(id, lang)
	else
		label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(id)
	end
	if label then
		return mw.text.nowiki(label), true
	else
		return id, false
	end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- linkedItem takes an entity-id and returns a string, linked if possible.
-- This is the handler for "wikibase-item". Preferences:
-- 1. Display linked disambiguated sitelink if it exists
-- 2. Display linked label if it is a redirect
-- 3. TBA: Display an inter-language link for the label if it exists other than in default language
-- 4. Display unlinked label if it exists
-- 5. Display entity-id for now to indicate a label could be provided
-- dtxt is text to be used instead of label, or nil.
-- shortname is boolean switch to use P1813 (short name) instead of label if true.
-- lang is the current language code.
-- uselbl is boolean switch to force display of the label instead of the sitelink (default: false)
-- linkredir is boolean switch to allow linking to a redirect (default: false)
-- formatvalue is boolean switch to allow formatting as italics or quoted (default: false)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: labelOrId(); donotlink[]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local linkedItem = function(id, args)
	local lprefix = (args.lp or args.lprefix or args.linkprefix or ""):gsub('"', '') -- toughen against nil values passed
	local lpostfix = (args.lpostfix or ""):gsub('"', '')
	local prefix = (args.prefix or ""):gsub('"', '')
	local postfix = (args.postfix or ""):gsub('"', '')
	local dtxt = args.dtxt
	local shortname = args.shortname
	local lang = args.lang or "en" -- fallback to default if missing
	local uselbl = args.uselabel or args.uselbl
	uselbl = parseParam(uselbl, false)
	local linkredir = args.linkredir
	linkredir = parseParam(linkredir, false)
	local formatvalue = args.formatvalue or args.fv
	formatvalue = parseParam(formatvalue, false)
	-- see if item might need italics or quotes
	local fmt = ""
	if next(formats) and formatvalue then
		for k, v in ipairs( mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P31") ) do
			if v.mainsnak.datavalue and formats[v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id] then
				fmt = formats[v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id]
				break -- pick the first match
			end
		end
	end
	local disp
	local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id)
	local label, islabel
	if dtxt then
		label, islabel = dtxt, true
	elseif shortname then
		-- see if there is a shortname in our language, and set label to it
		for k, v in ipairs( mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P1813") ) do
			if v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.language == lang then
				label, islabel = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text, true
				break
			end -- test for language match
		end -- loop through values of short name
		-- if we have no label set, then there was no shortname available
		if not islabel then
			label, islabel = labelOrId(id)
			shortname = false
		end
	else
		label, islabel = labelOrId(id)
	end
	if mw.site.siteName ~= "Wikimedia Commons" then
		if sitelink then
			if not (dtxt or shortname) then
				-- if sitelink and label are the same except for case, no need to process further
				if sitelink:lower() ~= label:lower() then
					-- strip any namespace or dab from the sitelink
					local pos = sitelink:find(":") or 0
					local slink = sitelink
					if pos > 0 then
						local pfx = sitelink:sub(1,pos-1)
						if mw.site.namespaces[pfx] then -- that prefix is a valid namespace, so remove it
							slink = sitelink:sub(pos+1)
						end
					end
					-- remove stuff after commas or inside parentheses - ie. dabs
					slink = slink:gsub("%s%(.+%)$", ""):gsub(",.+$", "")
					-- if uselbl is false, use sitelink instead of label
					if not uselbl then
						--  use slink as display, preserving label case - find("^%u") is true for 1st char uppercase
						if label:find("^%u") then
							label = slink:gsub("^(%l)", string.upper)
						else
							label = slink:gsub("^(%u)", string.lower)
						end
					end
				end
			end
			if donotlink[label] then
				disp = prefix .. fmt .. label .. fmt .. postfix
			else
				disp = "[[" .. lprefix .. sitelink .. lpostfix .. "|" .. prefix .. fmt .. label .. fmt .. postfix .. "]]"
			end
		elseif islabel then
			-- no sitelink, label exists, so check if a redirect with that title exists, if linkredir is true
			-- display plain label by default
			disp = prefix .. fmt .. label .. fmt .. postfix
			if linkredir then
				local artitle = mw.title.new(label, 0) -- only nil if label has invalid chars
				if not donotlink[label] and artitle and artitle.redirectTarget then
					-- there's a redirect with the same title as the label, so let's link to that
					disp = "[[".. lprefix .. label .. lpostfix .. "|" .. prefix .. fmt .. label .. fmt .. postfix .. "]]"
				end
			end -- test if article title exists as redirect on current Wiki
		else
			-- no sitelink and no label, so return whatever was returned from labelOrId for now
			-- add tracking category [[Category:Articles with missing Wikidata information]]
			-- for enwiki, just return the tracking category
			if mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId() == "enwiki" then
				disp = i18n.missinginfocat
			else
				disp = prefix .. label .. postfix .. i18n.missinginfocat
			end
		end
	else
		local ccat = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P373")[1]
		if ccat and ccat.mainsnak.datavalue then
			ccat = ccat.mainsnak.datavalue.value
			disp = "[[" .. lprefix .. "Category:" .. ccat .. lpostfix .. "|" .. prefix .. label .. postfix .. "]]"
		elseif sitelink then
			-- this asumes that if a sitelink exists, then a label also exists
			disp = "[[" .. lprefix .. sitelink .. lpostfix .. "|" .. prefix .. label .. postfix .. "]]"
		else
			-- no sitelink and no Commons cat, so return label from labelOrId for now
			disp = prefix .. label .. postfix
		end
	end
	return disp
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- sourced takes a table representing a statement that may or may not have references
-- it looks for a reference sourced to something not containing the word "wikipedia"
-- it returns a boolean = true if it finds a sourced reference.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local sourced = function(claim)
	if claim.references then
		for kr, vr in pairs(claim.references) do
			local ref = mw.wikibase.renderSnaks(vr.snaks)
			if not ref:find("Wiki") then
				return true
			end
		end
	end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- setRanks takes a flag (parameter passed) that requests the values to return
-- "b[est]" returns preferred if available, otherwise normal
-- "p[referred]" returns preferred
-- "n[ormal]" returns normal
-- "d[eprecated]" returns deprecated
-- multiple values are allowed, e.g. "preferred normal" (which is the default)
-- "best" will override the other flags, and set p and n
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local setRanks = function(rank)
	rank = (rank or ""):lower()
	-- if nothing passed, return preferred and normal
	-- if rank == "" then rank = "p n" end
	local ranks = {}
	for w in string.gmatch(rank, "%a+") do
		w = w:sub(1,1)
		if w == "b" or w == "p" or w == "n" or w == "d" then
			ranks[w] = true
		end
	end
	-- check if "best" is requested or no ranks requested; and if so, set preferred and normal
	if ranks.b or not next(ranks) then
		ranks.p = true
		ranks.n = true
	end
	return ranks
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- parseInput processes the Q-id , the blacklist and the whitelist
-- if an input parameter is supplied, it returns that and ends the call.
-- it returns (1) either the qid or nil indicating whether or not the call should continue
-- and (2) a table containing all of the statements for the propertyID and relevant Qid
-- if "best" ranks are requested, it returns those instead of all non-deprecated ranks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local parseInput = function(frame, input_parm, property_id)
	-- There may be a local parameter supplied, if it's blank, set it to nil
	input_parm = mw.text.trim(input_parm or "")
	if input_parm == "" then input_parm = nil end

	-- return nil if Wikidata is not available
	if not mw.wikibase then return false, input_parm end

	local args = frame.args

	-- can take a named parameter |qid which is the Wikidata ID for the article.
	-- if it's not supplied, use the id for the current page
	local qid = args.qid or ""
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	-- if there's no Wikidata item for the current page return nil
	if not qid then return false, input_parm end

	-- The blacklist is passed in named parameter |suppressfields
	local blacklist = args.suppressfields or args.spf or ""

	-- The whitelist is passed in named parameter |fetchwikidata
	local whitelist = args.fetchwikidata or args.fwd or ""
	if whitelist == "" then whitelist = "NONE" end

	-- The name of the field that this function is called from is passed in named parameter |name
	local fieldname = args.name or ""

	if blacklist ~= "" then
		-- The name is compulsory when blacklist is used, so return nil if it is not supplied
		if fieldname == "" then return false, nil end
		-- If this field is on the blacklist, then return nil
		if blacklist:find(fieldname) then return false, nil end
	end

	-- If we got this far then we're not on the blacklist
	-- The blacklist overrides any locally supplied parameter as well
	-- If a non-blank input parameter was supplied return it
	if input_parm then return false, input_parm end

	-- We can filter out non-valid properties
	if property_id:sub(1,1):upper() ~="P" or property_id == "P0" then return false, nil end

	-- Otherwise see if this field is on the whitelist:
	-- needs a bit more logic because find will return its second value = 0 if fieldname is ""
	-- but nil if fieldname not found on whitelist
	local _, found = whitelist:find(fieldname)
	found = ((found or 0) > 0)
	if whitelist ~= 'ALL' and (whitelist:upper() == "NONE" or not found) then
		return false, nil
	end

	-- See what's on Wikidata (the call always returns a table, but it may be empty):
	local props = {}
	if args.reqranks.b then
		props = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, property_id)
	else
		props = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid, property_id)
	end
	if props[1] then
		return qid, props
	end
	-- no property on Wikidata
	return false, nil
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- createicon assembles the "Edit at Wikidata" pen icon.
-- It returns a wikitext string inside a span class="penicon"
-- if entityID is nil or empty, the ID associated with current page is used
-- langcode and propertyID may be nil or empty
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: i18n[];
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local createicon = function(langcode, entityID, propertyID)
	langcode = langcode or ""
	if not entityID or entityID == "" then entityID= mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	propertyID = propertyID or ""
	local icon = "&nbsp;<span class='penicon autoconfirmed-show'>[["
	-- "&nbsp;<span data-bridge-edit-flow='overwrite' class='penicon'>[[" -> enable Wikidata Bridge
	.. i18n["filespace"]
	.. ":OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg |frameless |text-top |10px |alt="
	.. i18n["editonwikidata"]
	.. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. entityID
	if langcode ~= "" then icon = icon .. "?uselang=" .. langcode end
	if propertyID ~= "" then icon = icon .. "#" .. propertyID end
	icon = icon .. "|" .. i18n["editonwikidata"] .. "]]</span>"
	return icon
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- assembleoutput takes the sequence table containing the property values
-- and formats it according to switches given. It returns a string or nil.
-- It uses the entityID (and optionally propertyID) to create a link in the pen icon.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam();
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local assembleoutput = function(out, args, entityID, propertyID)

	-- sorted is a boolean passed to enable sorting of the values returned
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it false
	-- if "false" or "no" or "0" is passed set it false
	local sorted = parseParam(args.sorted, false)

	-- noicon is a boolean passed to suppress the trailing "edit at Wikidata" icon
	-- for use when the value is processed further by the infobox
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it false
	-- if "false" or "no" or "0" is passed set it false
	local noic = parseParam(args.noicon, false)

	-- list is the name of a template that a list of multiple values is passed through
	-- examples include "hlist" and "ubl"
	-- setting it to "prose" produces something like "1, 2, 3, and 4"
	local list = args.list or ""

	-- sep is a string that is used to separate multiple returned values
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it to the default
	-- any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed
	-- e.g. |sep=" - "
	local sepdefault = i18n["list separator"]
	local separator = args.sep or ""
	separator = string.gsub(separator, '"', '')
	if separator == "" then
		separator = sepdefault
	end

	-- collapse is a number that determines the maximum number of returned values
	-- before the output is collapsed.
	-- Zero or not a number result in no collapsing (default becomes 0).
	local collapse = tonumber(args.collapse) or 0

	-- replacetext (rt) is a string that is returned instead of any non-empty Wikidata value
	-- this is useful for tracking and debugging
	local replacetext = mw.text.trim(args.rt or args.replacetext or "")

	-- if there's anything to return, then return a list
	-- comma-separated by default, but may be specified by the sep parameter
	-- optionally specify a hlist or ubl or a prose list, etc.
	local strout
	if #out > 0 then
		if sorted then table.sort(out) end
		-- if there's something to display and a pen icon is wanted, add it the end of the last value
		local hasdisplay = false
		for i, v in ipairs(out) do
			if v ~= i18n.missinginfocat then
				hasdisplay = true
				break
			end
		end
		if not noic and hasdisplay then
			out[#out] = out[#out] .. createicon(args.langobj.code, entityID, propertyID)
		end
		if list == "" then
			strout = table.concat(out, separator)
		elseif list:lower() == "prose" then
			strout = mw.text.listToText( out )
		else
			strout = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = list, args = out}
		end
		if collapse >0 and #out > collapse then
			strout = collapsediv .. strout .. "</div>"
		end
	else
		strout = nil -- no items had valid reference
	end
	if replacetext ~= "" and strout then strout = replacetext end
	return strout
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- rendersnak takes a table (propval) containing the information stored on one property value
-- and returns the value as a string and its language if monolingual text.
-- It handles data of type:
--		wikibase-item
--		time
--		string, url, commonsMedia, external-id
--		quantity
--		globe-coordinate
--		monolingualtext
-- It also requires linked, the link/pre/postfixes, uabbr, and the arguments passed from frame.
-- The optional filter parameter allows quantities to be be filtered by unit Qid.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam(); labelOrId(); i18n[]; dateFormat();
-- roundto(); decimalPrecision(); decimalToDMS(); linkedItem();
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local rendersnak = function(propval, args, linked, lpre, lpost, pre, post, uabbr, filter)
	lpre = lpre or ""
	lpost = lpost or ""
	pre = pre or ""
	post = post or ""
	args.lang = args.lang or findLang().code
	-- allow values to display a fixed text instead of label
	local dtxt = args.displaytext or args.dt
	if dtxt == "" then dtxt = nil end
	-- switch to use display of short name (P1813) instead of label
	local shortname = args.shortname or args.sn
	shortname = parseParam(shortname, false)
	local snak = propval.mainsnak or propval
	local dtype = snak.datatype
	local dv = snak.datavalue
	dv = dv and dv.value
	-- value and monolingual text language code returned
	local val, mlt
	if propval.rank and not args.reqranks[propval.rank:sub(1, 1)] then
		-- val is nil: value has a rank that isn't requested
		------------------------------------
	elseif snak.snaktype == "somevalue" then -- value is unknown
		val = i18n["Unknown"]
		------------------------------------
	elseif snak.snaktype == "novalue" then -- value is none
		-- val = "No value" -- don't return anything
		------------------------------------
	elseif dtype == "wikibase-item" then -- data type is a wikibase item:
		-- it's wiki-linked value, so output as link if enabled and possible
		local qnumber = dv.id
		if linked then
			val = linkedItem(qnumber, args)
		else -- no link wanted so check for display-text, otherwise test for lang code
			local label, islabel
			if dtxt then
				label = dtxt
			else
				label, islabel = labelOrId(qnumber)
				local langlabel = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(qnumber, args.lang)
				if langlabel then
					label = mw.text.nowiki( langlabel )
				end
			end
			val = pre .. label .. post
		end -- test for link required
		------------------------------------
	elseif dtype == "time" then -- data type is time:
		-- time is in timestamp format
		-- date precision is integer per mediawiki
		-- output formatting according to preferences (y/dmy/mdy)
		-- BC format as BC or BCE
		-- plaindate is passed to disable looking for "sourcing cirumstances"
		-- or to set the adjectival form
		-- qualifiers (if any) is a nested table or nil
		-- lang is given, or user language, or site language
		--
		-- Here we can check whether args.df has a value
		-- If not, use code from Module:Sandbox/RexxS/Getdateformat to set it from templates like {{Use mdy dates}}
		val = dateFormat(dv.time, dv.precision, args.df, args.bc, args.pd, propval.qualifiers, args.lang, "", dv.calendarmodel)
		------------------------------------
	-- data types which are strings:
	elseif dtype == "commonsMedia" or dtype == "external-id" or dtype == "string" or dtype == "url" then
		-- commonsMedia or external-id or string or url
		-- all have mainsnak.datavalue.value as string
		if (lpre == "" or lpre == ":") and lpost == "" then
			-- don't link if no linkpre/postfix or linkprefix is just ":"
			val = pre .. dv .. post
		elseif dtype == "external-id" then
			val = "[" .. lpre .. dv .. lpost .. " " .. pre .. dv .. post .. "]"
		else
			val = "[[" .. lpre .. dv .. lpost .. "|" .. pre .. dv .. post .. "]]"
		end -- check for link requested (i.e. either linkprefix or linkpostfix exists)
		------------------------------------
	-- data types which are quantities:
	elseif dtype == "quantity" then
		-- quantities have mainsnak.datavalue.value.amount and mainsnak.datavalue.value.unit
		-- the unit is of the form http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q829073
		--
		-- implement a switch to turn on/off numerical formatting later
		local fnum = true
		--
		-- a switch to turn on/off conversions - only for en-wiki
		local conv = parseParam(args.conv or args.convert, false)
		-- if we have conversions, we won't have formatted numbers or scales
		if conv then
			uabbr = true
			fnum = false
			args.scale = "0"
		end
		--
		-- a switch to turn on/off showing units, default is true
		local showunits = parseParam(args.su or args.showunits, true)
		--
		-- convert amount to a number
		local amount = tonumber(dv.amount) or i18n["NaN"]
		--
		-- scale factor for millions, billions, etc.
		local sc = tostring(args.scale or ""):sub(1,1):lower()
		local scale
		if sc == "a" then
			-- automatic scaling
			if amount > 1e15 then
				scale = 12
			elseif amount > 1e12 then
				scale = 9
			elseif amount > 1e9 then
				scale = 6
			elseif amount > 1e6 then
				scale = 3
			else
				scale = 0
			end
		else
			scale = tonumber(args.scale) or 0
			if scale < 0 or scale > 12 then scale = 0 end
			scale = math.floor(scale/3) * 3
		end
		local factor = 10^scale
		amount = amount / factor
		-- ranges:
		local range = ""
		-- check if upper and/or lower bounds are given and significant
		local upb = tonumber(dv.upperBound)
		local lowb = tonumber(dv.lowerBound)
		if upb and lowb then
			-- differences rounded to 2 sig fig:
			local posdif = roundto(upb - amount, 2) / factor
			local negdif = roundto(amount - lowb, 2) / factor
			upb, lowb = amount + posdif, amount - negdif
			-- round scaled numbers to integers or 4 sig fig
			if (scale > 0 or sc == "a") then
				if amount < 1e4 then
					amount = roundto(amount, 4)
				else
					amount = math.floor(amount + 0.5)
				end
			end
			if fnum then amount = args.langobj:formatNum( amount ) end
			if posdif ~= negdif then
				-- non-symmetrical
				range = " +" .. posdif .. " -" .. negdif
			elseif posdif ~= 0 then
				-- symmetrical and non-zero
				range = " ±" .. posdif
			else
				-- otherwise range is zero, so leave it as ""
			end
		else
			-- round scaled numbers to integers or 4 sig fig
			if (scale > 0 or sc == "a") then
				if amount < 1e4 then
					amount = roundto(amount, 4)
				else
					amount = math.floor(amount + 0.5)
				end
			end
			if fnum then amount = args.langobj:formatNum( amount ) end
		end
		-- unit names and symbols:
		-- extract the qid in the form 'Qnnn' from the value.unit url
		-- and then fetch the label from that - or symbol if unitabbr is true
		local unit = ""
		local usep = ""
		local usym = ""
		local unitqid = string.match( dv.unit, "(Q%d+)" )
		if filter and unitqid ~= filter then return nil end
		if unitqid and showunits then
			local uname = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(unitqid, args.lang) or ""
			if uname ~= "" then usep, unit = " ", uname end
			if uabbr then
				-- see if there's a unit symbol (P5061)
				local unitsymbols = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(unitqid, "P5061")
				-- construct fallback table, add local lang and multiple languages
				local fbtbl = mw.language.getFallbacksFor( args.lang )
				table.insert( fbtbl, 1, args.lang )
				table.insert( fbtbl, 1, "mul" )
				local found = false
				for idx1, us in ipairs(unitsymbols) do
					for idx2, fblang in ipairs(fbtbl) do
						if us.mainsnak.datavalue.value.language == fblang then
							usym = us.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text
							found = true
							break
						end
					if found then break end
					end -- loop through fallback table
				end -- loop through values of P5061
				if found then usep, unit = "&nbsp;", usym end
			end
		end
		-- format display:
		if conv then
			if range == "" then
				val = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = "cvt", args = {amount, unit}}
			else
				val = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = "cvt", args = {lowb, "to", upb, unit}}
			end
		elseif unit == "$" or unit == "£" then
			val = unit .. amount .. range .. i18n.multipliers[scale]
		else
			val = amount .. range .. i18n.multipliers[scale] .. usep .. unit
		end
		------------------------------------
	-- datatypes which are global coordinates:
	elseif dtype == "globe-coordinate" then
		-- 'display' parameter defaults to "inline, title" *** unused for now ***
		-- local disp = args.display or ""
		-- if disp == "" then disp = "inline, title" end
		--
		-- format parameter switches from deg/min/sec to decimal degrees
		-- default is deg/min/sec -- decimal degrees needs |format = dec
		local form = (args.format or ""):lower():sub(1,3)
		if form ~= "dec" then form = "dms" end -- not needed for now
		--
		-- show parameter allows just the latitude, or just the longitude, or both
		-- to be returned as a signed decimal, ignoring the format parameter.
		local show = (args.show or ""):lower()
		if show ~= "longlat" then show = show:sub(1,3) end
		--
		local lat, long, prec = dv.latitude, dv.longitude, dv.precision
		if show == "lat" then
			val = decimalPrecision(lat, prec)
		elseif show == "lon" then
			val = decimalPrecision(long, prec)
		elseif show == "longlat" then
			val = decimalPrecision(long, prec) .. ", " .. decimalPrecision(lat, prec)
		else
			local ns = "N"
			local ew = "E"
			if lat < 0 then
				ns = "S"
				lat = - lat
			end
			if long < 0 then
				ew = "W"
				long = - long
			end
			if form == "dec" then
				lat = decimalPrecision(lat, prec)
				long = decimalPrecision(long, prec)
				val = lat .. "°" .. ns .. " " .. long ..  "°" .. ew
			else
				local latdeg, latmin, latsec = decimalToDMS(lat, prec)
				local longdeg, longmin, longsec = decimalToDMS(long, prec)

				if latsec == 0 and longsec == 0 then
					if latmin == 0 and longmin == 0 then
						val = latdeg .. "°" .. ns .. " " .. longdeg ..  "°" .. ew
					else
						val = latdeg .. "°" .. latmin .. "′" .. ns .. " "
						val = val .. longdeg .. "°".. longmin .. "′" .. ew
					end
				else
					val = latdeg .. "°" .. latmin .. "′" .. latsec .. "″" .. ns .. " "
					val = val .. longdeg .. "°" .. longmin .. "′" .. longsec .. "″" .. ew
				end
			end
		end
		------------------------------------
	elseif dtype == "monolingualtext" then -- data type is Monolingual text:
		-- has mainsnak.datavalue.value as a table containing language/text pairs
		-- collect all the values in 'out' and languages in 'mlt' and process them later
		val = pre .. dv.text .. post
		mlt = dv.language
		------------------------------------
	else
		-- some other data type so write a specific handler
		val = "unknown data type: " .. dtype
	end -- of datatype/unknown value/sourced check
	return val, mlt
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- propertyvalueandquals takes a property object, the arguments passed from frame,
-- and a qualifier propertyID.
-- It returns a sequence (table) of values representing the values of that property
-- and qualifiers that match the qualifierID if supplied.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam(); sourced(); labelOrId(); i18n.latestdatequalifier(); format_Date();
-- makeOrdinal(); roundto(); decimalPrecision(); decimalToDMS(); assembleoutput();
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local function propertyvalueandquals(objproperty, args, qualID)
	-- needs this style of declaration because it's re-entrant

	-- onlysourced is a boolean passed to return only values sourced to other than Wikipedia
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it true
	local onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)

	-- linked is a a boolean that enables the link to a local page via sitelink
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it true
	local linked = parseParam(args.linked, true)

	-- prefix is a string that may be nil, empty (""), or a string of characters
	-- this is prefixed to each value
	-- useful when when multiple values are returned
	-- any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed
	local prefix = (args.prefix or ""):gsub('"', '')

	-- postfix is a string that may be nil, empty (""), or a string of characters
	-- this is postfixed to each value
	-- useful when when multiple values are returned
	-- any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed
	local postfix = (args.postfix or ""):gsub('"', '')

	-- linkprefix is a string that may be nil, empty (""), or a string of characters
	-- this creates a link and is then prefixed to each value
	-- useful when when multiple values are returned and indirect links are needed
	-- any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed
	local lprefix = (args.linkprefix or args.lp or ""):gsub('"', '')

	-- linkpostfix is a string that may be nil, empty (""), or a string of characters
	-- this is postfixed to each value when linking is enabled with lprefix
	-- useful when when multiple values are returned
	-- any double-quotes " are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed
	local lpostfix = (args.linkpostfix or ""):gsub('"', '')

	-- wdlinks is a boolean passed to enable links to Wikidata when no article exists
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it false
	local wdl = parseParam(args.wdlinks or args.wdl, false)

	-- unitabbr is a boolean passed to enable unit abbreviations for common units
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it false
	local uabbr = parseParam(args.unitabbr or args.uabbr, false)

	-- qualsonly is a boolean passed to return just the qualifiers
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it false
	local qualsonly = parseParam(args.qualsonly or args.qo, false)

	-- maxvals is a string that may be nil, empty (""), or a number
	-- this determines how many items may be returned when multiple values are available
	-- setting it = 1 is useful where the returned string is used within another call, e.g. image
	local maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0

	-- pd (plain date) is a string: yes/true/1 | no/false/0 | adj
	-- to disable/enable "sourcing cirumstances" or use adjectival form for the plain date
	local pd = args.plaindate or args.pd or "no"
	args.pd = pd

	-- allow qualifiers to have a different date format; default to year unless qualsonly is set
	args.qdf = args.qdf or args.qualifierdateformat or args.df or (not qualsonly and "y")

	local lang = args.lang or findLang().code

    -- qualID is a string list of wanted qualifiers or "ALL"
    qualID = qualID or ""
    -- capitalise list of wanted qualifiers and substitute "DATES"
    qualID = qualID:upper():gsub("DATES", "P580, P582")
    local allflag = (qualID == "ALL")
    -- create table of wanted qualifiers as key
    local qwanted = {}
    -- create sequence of wanted qualifiers
    local qorder = {}
    for q in mw.text.gsplit(qualID, "%p") do -- split at punctuation and iterate
        local qtrim = mw.text.trim(q)
        if qtrim ~= "" then
            qwanted[mw.text.trim(q)] = true
            qorder[#qorder+1] = qtrim
        end
    end
    -- qsep is the output separator for rendering qualifier list
    local qsep = (args.qsep or ""):gsub('"', '')
    -- qargs are the arguments to supply to assembleoutput()
    local qargs = {
        ["osd"]         = "false",
        ["linked"]      = tostring(linked),
        ["prefix"]      = args.qprefix,
        ["postfix"]     = args.qpostfix,
        ["linkprefix"]  = args.qlinkprefix or args.qlp,
        ["linkpostfix"] = args.qlinkpostfix,
        ["wdl"]         = "false",
        ["unitabbr"]    = tostring(uabbr),
        ["maxvals"]     = 0,
        ["sorted"]      = tostring(args.qsorted),
        ["noicon"]      = "true",
        ["list"]        = args.qlist,
        ["sep"]         = qsep,
        ["langobj"]     = args.langobj,
        ["lang"]        = args.langobj.code,
        ["df"]          = args.qdf,
        ["sn"]          = parseParam(args.qsn or args.qshortname, false),
    }

	-- all proper values of a Wikidata property will be the same type as the first
	-- qualifiers don't have a mainsnak, properties do
	local datatype = objproperty[1].datatype or objproperty[1].mainsnak.datatype

	-- out[] holds the a list of returned values for this property
	-- mlt[] holds the language code if the datatype is monolingual text
	local out = {}
	local mlt = {}

	for k, v in ipairs(objproperty) do
		local hasvalue = true
		if (onlysrc and not sourced(v)) then
			-- no value: it isn't sourced when onlysourced=true
			hasvalue = false
		else
			local val, lcode = rendersnak(v, args, linked, lprefix, lpostfix, prefix, postfix, uabbr)
			if not val then
				hasvalue = false -- rank doesn't match
			elseif qualsonly and qualID then
				-- suppress value returned: only qualifiers are requested
			else
				out[#out+1], mlt[#out+1] = val, lcode
			end
		end

		-- See if qualifiers are to be returned:
		local snak = v.mainsnak or v
		if hasvalue and v.qualifiers and qualID ~= "" and snak.snaktype~="novalue" then
            -- collect all wanted qualifier values returned in qlist, indexed by propertyID
			local qlist = {}
			local timestart, timeend = "", ""
            -- loop through qualifiers
            for k1, v1 in pairs(v.qualifiers) do
                if allflag or qwanted[k1] then
                    if k1 == "P1326" then
                        local ts = v1[1].datavalue.value.time
                        local dp = v1[1].datavalue.value.precision
                        qlist[k1] = dateFormat(ts, dp, args.qdf, args.bc, pd, "", lang, "before")
                    elseif k1 == "P1319" then
                        local ts = v1[1].datavalue.value.time
                        local dp = v1[1].datavalue.value.precision
                        qlist[k1] = dateFormat(ts, dp, args.qdf, args.bc, pd, "", lang, "after")
                    elseif k1 == "P580" then
                        timestart = propertyvalueandquals(v1, qargs)[1] or "" -- treat only one start time as valid
                    elseif k1 == "P582" then
                        timeend = propertyvalueandquals(v1, qargs)[1] or "" -- treat only one end time as valid
                    else
                        local q = assembleoutput(propertyvalueandquals(v1, qargs), qargs)
                        -- we already deal with circa via 'sourcing circumstances' if the datatype was time
                        -- circa may be either linked or unlinked *** internationalise later ***
                        if datatype ~= "time" or q ~= "circa" and not (type(q) == "string" and q:find("circa]]")) then
                            qlist[k1] = q
                        end
                    end
                end -- of test for wanted
            end -- of loop through qualifiers
            -- set date separator
			local t = timestart .. timeend
			-- *** internationalise date separators later ***
			local dsep = "&ndash;"
			if t:find("%s") or t:find("&nbsp;") then dsep = " &ndash; " end
            -- set the order for the list of qualifiers returned; start time and end time go last
			if next(qlist) then
                local qlistout = {}
                if allflag then
                    for k2, v2 in pairs(qlist) do
                        qlistout[#qlistout+1] = v2
                    end
                else
                    for i2, v2 in ipairs(qorder) do
                        qlistout[#qlistout+1] = qlist[v2]
                    end
                end
                if t ~= "" then
                    qlistout[#qlistout+1] = timestart .. dsep .. timeend
                end
				local qstr = assembleoutput(qlistout, qargs)
				if qualsonly then
					out[#out+1] = qstr
				else
					out[#out] = out[#out] .. " (" .. qstr .. ")"
				end
			elseif t ~= "" then
				if qualsonly then
					if timestart == "" then
						out[#out+1] = timeend
					elseif timeend == "" then
						out[#out+1] = timestart
					else
						out[#out+1] = timestart .. dsep .. timeend
					end
				else
					out[#out] = out[#out] .. " (" .. timestart .. dsep .. timeend .. ")"
				end
			end
		end -- of test for qualifiers wanted

		if maxvals > 0 and #out >= maxvals then break end
	end -- of for each value loop

	-- we need to pick one value to return if the datatype was "monolingualtext"
	-- if there's only one value, use that
	-- otherwise look through the fallback languages for a match
	if datatype == "monolingualtext" and #out >1 then
		lang = mw.text.split( lang, '-', true )[1]
		local fbtbl = mw.language.getFallbacksFor( lang )
		table.insert( fbtbl, 1, lang )
		local bestval = ""
		local found = false
		for idx1, lang1 in ipairs(fbtbl) do
			for idx2, lang2 in ipairs(mlt) do
				if (lang1 == lang2) and not found then
					bestval = out[idx2]
					found = true
					break
				end
			end -- loop through values of property
		end -- loop through fallback languages
		if found then
			-- replace output table with a table containing the best value
			out = { bestval }
		else
			-- more than one value and none of them on the list of fallback languages
			-- sod it, just give them the first one
			out = { out[1] }
		end
	end
	return out
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Common code for p.getValueByQual and p.getValueByLang
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; assembleoutput;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local _getvaluebyqual = function(frame, qualID, checkvalue)

	-- The property ID that will have a qualifier is the first unnamed parameter
	local propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")
	if propertyID == "" then return "no property supplied" end

	if qualID == "" then return "no qualifier supplied" end

	-- onlysourced is a boolean passed to return property values
	-- only when property values are sourced to something other than Wikipedia
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it true
	-- if "false" or "no" or 0 is passed set it false
	local onlysrc = parseParam(frame.args.onlysourced or frame.args.osd, true)

	-- set the requested ranks flags
	frame.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)

	-- set a language object and code in the frame.args table
	frame.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)
	frame.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code

	local args = frame.args

	-- check for locally supplied parameter in second unnamed parameter
	-- success means no local parameter and the property exists
	local qid, props = parseInput(frame, args[2], propertyID)

	local linked = parseParam(args.linked, true)
	local lpre = (args.linkprefix or args.lp or ""):gsub('"', '')
	local lpost = (args.linkpostfix or ""):gsub('"', '')
	local pre = (args.prefix or ""):gsub('"', '')
	local post = (args.postfix or ""):gsub('"', '')
	local uabbr = parseParam(args.unitabbr or args.uabbr, false)
	local filter = (args.unit or ""):upper()
	local maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0
	if filter == "" then filter = nil end

	if qid then
		local out = {}
		-- Scan through the values of the property
		-- we want something like property is "pronunciation audio (P443)" in propertyID
		-- with a qualifier like "language of work or name (P407)" in qualID
		-- whose value has the required ID, like "British English (Q7979)", in qval
		for k1, v1 in ipairs(props) do
			if v1.mainsnak.snaktype == "value" then
				-- check if it has the right qualifier
				local v1q = v1.qualifiers
				if v1q and v1q[qualID] then
					if onlysrc == false or sourced(v1) then
						-- if we've got this far, we have a (sourced) claim with qualifiers
						-- so see if matches the required value
						-- We'll only deal with wikibase-items and strings for now
						if v1q[qualID][1].datatype == "wikibase-item" then
							if checkvalue(v1q[qualID][1].datavalue.value.id) then
								out[#out + 1] = rendersnak(v1, args, linked, lpre, lpost, pre, post, uabbr, filter)
							end
						elseif v1q[qualID][1].datatype == "string" then
							if checkvalue(v1q[qualID][1].datavalue.value) then
								out[#out + 1] = rendersnak(v1, args, linked, lpre, lpost, pre, post, uabbr, filter)
							end
						end
					end -- of check for sourced
				end -- of check for matching required value and has qualifiers
			else
				return nil
			end -- of check for string
			if maxvals > 0 and #out >= maxvals then break end
		end -- of loop through values of propertyID
		return assembleoutput(out, frame.args, qid, propertyID)
	else
		return props -- either local parameter or nothing
	end -- of test for success
	return nil
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- _location takes Q-id and follows P276 (location)
-- or P131 (located in the administrative territorial entity) or P706 (located on terrain feature)
-- from the initial item to higher level territories/locations until it reaches the highest.
-- An optional boolean, 'first', determines whether the first item is returned (default: false).
-- An optional boolean 'skip' toggles the display to skip to the last item (default: false).
-- It returns a table containing the locations - linked where possible, except for the highest.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: findLang(); labelOrId(); linkedItem
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local _location = function(qid, first, skip)
	first = parseParam(first, false)
	skip = parseParam(skip, false)
	local locs = {"P276", "P131", "P706"}
	local out = {}
	local langcode = findLang():getCode()
	local finished = false
	local count = 0
	local prevqid = "Q0"
	repeat
		local prop
		for i1, v1 in ipairs(locs) do
			local proptbl = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, v1)
			if #proptbl > 1 then
				-- there is more than one higher location
				local prevP131, prevP131id
				if prevqid ~= "Q0" then
					prevP131 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(prevqid, "P131")[1]
					prevP131id = prevP131
					and prevP131.mainsnak.datavalue
					and prevP131.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
				end
				for i2, v2 in ipairs(proptbl) do
					local parttbl = v2.qualifiers and v2.qualifiers.P518
					if parttbl then
						-- this higher location has qualifier 'applies to part' (P518)
						for i3, v3 in ipairs(parttbl) do
							if v3.snaktype == "value" and v3.datavalue.value.id == prevqid then
								-- it has a value equal to the previous location
								prop = proptbl[i2]
								break
							end -- of test for matching last location
						end -- of loop through values of 'applies to part'
					else
						-- there's no qualifier 'applies to part' (P518)
						-- so check if the previous location had a P131 that matches this alternate
						if qid == prevP131id then
								prop = proptbl[i2]
								break
						end -- of test for matching previous P131
					end
				end -- of loop through parent locations
				-- fallback to second value if match not found
				prop = prop or proptbl[2]
			elseif #proptbl > 0 then
				prop = proptbl[1]
			end
			if prop then break end
		end

		-- check if it's an instance of (P31) a country (Q6256) or sovereign state (Q3624078)
		-- and terminate the chain if it is
		local inst = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid, "P31")
		if #inst > 0 then
			for k, v in ipairs(inst) do
				local instid = v.mainsnak.datavalue and v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
				-- stop if it's a country (or a country within the United Kingdom if skip is true)
				if instid == "Q6256" or instid == "Q3624078" or (skip and instid == "Q3336843") then
					prop = nil -- this will ensure this is treated as top-level location
					break
				end
			end
		end

		-- get the name of this location and update qid to point to the parent location
		if prop and prop.mainsnak.datavalue then
			if not skip or count == 0 then
				local args = { lprefix = ":" }
				out[#out+1] = linkedItem(qid, args) -- get a linked value if we can
			end
			qid, prevqid = prop.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id, qid
		else
			-- This is top-level location, so get short name except when this is the first item
			-- Use full label if there's no short name or this is the first item
			local prop1813 = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid, "P1813")
			-- if there's a short name and this isn't the only item
			if prop1813[1] and (#out > 0)then
				local shortname
				-- short name is monolingual text, so look for match to the local language
				-- choose the shortest 'short name' in that language
				for k, v in pairs(prop1813) do
					if v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.language == langcode then
						local name = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text
						if (not shortname) or (#name < #shortname) then
							shortname = name
						end
					end
				end
				-- add the shortname if one is found, fallback to the label
				-- but skip it if it's "USA"
				if shortname ~= "USA" then
					out[#out+1] = shortname or labelOrId(qid)
				else
					if skip then out[#out+1] = "US" end
				end
			else
				-- no shortname, so just add the label
				local loc = labelOrId(qid)
				-- exceptions go here:
				if loc == "United States of America" then
					out[#out+1] = "United States"
				else
					out[#out+1] = loc
				end
			end
			finished = true
		end
		count = count + 1
	until finished or count >= 10 -- limit to 10 levels to avoid infinite loops

	-- remove the first location if not required
	if not first then table.remove(out, 1) end

	-- we might have duplicate text for consecutive locations, so remove them
	if #out > 2 then
		local plain = {}
		for i, v in ipairs(out) do
			-- strip any links
			plain[i] = v:gsub("^%[%[[^|]*|", ""):gsub("]]$", "")
		end
		local idx = 2
		repeat
			if plain[idx] == plain[idx-1] then
				-- duplicate found
				local removeidx = 0
				if (plain[idx] ~= out[idx]) and (plain[idx-1] == out[idx-1]) then
					-- only second one is linked, so drop the first
					removeidx = idx - 1
				elseif (plain[idx] == out[idx]) and (plain[idx-1] ~= out[idx-1]) then
					-- only first one is linked, so drop the second
					removeidx = idx
				else
					-- pick one
					removeidx = idx - (os.time()%2)
				end
				table.remove(out, removeidx)
				table.remove(plain, removeidx)
			else
				idx = idx +1
			end
		until idx >= #out
	end
	return out
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- _getsumofparts scans the property 'has part' (P527) for values matching a list.
-- The list (args.vlist) consists of a string of Qids separated by spaces or any usual punctuation.
-- If the matched values have a qualifer 'quantity' (P1114), those quantites are summed.
-- The sum is returned as a number (i.e. 0 if none)
-- a table of arguments is supplied implementing the usual parameters.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: setRanks; parseParam; parseInput; sourced; assembleoutput;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
local _getsumofparts = function(args)
	local vallist = (args.vlist or ""):upper()
	if vallist == "" then return end
	args.reqranks = setRanks(args.rank)
	local f = {}
	f.args = args
	local qid, props = parseInput(f, "", "P527")
	if not qid then return 0 end
	local onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)
	local sum = 0
	for k1, v1 in ipairs(props) do
		if (onlysrc == false or sourced(v1))
			and v1.mainsnak.snaktype == "value"
			and v1.mainsnak.datavalue.type == "wikibase-entityid"
			and vallist:match( v1.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id )
			and v1.qualifiers
			then
			local quals = v1.qualifiers["P1114"]
			if quals then
				for k2, v2 in ipairs(quals) do
					sum = sum + v2.datavalue.value.amount
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return sum
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Public functions
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- _getValue makes the functionality of getValue available to other modules
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: setRanks; parseInput; propertyvalueandquals; assembleoutput; parseParam; sourced;
-- labelOrId; i18n.latestdatequalifier; format_Date; makeOrdinal; roundto; decimalPrecision; decimalToDMS;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p._getValue = function(args)
	-- parameter sets for commonly used groups of parameters
	local paraset = tonumber(args.ps or args.parameterset or 0)
	if paraset == 1 then
		-- a common setting
		args.rank = "best"
		args.fetchwikidata = "ALL"
		args.onlysourced = "no"
		args.noicon = "true"
	elseif paraset == 2 then
		-- equivalent to raw
		args.rank = "best"
		args.fetchwikidata = "ALL"
		args.onlysourced = "no"
		args.noicon = "true"
		args.linked = "no"
		args.pd = "true"
	elseif paraset == 3 then
		-- third set goes here
	end

	-- implement eid parameter
	local eid = args.eid
	if eid == "" then
		return nil
	elseif eid then
		args.qid = eid
	end

	local propertyID = mw.text.trim(args[1] or "")

	args.reqranks = setRanks(args.rank)

	-- replacetext (rt) is a string that is returned instead of any non-empty Wikidata value
	-- this is useful for tracking and debugging, so we set fetchwikidata=ALL to fill the whitelist
	local replacetext = mw.text.trim(args.rt or args.replacetext or "")
	if replacetext ~= "" then
		args.fetchwikidata = "ALL"
	end

	local f = {}
	f.args = args
	local entityid, props = parseInput(f, f.args[2], propertyID)

	if not entityid then
		return props -- either the input parameter or nothing
	end

	-- qual is a string containing the property ID of the qualifier(s) to be returned
	-- if qual == "ALL" then all qualifiers returned
	-- if qual == "DATES" then qualifiers P580 (start time) and P582 (end time) returned
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it nil -> no qualifiers returned
	local qualID = mw.text.trim(args.qual or ""):upper()
	if qualID == "" then qualID = nil end

	-- set a language object and code in the args table
	args.langobj = findLang(args.lang)
	args.lang = args.langobj.code

	-- table 'out' stores the return value(s):
	local out = propertyvalueandquals(props, args, qualID)

	-- format the table of values and return it as a string:
	return assembleoutput(out, args, entityid, propertyID)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getValue is used to get the value(s) of a property
-- The property ID is passed as the first unnamed parameter and is required.
-- A locally supplied parameter may optionaly be supplied as the second unnamed parameter.
-- The function will now also return qualifiers if parameter qual is supplied
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: _getValue; setRanks; parseInput; propertyvalueandquals; assembleoutput; parseParam; sourced;
-- labelOrId; i18n.latestdatequalifier; format_Date; makeOrdinal; roundto; decimalPrecision; decimalToDMS;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getValue = function(frame)
	local args= frame.args
	if not args[1] then
		args = frame:getParent().args
		if not args[1] then return i18n.errors["No property supplied"] end
	end

	return p._getValue(args)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getPreferredValue is used to get a value,
-- (or a comma separated list of them if multiple values exist).
-- If preferred ranks are set, it will return those values, otherwise values with normal ranks
-- now redundant to getValue with |rank=best
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: p.getValue; setRanks; parseInput; propertyvalueandquals; assembleoutput;
-- parseParam; sourced; labelOrId; i18n.latestdatequalifier; format_Date;
-- makeOrdinal; roundto; decimalPrecision; decimalToDMS;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getPreferredValue = function(frame)
	frame.args.rank = "best"
	return p.getValue(frame)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getCoords is used to get coordinates for display in an infobox
-- whitelist and blacklist are implemented
-- optional 'display' parameter is allowed, defaults to nil - was "inline, title"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: setRanks(); parseInput(); decimalPrecision();
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getCoords = function(frame)
	local propertyID = "P625"

	-- if there is a 'display' parameter supplied, use it
	-- otherwise default to nothing
	local disp = frame.args.display or ""
	if disp == "" then
		disp = nil -- default to not supplying display parameter, was "inline, title"
	end

	-- there may be a format parameter to switch from deg/min/sec to decimal degrees
	-- default is deg/min/sec
	-- decimal degrees needs |format = dec
	local form = (frame.args.format or ""):lower():sub(1,3)
	if form ~= "dec" then
		form = "dms"
	end

	-- just deal with best values
	frame.args.reqranks = setRanks("best")

	local qid, props = parseInput(frame, frame.args[1], propertyID)
	if not qid then
		return props -- either local parameter or nothing
	else
		local dv = props[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value
		local lat, long, prec = dv.latitude, dv.longitude, dv.precision
		lat = decimalPrecision(lat, prec)
		long = decimalPrecision(long, prec)
		local lat_long = { lat, long }
		lat_long["display"] = disp
		lat_long["format"] = form
		-- invoke template Coord with the values stored in the table
		return frame:expandTemplate{title = 'coord', args = lat_long}
	end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getQualifierValue is used to get a formatted value of a qualifier
--
-- The call needs:	a property (the unnamed parameter or 1=)
-- 					a target value for that property (pval=)
--					a qualifier for that target value (qual=)
-- The usual whitelisting and blacklisting of the property is implemented
-- The boolean onlysourced= parameter can be set to return nothing
-- when the property is unsourced (or only sourced to Wikipedia)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam(); setRanks(); parseInput(); sourced();
-- propertyvalueandquals(); assembleoutput();
-- labelOrId(); i18n.latestdatequalifier(); format_Date();
-- findLang(); makeOrdinal(); roundto(); decimalPrecision(); decimalToDMS();
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getQualifierValue = function(frame)

	-- The property ID that will have a qualifier is the first unnamed parameter
	local propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")

	-- The value of the property we want to match whose qualifier value is to be returned
	-- is passed in named parameter |pval=
	local propvalue = frame.args.pval

	-- The property ID of the qualifier
	-- whose value is to be returned is passed in named parameter |qual=
	local qualifierID = frame.args.qual

	-- A filter can be set like this: filter=P642==Q22674854
	local filter, fprop, fval
	local ftable = mw.text.split(frame.args.filter or "", "==")
	if ftable[2] then
		fprop = mw.text.trim(ftable[1])
		fval = mw.text.trim(ftable[2])
		filter = true
	end

	-- onlysourced is a boolean passed to return qualifiers
	-- only when property values are sourced to something other than Wikipedia
	-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it true
	-- if "false" or "no" or 0 is passed set it false
	local onlysrc = parseParam(frame.args.onlysourced or frame.args.osd, true)

	-- set a language object and language code in the frame.args table
	frame.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)
	frame.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code

	-- set the requested ranks flags
	frame.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)

	-- check for locally supplied parameter in second unnamed parameter
	-- success means no local parameter and the property exists
	local qid, props = parseInput(frame, frame.args[2], propertyID)
	if qid then
		local out = {}
		-- Scan through the values of the property
		-- we want something like property is P793, significant event (in propertyID)
		-- whose value is something like Q385378, construction (in propvalue)
		-- then we can return the value(s) of a qualifier such as P580, start time (in qualifierID)
		for k1, v1 in pairs(props) do
			if v1.mainsnak.snaktype == "value" and v1.mainsnak.datavalue.type == "wikibase-entityid" then
				-- It's a wiki-linked value, so check if it's the target (in propvalue) and if it has qualifiers
				if v1.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id == propvalue and v1.qualifiers then
					if onlysrc == false or sourced(v1) then
						-- if we've got this far, we have a (sourced) claim with qualifiers
						-- which matches the target, so apply the filter and find the value(s) of the qualifier we want
						if not filter or (v1.qualifiers[fprop] and v1.qualifiers[fprop][1].datavalue.value.id == fval) then
							local quals = v1.qualifiers[qualifierID]
							if quals then
								-- can't reference qualifer, so set onlysourced = "no" (args are strings, not boolean)
								local qargs = frame.args
								qargs.onlysourced = "no"
								local vals = propertyvalueandquals(quals, qargs, qid)
								for k, v in ipairs(vals) do
									out[#out + 1] = v
								end
							end
						end
					end -- of check for sourced
				end -- of check for matching required value and has qualifiers
			end -- of check for wikibase entity
		end -- of loop through values of propertyID
		return assembleoutput(out, frame.args, qid, propertyID)
	else
		return props -- either local parameter or nothing
	end -- of test for success
	return nil
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getSumOfParts scans the property 'has part' (P527) for values matching a list.
-- The list is passed in parameter vlist.
-- It consists of a string of Qids separated by spaces or any usual punctuation.
-- If the matched values have a qualifier 'quantity' (P1114), those quantities are summed.
-- The sum is returned as a number or nothing if zero.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: _getsumofparts;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getSumOfParts = function(frame)
	local sum = _getsumofparts(frame.args)
	if sum == 0 then return end
	return sum
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getValueByQual gets the value of a property which has a qualifier with a given entity value
-- The call needs:
--					a property ID (the unnamed parameter or 1=Pxxx)
--					the ID of a qualifier for that property (qualID=Pyyy)
--					either the Wikibase-entity ID of a value for that qualifier (qvalue=Qzzz)
--					or a string value for that qualifier (qvalue=abc123)
-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: _getvaluebyqual; parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced;
-- assembleoutput;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getValueByQual = function(frame)
	local qualID = frame.args.qualID
	-- The Q-id of the value for the qualifier we want to match is in named parameter |qvalue=
	local qval = frame.args.qvalue or ""
	if qval == "" then return "no qualifier value supplied" end
	local function checkQID(id)
		return id == qval
	end
	return _getvaluebyqual(frame, qualID, checkQID)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getValueByLang gets the value of a property which has a qualifier P407
-- ("language of work or name") whose value has the given language code
-- The call needs:
--					a property ID (the unnamed parameter or 1=Pxxx)
--					the MediaWiki language code to match the language (lang=xx[-yy])
--					(if no code is supplied, it uses the default language)
-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: _getvaluebyqual; parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; assembleoutput;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getValueByLang = function(frame)
	-- The language code for the qualifier we want to match is in named parameter |lang=
	local langcode = findLang(frame.args.lang).code
	local function checkLanguage(id)
		-- id should represent a language like "British English (Q7979)"
		-- it should have string property "Wikimedia language code (P424)"
		-- qlcode will be a table:
		local qlcode = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P424")
		if (#qlcode > 0) and (qlcode[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value == langcode) then
			return true
		end
	end
	return _getvaluebyqual(frame, "P407", checkLanguage)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getValueByRefSource gets the value of a property which has a reference "stated in" (P248)
-- whose value has the given entity-ID.
-- The call needs:
--					a property ID (the unnamed parameter or 1=Pxxx)
--					the entity ID of a value to match where the reference is stated in (match=Qzzz)
-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getValueByRefSource = function(frame)
	-- The property ID that we want to check is the first unnamed parameter
	local propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or ""):upper()
	if propertyID == "" then return "no property supplied" end

	-- The Q-id of the value we want to match is in named parameter |qvalue=
	local qval = (frame.args.match or ""):upper()
	if qval == "" then qval = "Q21540096" end

	local unit = (frame.args.unit or ""):upper()
	if unit == "" then unit = "Q4917" end

	local onlysrc = parseParam(frame.args.onlysourced or frame.args.osd, true)

	-- set the requested ranks flags
	frame.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)

	-- set a language object and code in the frame.args table
	frame.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)
	frame.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code

	local linked = parseParam(frame.args.linked, true)

	local uabbr = parseParam(frame.args.uabbr or frame.args.unitabbr, false)

	-- qid not nil means no local parameter and the property exists
	local qid, props = parseInput(frame, frame.args[2], propertyID)

	if qid then
		local out = {}
		local mlt= {}
		for k1, v1 in ipairs(props) do
			if onlysrc == false or sourced(v1) then
				if v1.references then
					for k2, v2 in ipairs(v1.references) do
						if v2.snaks.P248 then
							for k3, v3 in ipairs(v2.snaks.P248) do
								if v3.datavalue.value.id == qval then
									out[#out+1], mlt[#out+1] = rendersnak(v1, frame.args, linked, "", "", "", "", uabbr, unit)
									if not mlt[#out] then
										-- we only need one match per property value
										-- unless datatype was monolingual text
										break
									end
								end -- of test for match
							end -- of loop through values "stated in"
						end -- of test that "stated in" exists
					end -- of loop through references
				end -- of test that references exist
			end -- of test for sourced
		end -- of loop through values of propertyID
		if #mlt > 0 then
			local langcode = frame.args.lang
			langcode = mw.text.split( langcode, '-', true )[1]
			local fbtbl = mw.language.getFallbacksFor( langcode )
			table.insert( fbtbl, 1, langcode )
			local bestval = ""
			local found = false
			for idx1, lang1 in ipairs(fbtbl) do
				for idx2, lang2 in ipairs(mlt) do
					if (lang1 == lang2) and not found then
						bestval = out[idx2]
						found = true
						break
					end
				end -- loop through values of property
			end -- loop through fallback languages
			if found then
				-- replace output table with a table containing the best value
				out = { bestval }
			else
				-- more than one value and none of them on the list of fallback languages
				-- sod it, just give them the first one
				out = { out[1] }
			end
		end
		return assembleoutput(out, frame.args, qid, propertyID)
	else
		return props -- no property or local parameter supplied
	end -- of test for success
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getPropertyIDs takes most of the usual parameters.
-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented.
-- It returns the Entity-IDs (Qids) of the values of a property if it is a Wikibase-Entity.
-- Otherwise it returns nothing.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p._getPropertyIDs = function(args)
	args.reqranks = setRanks(args.rank)
	args.langobj = findLang(args.lang)
	args.lang = args.langobj.code
	-- change default for noicon to true
	args.noicon = tostring(parseParam(args.noicon or "", true))
	local f = {}
	f.args = args
	local pid = mw.text.trim(args[1] or ""):upper()

	-- get the qid and table of claims for the property, or nothing and the local value passed
	local qid, props = parseInput(f, args[2], pid)
	if not qid then return props end
	if not props[1] then return nil end
	local onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)
	local maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0

	local out = {}
	for i, v in ipairs(props) do
		local snak = v.mainsnak
		if ( snak.datatype == "wikibase-item" )
			and ( v.rank and args.reqranks[v.rank:sub(1, 1)] )
			and ( snak.snaktype == "value" )
			and ( sourced(v) or not onlysrc )
			then
			out[#out+1] = snak.datavalue.value.id
		end
		if maxvals > 0 and #out >= maxvals then break end
	end

	return assembleoutput(out, args, qid, pid)
end

p.getPropertyIDs = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args
	return p._getPropertyIDs(args)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getQualifierIDs takes most of the usual parameters.
-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented.
-- It takes a property-id as the first unnamed parameter, and an optional parameter qlist
-- which is a list of qualifier property-ids to search for (default is "ALL")
-- It returns the Entity-IDs (Qids) of the values of a property if it is a Wikibase-Entity.
-- Otherwise it returns nothing.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getQualifierIDs = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args
	args.reqranks = setRanks(args.rank)
	args.langobj = findLang(args.lang)
	args.lang = args.langobj.code
	-- change default for noicon to true
	args.noicon = tostring(parseParam(args.noicon or "", true))
	local f = {}
	f.args = args
	local pid = mw.text.trim(args[1] or ""):upper()

	-- get the qid and table of claims for the property, or nothing and the local value passed
	local qid, props = parseInput(f, args[2], pid)
	if not qid then return props end
	if not props[1] then return nil end
	-- get the other parameters
	local onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)
	local maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0
	local qlist = args.qlist or ""
	if qlist == "" then qlist = "ALL" end
	qlist = qlist:gsub("[%p%s]+", " ") .. " "

	local out = {}
	for i, v in ipairs(props) do
		local snak = v.mainsnak
		if ( v.rank and args.reqranks[v.rank:sub(1, 1)] )
			and ( snak.snaktype == "value" )
			and ( sourced(v) or not onlysrc )
			then
			if v.qualifiers then
				for k1, v1 in pairs(v.qualifiers) do
					if qlist == "ALL " or qlist:match(k1 .. " ") then
						for i2, v2 in ipairs(v1) do
							if v2.datatype == "wikibase-item" and v2.snaktype == "value" then
								out[#out+1] = v2.datavalue.value.id
							end -- of test that id exists
						end -- of loop through qualifier values
					end -- of test for kq in qlist
				end -- of loop through qualifiers
			end -- of test for qualifiers
		end -- of test for rank value, sourced, and value exists
		if maxvals > 0 and #out >= maxvals then break end
	end -- of loop through property values

	return assembleoutput(out, args, qid, pid)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getPropOfProp takes two propertyIDs: prop1 and prop2 (as well as the usual parameters)
-- If the value(s) of prop1 are of type "wikibase-item" then it returns the value(s) of prop2
-- of each of those wikibase-items.
-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p._getPropOfProp = function(args)
	-- parameter sets for commonly used groups of parameters
	local paraset = tonumber(args.ps or args.parameterset or 0)
	if paraset == 1 then
		-- a common setting
		args.rank = "best"
		args.fetchwikidata = "ALL"
		args.onlysourced = "no"
		args.noicon = "true"
	elseif paraset == 2 then
		-- equivalent to raw
		args.rank = "best"
		args.fetchwikidata = "ALL"
		args.onlysourced = "no"
		args.noicon = "true"
		args.linked = "no"
		args.pd = "true"
	elseif paraset == 3 then
		-- third set goes here
	end

	args.reqranks = setRanks(args.rank)
	args.langobj = findLang(args.lang)
	args.lang = args.langobj.code
	local pid1 = args.prop1 or args.pid1 or ""
	local pid2 = args.prop2 or args.pid2 or ""
	if pid1 == "" or pid2 == "" then return nil end

	local f = {}
	f.args = args
	local qid1, statements1 = parseInput(f, args[1], pid1)
	-- parseInput nulls empty args[1] and returns args[1] if nothing on Wikidata
	if not qid1 then return statements1 end
	-- otherwise it returns the qid and a table for the statement
	local onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)
	local maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0
	local qualID = mw.text.trim(args.qual or ""):upper()
	if qualID == "" then qualID = nil end
	local out = {}
	for k, v in ipairs(statements1) do
		if not onlysrc or sourced(v) then
			local snak = v.mainsnak
			if snak.datatype == "wikibase-item" and snak.snaktype == "value" then
				local qid2 = snak.datavalue.value.id
				local statements2 = {}
				if args.reqranks.b then
					statements2 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid2, pid2)
				else
					statements2 = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid2, pid2)
				end
				if statements2[1] then
					local out2 = propertyvalueandquals(statements2, args, qualID)
					out[#out+1] = assembleoutput(out2, args, qid2, pid2)
				end
			end -- of test for valid property1 value
		end -- of test for sourced
		if maxvals > 0 and #out >= maxvals then break end
	end -- of loop through values of property1
	return assembleoutput(out, args, qid1, pid1)
end

p.getPropOfProp = function(frame)
	local args= frame.args
	if not args.prop1 and not args.pid1 then
		args = frame:getParent().args
		if not args.prop1 and not args.pid1 then return i18n.errors["No property supplied"] end
	end

	return p._getPropOfProp(args)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getAwardCat takes most of the usual parameters. If the item has values of P166 (award received),
-- then it examines each of those awards for P2517 (category for recipients of this award).
-- If it exists, it returns the corresponding category,
-- with the item's P734 (family name) as sort key, or no sort key if there is no family name.
-- The sort key may be overridden by the parameter |sortkey (alias |sk).
-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getAwardCat = function(frame)
	frame.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)
	frame.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)
	frame.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code
	local args = frame.args
	args.sep = " "
	local pid1 = args.prop1 or "P166"
	local pid2 = args.prop2 or "P2517"
	if pid1 == "" or pid2 == "" then return nil end
	-- locally supplied value:
	local localval = mw.text.trim(args[1] or "")
	local qid1, statements1 = parseInput(frame, localval, pid1)
	if not qid1 then return localval end
	-- linkprefix (strip quotes)
	local lp = (args.linkprefix or args.lp or ""):gsub('"', '')
	-- sort key (strip quotes, hyphens and periods):
	local sk = (args.sortkey or args.sk or ""):gsub('["-.]', '')
	-- family name:
	local famname = ""
	if sk == "" then
		local p734 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid1, "P734")[1]
		local p734id = p734 and p734.mainsnak.snaktype == "value" and p734.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id or ""
		famname = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(p734id) or ""
		-- strip namespace and disambigation
		local pos = famname:find(":") or 0
		famname = famname:sub(pos+1):gsub("%s%(.+%)$", "")
		if famname == "" then
			local lbl = mw.wikibase.getLabel(p734id)
			famname = lbl and mw.text.nowiki(lbl) or ""
		end
	end
	local onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)
	local maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0
	local qualID = mw.text.trim(args.qual or ""):upper()
	if qualID == "" then qualID = nil end
	local out = {}
	for k, v in ipairs(statements1) do
		if not onlysrc or sourced(v) then
			local snak = v.mainsnak
			if snak.datatype == "wikibase-item" and snak.snaktype == "value" then
				local qid2 = snak.datavalue.value.id
				local statements2 = {}
				if args.reqranks.b then
					statements2 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid2, pid2)
				else
					statements2 = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid2, pid2)
				end
				if statements2[1] and statements2[1].mainsnak.snaktype == "value" then
					local qid3 = statements2[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
					local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid3)
					-- if there's no local sitelink, create the sitelink from English label
					if not sitelink then
						local lbl = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(qid3, "en")
						if lbl then
							if lbl:sub(1,9) == "Category:" then
								sitelink = mw.text.nowiki(lbl)
							else
								sitelink = "Category:" .. mw.text.nowiki(lbl)
							end
						end
					end
					if sitelink then
						if sk ~= "" then
							out[#out+1] = "[[" .. lp .. sitelink .. "|" .. sk .. "]]"
						elseif famname ~= "" then
							out[#out+1] = "[[" .. lp .. sitelink .. "|" .. famname .. "]]"
						else
							out[#out+1] = "[[" .. lp .. sitelink .. "]]"
						end -- of check for sort keys
					end -- of test for sitelink
				end -- of test for category
			end -- of test for wikibase item has a value
		end -- of test for sourced
		if maxvals > 0 and #out >= maxvals then break end
	end -- of loop through values of property1
	return assembleoutput(out, args, qid1, pid1)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getIntersectCat takes most of the usual parameters.
-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented
-- It takes two properties, |prop1 and |prop2 (e.g. occupation and country of citizenship)
-- Each property's value is a wiki-base entity
-- For each value of the first parameter (ranks implemented) it fetches the value's main category
-- and then each value of the second parameter (possibly substituting a simpler description)
-- then it returns all of the categories representing the intersection of those properties,
-- (e.g. Category:Actors from Canada). A joining term may be supplied (e.g. |join=from).
-- The item's P734 (family name) is the sort key, or no sort key if there is no family name.
-- The sort key may be overridden by the parameter |sortkey (alias |sk).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getIntersectCat = function(frame)
	frame.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)
	frame.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)
	frame.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code
	local args = frame.args
	args.sep = " "
	args.linked = "no"
	local pid1 = args.prop1 or "P106"
	local pid2 = args.prop2 or "P27"
	if pid1 == "" or pid2 == "" then return nil end
	local qid, statements1 = parseInput(frame, "", pid1)
	if not qid then return nil end
	local qid, statements2 = parseInput(frame, "", pid2)
	if not qid then return nil end
	-- topics like countries may have different names in categories from their label in Wikidata
	local subs_exists, subs = pcall(mw.loadData, "Module:WikidataIB/subs")
	local join = args.join or ""
	local onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)
	local maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0
	-- linkprefix (strip quotes)
	local lp = (args.linkprefix or args.lp or ""):gsub('"', '')
	-- sort key (strip quotes, hyphens and periods):
	local sk = (args.sortkey or args.sk or ""):gsub('["-.]', '')
	-- family name:
	local famname = ""
	if sk == "" then
		local p734 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P734")[1]
		local p734id = p734 and p734.mainsnak.snaktype == "value" and p734.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id or ""
		famname = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(p734id) or ""
		-- strip namespace and disambigation
		local pos = famname:find(":") or 0
		famname = famname:sub(pos+1):gsub("%s%(.+%)$", "")
		if famname == "" then
			local lbl = mw.wikibase.getLabel(p734id)
			famname = lbl and mw.text.nowiki(lbl) or ""
		end
	end
	local cat1 = {}
	for k, v in ipairs(statements1) do
		if not onlysrc or sourced(v) then
			-- get the ID representing the value of the property
			local pvalID = (v.mainsnak.snaktype == "value") and v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
			if pvalID then
				-- get the topic's main category (P910) for that entity
				local p910 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(pvalID, "P910")[1]
				if p910 and p910.mainsnak.snaktype == "value" then
					local tmcID = p910.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
					-- use sitelink or the English label for the cat
					local cat = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(tmcID)
					if not cat then
						local lbl = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(tmcID, "en")
						if lbl then
							if lbl:sub(1,9) == "Category:" then
								cat = mw.text.nowiki(lbl)
							else
								cat = "Category:" .. mw.text.nowiki(lbl)
							end
						end
					end
					cat1[#cat1+1] = cat
				end -- of test for topic's main category exists
			end -- of test for property has vaild value
		end -- of test for sourced
		if maxvals > 0 and #cat1 >= maxvals then break end
	end
	local cat2 = {}
	for k, v in ipairs(statements2) do
		if not onlysrc or sourced(v) then
			local cat = rendersnak(v, args)
			if subs[cat] then cat = subs[cat] end
			cat2[#cat2+1] = cat
		end
		if maxvals > 0 and #cat2 >= maxvals then break end
	end
	local out = {}
	for k1, v1 in ipairs(cat1) do
		for k2, v2 in ipairs(cat2) do
			if sk ~= "" then
				out[#out+1] = "[[" .. lp .. v1 .. " " .. join .. " " .. v2 .. "|" .. sk .. "]]"
			elseif famname ~= "" then
				out[#out+1] = "[[" .. lp .. v1 .. " " .. join .. " " .. v2 .. "|" .. famname .. "]]"
			else
				out[#out+1] = "[[" .. lp .. v1 .. " " .. join .. " " .. v2 .. "]]"
			end -- of check for sort keys
		end
	end
	args.noicon = "true"
	return assembleoutput(out, args, qid, pid1)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- qualsToTable takes most of the usual parameters.
-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented.
-- A qid may be given, and the first unnamed parameter is the property ID, which is of type wikibase item.
-- It takes a list of qualifier property IDs as |quals=
-- For a given qid and property, it creates the rows of an html table,
-- each row being a value of the property (optionally only if the property matches the value in |pval= )
-- each cell being the first value of the qualifier corresponding to the list in |quals
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.qualsToTable = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args

	local quals = args.quals or ""
	if quals == "" then return "" end

	args.reqranks = setRanks(args.rank)

	local propertyID = mw.text.trim(args[1] or "")
	local f = {}
	f.args = args
	local entityid, props = parseInput(f, "", propertyID)
	if not entityid then return "" end

	args.langobj = findLang(args.lang)
	args.lang = args.langobj.code

	local pval = args.pval or ""

	local qplist = mw.text.split(quals, "%p") -- split at punctuation and make a sequential table
	for i, v in ipairs(qplist) do
		qplist[i] = mw.text.trim(v):upper() -- remove whitespace and capitalise
	end

	local col1 = args.firstcol or ""
	if col1 ~= "" then
		col1 = col1 .. "</td><td>"
	end

	local emptycell = args.emptycell or "&nbsp;"

	-- construct a 2-D array of qualifier values in qvals
	local qvals = {}
	for i, v in ipairs(props) do
		local skip = false
		if pval ~= "" then
			local pid = v.mainsnak.datavalue and v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
			if pid ~= pval then skip = true end
		end
		if not skip then
			local qval = {}
			local vqualifiers = v.qualifiers or {}
			-- go through list of wanted qualifier properties
			for i1, v1 in ipairs(qplist) do
				-- check for that property ID in the statement's qualifiers
				local qv, qtype
				if vqualifiers[v1] then
					qtype = vqualifiers[v1][1].datatype
					if qtype == "time" then
						if vqualifiers[v1][1].snaktype == "value" then
							qv = mw.wikibase.renderSnak(vqualifiers[v1][1])
							qv = frame:expandTemplate{title="dts", args={qv}}
						else
							qv = "?"
						end
					elseif qtype == "url" then
						if vqualifiers[v1][1].snaktype == "value" then
							qv = mw.wikibase.renderSnak(vqualifiers[v1][1])
							local display = mw.ustring.match( mw.uri.decode(qv, "WIKI"), "([%w ]+)$" )
							if display then
								qv = "[" .. qv .. " " .. display .. "]"
							end
						end
					else
						qv = mw.wikibase.formatValue(vqualifiers[v1][1])
					end
				end
				-- record either the value or a placeholder
				qval[i1] = qv or emptycell
			end -- of loop through list of qualifiers
			-- add the list of qualifier values as a "row" in the main list
			qvals[#qvals+1] = qval
		end
	end -- of for each value loop

	local out = {}
	for i, v in ipairs(qvals) do
		out[i] = "<tr><td>" .. col1 .. table.concat(qvals[i], "</td><td>") .. "</td></tr>"
	end
	return table.concat(out, "\n")
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getGlobe takes an optional qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=
-- otherwise it uses the linked item for the current page.
-- If returns the Qid of the globe used in P625 (coordinate location),
-- or nil if there isn't one.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getGlobe = function(frame)
	local qid = frame.args.qid or frame.args[1] or ""
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	local coords = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P625")[1]
	local globeid
	if coords and coords.mainsnak.snaktype == "value" then
		globeid = coords.mainsnak.datavalue.value.globe:match("(Q%d+)")
	end
	return globeid
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getCommonsLink takes an optional qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=
-- It returns one of the following in order of preference:
-- the Commons sitelink of the linked Wikidata item;
-- the Commons sitelink of the topic's main category of the linked Wikidata item;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: _getCommonslink(); _getSitelink(); parseParam()
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getCommonsLink = function(frame)
	local oc = frame.args.onlycat or frame.args.onlycategories
	local fb = parseParam(frame.args.fallback or frame.args.fb, true)
	return _getCommonslink(frame.args.qid, oc, fb)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getSitelink takes the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=
-- It takes an optional parameter |wiki= to determine which wiki is to be checked for a sitelink
-- If the parameter is blank, then it uses the local wiki.
-- If there is a sitelink to an article available, it returns the plain text link to the article
-- If there is no sitelink, it returns nil.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getSiteLink = function(frame)
	return _getSitelink(frame.args.qid, frame.args.wiki or mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or ""))
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getLink has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=
-- If there is a sitelink to an article on the local Wiki, it returns a link to the article
-- with the Wikidata label as the displayed text.
-- If there is no sitelink, it returns the label as plain text.
-- If there is no label in the local language, it displays the qid instead.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getLink = function(frame)
	local itemID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or frame.args.qid or "")
	if itemID == "" then return end
	local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(itemID)
	local label = labelOrId(itemID)
	if sitelink then
		return "[[:" .. sitelink .. "|" .. label .. "]]"
	else
		return label
	end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getLabel has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=
-- It returns the Wikidata label for the local language as plain text.
-- If there is no label in the local language, it displays the qid instead.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getLabel = function(frame)
	local itemID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or frame.args.qid or "")
	if itemID == "" then return end
	local lang = frame.args.lang or ""
	if lang == "" then lang = nil end
	local label = labelOrId(itemID, lang)
	return label
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- label has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=
-- if no qid is supplied, it uses the qid associated with the current page.
-- It returns the Wikidata label for the local language as plain text.
-- If there is no label in the local language, it returns nil.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.label = function(frame)
	local qid = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or frame.args.qid or "")
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid then return end
	local lang = frame.args.lang or ""
	if lang == "" then lang = nil end
	local label, success = labelOrId(qid, lang)
	if success then return label end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getAT (Article Title)
-- has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=
-- If there is a sitelink to an article on the local Wiki, it returns the sitelink as plain text.
-- If there is no sitelink or qid supplied, it returns nothing.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getAT = function(frame)
	local itemID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or frame.args.qid or "")
	if itemID == "" then return end
	return mw.wikibase.getSitelink(itemID)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getDescription has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=
-- (it defaults to the associated qid of the current article if omitted)
-- and a local parameter passed as the first unnamed parameter.
-- Any local parameter passed (other than "Wikidata" or "none") becomes the return value.
-- It returns the article description for the Wikidata entity if the local parameter is "Wikidata".
-- Nothing is returned if the description doesn't exist or "none" is passed as the local parameter.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getDescription = function(frame)
	local desc = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")
	local itemID = mw.text.trim(frame.args.qid or "")
	if itemID == "" then itemID = nil end
	if desc:lower() == 'wikidata' then
		return mw.wikibase.getDescription(itemID)
	elseif desc:lower() == 'none' then
		return nil
	else
		return desc
	end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getAliases has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=
-- (it defaults to the associated qid of the current article if omitted)
-- and a local parameter passed as the first unnamed parameter.
-- It implements blacklisting and whitelisting with a field name of "alias" by default.
-- Any local parameter passed becomes the return value.
-- Otherwise it returns the aliases for the Wikidata entity with the usual list options.
-- Nothing is returned if the aliases do not exist.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: findLang(); assembleoutput()
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getAliases = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args

	local fieldname = args.name or ""
	if fieldname == "" then fieldname = "alias" end

	local blacklist = args.suppressfields or args.spf or ""
	if blacklist:find(fieldname) then return nil end

	local localval = mw.text.trim(args[1] or "")
	if localval ~= "" then return localval end

	local whitelist = args.fetchwikidata or args.fwd or ""
	if whitelist == "" then whitelist = "NONE" end
	if not (whitelist == 'ALL' or whitelist:find(fieldname)) then return nil end

	local qid = args.qid or ""
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(qid) then return nil end

	local aliases = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid).aliases
	if not aliases then return nil end

	args.langobj = findLang(args.lang)
	local langcode = args.langobj.code
	args.lang = langcode

	local out = {}
	for k1, v1 in pairs(aliases) do
		if v1[1].language == langcode then
			for k1, v2 in ipairs(v1) do
				out[#out+1] = v2.value
			end
			break
		end
	end

	return assembleoutput(out, args, qid)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- pageId returns the page id (entity ID, Qnnn) of the current page
-- returns nothing if the page is not connected to Wikidata
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.pageId = function(frame)
	return mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- formatDate is a wrapper to export the private function format_Date
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: format_Date();
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.formatDate = function(frame)
	return format_Date(frame.args[1], frame.args.df, frame.args.bc)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- location is a wrapper to export the private function _location
-- it takes the entity-id as qid or the first unnamed parameter
-- optional boolean parameter first toggles the display of the first item
-- optional boolean parameter skip toggles the display to skip to the last item
-- parameter debug=<y/n> (default 'n') adds error msg if not a location
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: _location();
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.location = function(frame)
	local debug = (frame.args.debug or ""):sub(1, 1):lower()
	if debug == "" then debug = "n" end
	local qid = mw.text.trim(frame.args.qid or frame.args[1] or ""):upper()
	if qid == "" then qid=mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid then
		if debug ~= "n" then
			return i18n.errors["entity-not-found"]
		else
			return nil
		end
	end
	local first = mw.text.trim(frame.args.first or "")
	local skip = mw.text.trim(frame.args.skip or "")
	return table.concat( _location(qid, first, skip), ", " )
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- checkBlacklist implements a test to check whether a named field is allowed
-- returns true if the field is not blacklisted (i.e. allowed)
-- returns false if the field is blacklisted (i.e. disallowed)
-- {{#if:{{#invoke:WikidataIB |checkBlacklist |name=Joe |suppressfields=Dave; Joe; Fred}} | not blacklisted | blacklisted}}
-- displays "blacklisted"
-- {{#if:{{#invoke:WikidataIB |checkBlacklist |name=Jim |suppressfields=Dave; Joe; Fred}} | not blacklisted | blacklisted}}
-- displays "not blacklisted"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.checkBlacklist = function(frame)
	local blacklist = frame.args.suppressfields or frame.args.spf or ""
	local fieldname = frame.args.name or ""
	if blacklist ~= "" and fieldname ~= "" then
		if blacklist:find(fieldname) then
			return false
		else
			return true
		end
	else
		-- one of the fields is missing: let's call that "not on the list"
		return true
	end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- emptyor returns nil if its first unnamed argument is just punctuation, whitespace or html tags
-- otherwise it returns the argument unchanged (including leading/trailing space).
-- If the argument may contain "=", then it must be called explicitly:
-- |1=arg
-- (In that case, leading and trailing spaces are trimmed)
-- It finds use in infoboxes where it can replace tests like:
-- {{#if: {{#invoke:WikidatIB |getvalue |P99 |fwd=ALL}} | <span class="xxx">{{#invoke:WikidatIB |getvalue |P99 |fwd=ALL}}</span> | }}
-- with a form that uses just a single call to Wikidata:
-- {{#invoke |WikidataIB |emptyor |1= <span class="xxx">{{#invoke:WikidataIB |getvalue |P99 |fwd=ALL}}</span> }}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.emptyor = function(frame)
	local s = frame.args[1] or ""
	if s == "" then return nil end
	local sx = s:gsub("%s", ""):gsub("<[^>]*>", ""):gsub("%p", "")
	if sx == "" then
		return nil
	else
		return s
	end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- labelorid is a public function to expose the output of labelOrId()
-- Pass the Q-number as |qid= or as an unnamed parameter.
-- It returns the Wikidata label for that entity or the qid if no label exists.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: labelOrId
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.labelorid = function(frame)
	return (labelOrId(frame.args.qid or frame.args[1]))
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getLang returns the MediaWiki language code of the current content.
-- If optional parameter |style=full, it returns the language name.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getLang = function(frame)
	local style = (frame.args.style or ""):lower()
	local langcode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code
	if style == "full" then
		return mw.language.fetchLanguageName( langcode )
	end
	return langcode
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getItemLangCode takes a qid parameter (using the current page's qid if blank)
-- If the item for that qid has property country (P17) it looks at the first preferred value
-- If the country has an official language (P37), it looks at the first preferred value
-- If that official language has a language code (P424), it returns the first preferred value
-- Otherwise it returns nothing.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: _getItemLangCode()
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getItemLangCode = function(frame)
	return _getItemLangCode(frame.args.qid or frame.args[1])
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- findLanguage exports the local findLang() function
-- It takes an optional language code and returns, in order of preference:
-- the code if a known language;
-- the user's language, if set;
-- the server's content language.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: findLang
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.findLanguage = function(frame)
	return findLang(frame.args.lang or frame.args[1]).code
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getQid returns the qid, if supplied
-- failing that, the Wikidata entity ID of the "category's main topic (P301)", if it exists
-- failing that, the Wikidata entity ID associated with the current page, if it exists
-- otherwise, nothing
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getQid = function(frame)
	local qid = (frame.args.qid or ""):upper()
	-- check if a qid was passed; if so, return it:
	if qid ~= "" then return qid end
	-- check if there's a "category's main topic (P301)":
	qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
	if qid then
		local prop301 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P301")
		if prop301[1] then
			local mctid = prop301[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
			if mctid then return mctid end
		end
	end
	-- otherwise return the page qid (if any)
	return qid
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- followQid takes four optional parameters: qid, props, list and all.
-- If qid is not given, it uses the qid for the connected page
-- or returns nil if there isn't one.
-- props is a list of properties, separated by punctuation.
-- If props is given, the Wikidata item for the qid is examined for each property in turn.
-- If that property contains a value that is another Wikibase-item, that item's qid is returned,
-- and the search terminates, unless |all=y when all of the qids are returned, separated by spaces.
-- If |list= is set to a template, the qids are passed as arguments to the template.
-- If props is not given, the qid is returned.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam()
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p._followQid = function(args)
	local qid = (args.qid or ""):upper()
	local all = parseParam(args.all, false)
	local list = args.list or ""
	if list == "" then list = nil end
	if qid == "" then
		qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
	end
	if not qid then return nil end
	local out = {}
	local props = (args.props or ""):upper()
	if props ~= "" then
		for p in mw.text.gsplit(props, "%p") do -- split at punctuation and iterate
			p = mw.text.trim(p)
			for i, v in ipairs( mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, p) ) do
				local linkedid = v.mainsnak.datavalue and v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
				if linkedid then
					if all then
						out[#out+1] = linkedid
					else
						return linkedid
					end -- test for all or just the first one found
				end -- test for value exists for that property
			end -- loop through values of property to follow
		end -- loop through list of properties to follow
	end
	if #out > 0 then
		local ret = ""
		if list then
			ret = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = list, args = out}
		else
			ret = table.concat(out, " ")
		end
		return ret
	else
		return qid
	end
end

p.followQid = function(frame)
	return p._followQid(frame.args)
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- globalSiteID returns the globalSiteID for the current wiki
-- e.g. returns "enwiki" for the English Wikipedia, "enwikisource" for English Wikisource, etc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.globalSiteID = function(frame)
	return mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId()
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- siteID returns the root of the globalSiteID
-- e.g. "en" for "enwiki", "enwikisource", etc.
-- treats "en-gb" as "en", etc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.siteID = function(frame)
	local txtlang = frame:preprocess( "{{int:lang}}" ) or ""
	-- This deals with specific exceptions: be-tarask -> be-x-old
	if txtlang == "be-tarask" then
		return "be_x_old"
	end
	local pos = txtlang:find("-")
	local ret = ""
	if pos then
		ret = txtlang:sub(1, pos-1)
	else
		ret = txtlang
	end
	return ret
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- projID returns the code used to link to the reader's language's project
-- e.g "en" for [[:en:WikidataIB]]
-- treats "en-gb" as "en", etc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.projID = function(frame)
	local txtlang = frame:preprocess( "{{int:lang}}" ) or ""
	-- This deals with specific exceptions: be-tarask -> be-x-old
	if txtlang == "be-tarask" then
		return "be-x-old"
	end
	local pos = txtlang:find("-")
	local ret = ""
	if pos then
		ret = txtlang:sub(1, pos-1)
	else
		ret = txtlang
	end
	return ret
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- formatNumber formats a number according to the the supplied language code ("|lang=")
-- or the default language if not supplied.
-- The number is the first unnamed parameter or "|num="
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: findLang()
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.formatNumber = function(frame)
	local lang
	local num = tonumber(frame.args[1] or frame.args.num) or 0
	lang = findLang(frame.args.lang)
	return lang:formatNum( num )
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- examine dumps the property (the unnamed parameter or pid)
-- from the item given by the parameter 'qid' (or the other unnamed parameter)
-- or from the item corresponding to the current page if qid is not supplied.
-- e.g. {{#invoke:WikidataIB |examine |pid=P26 |qid=Q42}}
-- or {{#invoke:WikidataIB |examine |P26 |Q42}} or any combination of these
-- or {{#invoke:WikidataIB |examine |P26}} for the current page.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.examine = function( frame )
	local args
	if frame.args[1] or frame.args.pid or frame.args.qid then
		args = frame.args
	else
		args = frame:getParent().args
	end
	local par = {}
	local pid = (args.pid or ""):upper()
	local qid = (args.qid or ""):upper()
	par[1] = mw.text.trim( args[1] or "" ):upper()
	par[2] = mw.text.trim( args[2] or "" ):upper()
	table.sort(par)
	if par[2]:sub(1,1) == "P" then par[1], par[2] = par[2], par[1] end
	if pid == "" then pid = par[1] end
	if qid == "" then qid = par[2] end
	local q1 = qid:sub(1,1)
	if pid:sub(1,1) ~= "P" then return "No property supplied" end
	if q1 ~= "Q" and q1 ~= "M" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid then return "No item for this page" end
	return "<pre>" .. mw.dumpObject( mw.wikibase.getAllStatements( qid, pid ) ) .. "</pre>"
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- checkvalue looks for 'val' as a wikibase-item value of a property (the unnamed parameter or pid)
-- from the item given by the parameter 'qid'
-- or from the Wikidata item associated with the current page if qid is not supplied.
-- It only checks ranks that are requested (preferred and normal by default)
-- If property is not supplied, then P31 (instance of) is assumed.
-- It returns val if found or nothing if not found.
-- e.g. {{#invoke:WikidataIB |checkvalue |val=Q5 |pid=P31 |qid=Q42}}
-- or {{#invoke:WikidataIB |checkvalue |val=Q5 |P31 |qid=Q42}}
-- or {{#invoke:WikidataIB |checkvalue |val=Q5 |qid=Q42}}
-- or {{#invoke:WikidataIB |checkvalue |val=Q5 |P31}} for the current page.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.checkvalue = function( frame )
	local args
	if frame.args.val then
		args = frame.args
	else
		args = frame:getParent().args
	end
	local val = args.val
	if not val then return nil end
	local pid = mw.text.trim(args.pid or args[1] or "P31"):upper()
	local qid = (args.qid or ""):upper()
	if pid:sub(1,1) ~= "P" then return nil end
	if qid:sub(1,1) ~= "Q" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid then return nil end
	local ranks = setRanks(args.rank)
	local stats = {}
	if ranks.b then
		stats = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, pid)
	else
		stats = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements( qid, pid )
	end
	if not stats[1] then return nil end
	if stats[1].mainsnak.datatype == "wikibase-item" then
		for k, v in pairs( stats ) do
			local ms = v.mainsnak
			if ranks[v.rank:sub(1,1)] and ms.snaktype == "value" and ms.datavalue.value.id == val then
				return val
			end
		end
	end
	return nil
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- url2 takes a parameter url= that is a proper url and formats it for use in an infobox.
-- If no parameter is supplied, it returns nothing.
-- This is the equivalent of Template:URL
-- but it keeps the "edit at Wikidata" pen icon out of the microformat.
-- Usually it will take its url parameter directly from a Wikidata call:
-- e.g. {{#invoke:WikidataIB |url2 |url={{wdib |P856 |qid=Q23317 |fwd=ALL |osd=no}} }}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.url2 = function(frame)
	local txt = frame.args.url or ""
	if txt == "" then return nil end
	-- extract any icon
	local url, icon = txt:match("(.+)&nbsp;(.+)")
	-- make sure there's at least a space at the end
	url = (url or txt) .. " "
	icon = icon or ""
	-- extract any protocol like https://
	local prot = url:match("(https*://).+[ \"\']")
	-- extract address
	local addr = ""
	if prot then
		addr = url:match("https*://(.+)[ \"\']") or " "
	else
		prot = "//"
		addr = url:match("[^%p%s]+%.(.+)[ \"\']") or " "
	end
	-- strip trailing / from end of domain-only url and add <wbr/> before . and /
	local disp, n = addr:gsub( "^([^/]+)/$", "%1" ):gsub("%/", "<wbr/>/"):gsub("%.", "<wbr/>.")
	return '<span class="url">[' .. prot .. addr .. " " .. disp .. "]</span>&nbsp;" .. icon
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getWebsite fetches the Official website (P856) and formats it for use in an infobox.
-- This is similar to Template:Official website but with a url displayed,
-- and it adds the "edit at Wikidata" pen icon beyond the microformat if enabled.
-- A local value will override the Wikidata value. "NONE" returns nothing.
-- e.g. {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getWebsite |qid= |noicon= |lang= |url= }}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: findLang(); parseParam();
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getWebsite = function(frame)
	local url = frame.args.url or ""
	if url:upper() == "NONE" then return nil end
	local urls = {}
	local quals = {}
	local qid = frame.args.qid or ""
	if url and url ~= "" then
		urls[1] = url
	else
		if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
		if not qid then return nil end

		local prop856 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P856")
		for k, v in pairs(prop856) do
			if v.mainsnak.snaktype == "value" then
				urls[#urls+1] = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value
				if v.qualifiers and v.qualifiers["P1065"] then
					 -- just take the first archive url (P1065)
					local au = v.qualifiers["P1065"][1]
					if au.snaktype == "value" then
						quals[#urls] = au.datavalue.value
					end -- test for archive url having a value
				end -- test for qualifers
			end -- test for website having a value
		end -- loop through website(s)
	end
	if #urls == 0 then return nil end

	local out = {}
	for i, u in ipairs(urls) do
		local link = quals[i] or u
		local prot, addr = u:match("(http[s]*://)(.+)")
		addr = addr or u
		local disp, n = addr:gsub("%.", "<wbr/>%.")
		out[#out+1] = '<span class="url">[' .. link .. " " .. disp .. "]</span>"
	end

	local langcode = findLang(frame.args.lang).code
	local noicon = parseParam(frame.args.noicon, false)
	if url == "" and not noicon then
		out[#out] = out[#out] .. createicon(langcode, qid, "P856")
	end

	local ret = ""
	if #out > 1 then
		ret = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = "ubl", args = out}
	else
		ret = out[1]
	end

	return ret
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getAllLabels fetches the set of labels and formats it for display as wikitext.
-- It takes a parameter 'qid' for arbitrary access, otherwise it uses the current page.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getAllLabels = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args or frame:getParent().args or {}

	local qid = args.qid or ""
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(qid) then return i18n["entity-not-found"] end

	local labels = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid).labels
	if not labels then return i18n["labels-not-found"] end

	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(labels) do
		out[#out+1] = v.value .. " (" .. v.language .. ")"
	end

	return table.concat(out, "; ")
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getAllDescriptions fetches the set of descriptions and formats it for display as wikitext.
-- It takes a parameter 'qid' for arbitrary access, otherwise it uses the current page.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getAllDescriptions = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args or frame:getParent().args or {}

	local qid = args.qid or ""
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(qid) then return i18n["entity-not-found"] end

	local descriptions = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid).descriptions
	if not descriptions then return i18n["descriptions-not-found"] end

	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(descriptions) do
		out[#out+1] = v.value .. " (" .. v.language .. ")"
	end

	return table.concat(out, "; ")
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getAllAliases fetches the set of aliases and formats it for display as wikitext.
-- It takes a parameter 'qid' for arbitrary access, otherwise it uses the current page.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.getAllAliases = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args or frame:getParent().args or {}

	local qid = args.qid or ""
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(qid) then return i18n["entity-not-found"] end

	local aliases = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid).aliases
	if not aliases then return i18n["aliases-not-found"] end

	local out = {}
	for k1, v1 in pairs(aliases) do
		local lang = v1[1].language
		local val = {}
		for k1, v2 in ipairs(v1) do
			val[#val+1] = v2.value
		end
		out[#out+1] = table.concat(val, ", ") .. " (" .. lang .. ")"
	end

	return table.concat(out, "; ")
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- showNoLinks displays the article titles that should not be linked.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.showNoLinks = function(frame)
	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(donotlink) do
		out[#out+1] = k
	end
	table.sort( out )
	return table.concat(out, "; ")
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- checkValidity checks whether the first unnamed parameter represents a valid entity-id,
-- that is, something like Q1235 or P123.
-- It returns the strings "true" or "false".
-- Change false to nil to return "true" or "" (easier to test with #if:).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: none
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function p.checkValidity(frame)
	local id = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")
	if mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then
		return true
	else
		return false
	end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getEntityFromTitle returns the Entity-ID (Q-number) for a given title.
-- Modification of Module:ResolveEntityId
-- The title is the first unnamed parameter.
-- The site parameter determines the site/language for the title. Defaults to current wiki.
-- The showdab parameter determines whether dab pages should return the Q-number or nil. Defaults to true.
-- Returns the Q-number or nil if it does not exist.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function p.getEntityFromTitle(frame)
	local args=frame.args
	if not args[1] then args=frame:getParent().args end
	if not args[1] then return nil end
	local title = mw.text.trim(args[1])
	local site = args.site or ""
	local showdab = parseParam(args.showdab, true)
	local qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(title, site)
	if qid then
		local prop31 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P31")[1]
		if not showdab and prop31 and prop31.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id == "Q4167410" then
			return nil
		else
			return qid
		end
	end
end


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- getDatePrecision returns the number representing the precision of the first best date value
-- for the given property.
-- It takes the qid and property ID
-- The meanings are given at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikibase/DataModel#Dates_and_times
-- 0 = 1 billion years .. 6 = millennium, 7 = century, 8 = decade, 9 = year, 10 = month, 11 = day
-- Returns 0 (or the second unnamed parameter) if the Wikidata does not exist.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Dependencies: parseParam; sourced;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function p.getDatePrecision(frame)
	local args=frame.args
	if not args[1] then args=frame:getParent().args end
	local default = tonumber(args[2] or args.default) or 0
	local prop = mw.text.trim(args[1] or "")
	if prop == "" then return default end
	local qid = args.qid or ""
	if qid == "" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end
	if not qid then return default end
	local onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)
	local stat = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, prop)
	for i, v in ipairs(stat) do
		local prec = (onlysrc == false or sourced(v))
			and v.mainsnak.datavalue
			and v.mainsnak.datavalue.value
			and v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.precision
		if prec then return prec end
	end
	return default
end


return p


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- List of exported functions
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--[[
_getValue
getValue
getPreferredValue
getCoords
getQualifierValue
getSumOfParts
getValueByQual
getValueByLang
getValueByRefSource
getPropertyIDs
getQualifierIDs
getPropOfProp
getAwardCat
getIntersectCat
getGlobe
getCommonsLink
getSiteLink
getLink
getLabel
label
getAT
getDescription
getAliases
pageId
formatDate
location
checkBlacklist
emptyor
labelorid
getLang
getItemLangCode
findLanguage
getQID
followQid
globalSiteID
siteID
projID
formatNumber
examine
checkvalue
url2
getWebsite
getAllLabels
getAllDescriptions
getAllAliases
showNoLinks
checkValidity
getEntityFromTitle
getDatePrecision
--]]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------