2 Kings 15
Berean Study Bible

Azariah Reigns in Judah

In the twenty-seventh year of Jeroboam’s reign over Israel
This phrase situates the events within the broader timeline of the divided monarchy, specifically during the reign of Jeroboam II, who was king of Israel. Jeroboam II's reign is noted for its prosperity and expansion, as recorded in 2 Kings 14:23-29. His reign is marked by a temporary resurgence of Israel's power, fulfilling the prophecy of Jonah son of Amittai (2 Kings 14:25). This period is significant as it highlights the contrast between the political success of Israel and the spiritual decline that was occurring simultaneously, as noted by the prophets Hosea and Amos.

Azariah son of Amaziah
Azariah, also known as Uzziah, is introduced as the son of Amaziah, who was a previous king of Judah. Azariah's reign is detailed further in 2 Chronicles 26, where he is depicted as a king who initially sought the Lord and was successful, but later became proud, leading to his downfall. The dual name usage (Azariah/Uzziah) is common in the Old Testament and reflects the cultural practice of having both a personal and a throne name. Azariah's reign is significant for its length and for the prosperity and military strength he brought to Judah, as well as for his eventual punishment with leprosy due to his prideful attempt to burn incense in the temple, a duty reserved for priests.

became king of Judah
Azariah's ascension to the throne of Judah marks a continuation of the Davidic line, which is a central theme in the biblical narrative. The kingdom of Judah, unlike Israel, maintained a single dynasty, which is significant in the context of the Davidic Covenant (2 Samuel 7:12-16). This covenant promised that David's lineage would endure forever, ultimately fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus Christ, who is often referred to as the "Son of David" (Matthew 1:1). Azariah's reign, despite its challenges, is part of this ongoing divine promise and highlights the faithfulness of God to His covenant with David.

He was sixteen years old when he became king
At the age of sixteen, Uzziah (also known as Azariah) ascended to the throne of Judah. This young age for a king was not uncommon in the ancient Near East, where royal succession often occurred at a young age due to the premature death of a predecessor. Uzziah's early start as king highlights the importance of mentorship and guidance from advisors, which was crucial for young rulers. His reign began during a period of relative stability in Judah, following the reign of his father, Amaziah.

and he reigned in Jerusalem fifty-two years
Uzziah's fifty-two-year reign was one of the longest in the history of the divided kingdom, indicating a period of significant stability and prosperity for Judah. His reign is noted for military successes, economic prosperity, and infrastructural development, including fortifications and agricultural advancements. This long reign allowed for continuity in leadership, which was beneficial for the kingdom's development. However, it also ended in tragedy due to Uzziah's pride and subsequent leprosy, as detailed in 2 Chronicles 26:16-21.

His mother’s name was Jecoliah; she was from Jerusalem
Jecoliah's mention signifies the importance of maternal lineage in the biblical narrative, often indicating the influence a mother might have had on a king. Being from Jerusalem, Jecoliah was likely well-acquainted with the religious and cultural traditions of Judah, potentially providing Uzziah with a strong foundation in the faith and practices of his people. The inclusion of her name also underscores the significance of Jerusalem as the political and spiritual center of Judah, a city chosen by God for His temple and the Davidic line.

And he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD
This phrase indicates a king who followed the commandments and statutes of God, aligning his reign with divine expectations. In the context of the Kings of Israel and Judah, this assessment is significant, as many kings did not follow God's ways. The phrase suggests a standard of righteousness that is measured by adherence to God's law, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:18. It reflects a covenantal relationship where the king's actions are evaluated based on their faithfulness to God. This phrase is often used to describe kings who maintained religious reforms or upheld the worship of Yahweh, contrasting with those who led the people into idolatry.

just as his father Amaziah had done
Amaziah, the father of the king in question, is noted for his partial obedience to God. While Amaziah did what was right, his commitment was not wholehearted, as seen in 2 Chronicles 25:2, where it is mentioned that he did not serve with a perfect heart. This comparison suggests a continuation of a legacy of partial faithfulness. It highlights the importance of generational influence and the impact of a father's actions on his son's reign. The reference to Amaziah also serves as a reminder of the mixed legacy of the kings of Judah, where initial obedience often gave way to later failures. This phrase underscores the need for complete devotion to God, as partial obedience can lead to eventual downfall, a theme echoed throughout the historical books of the Old Testament.

Nevertheless, the high places were not taken away;
The term "high places" refers to elevated sites used for worship, often associated with pagan rituals. Despite reforms by some kings, these sites persisted in Israel and Judah. The persistence of high places indicates incomplete obedience to God's commands, as seen in Deuteronomy 12:2-4, where God instructs the Israelites to destroy such places. This phrase highlights the failure of the kings to fully eradicate idolatry, reflecting a recurring theme of partial reform throughout the books of Kings. The high places were often located on hills or mountains, which were considered sacred in many ancient Near Eastern cultures.

the people continued sacrificing and burning incense there.
This practice of sacrificing and burning incense at high places was contrary to the centralized worship God commanded at the temple in Jerusalem (1 Kings 9:3). The people's continued use of these sites suggests a syncretism, blending Yahweh worship with local Canaanite practices. This disobedience is a recurring issue in Israel's history, leading to spiritual decline and eventual judgment. The act of burning incense is significant, as it was a key element of worship, symbolizing prayers rising to God (Psalm 141:2). The persistence of these practices underscores the challenge of maintaining pure worship amidst cultural pressures and highlights the need for spiritual leadership that aligns with God's commands.

And the LORD afflicted the king with leprosy
This phrase indicates divine judgment, a recurring theme in the Old Testament where God directly intervenes in the lives of kings and nations. Leprosy, a severe skin disease, was often seen as a sign of God's displeasure (Numbers 12:10, 2 Chronicles 26:19-21). The affliction of the king with leprosy serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience to God's commands. In the ancient Near East, leprosy was not only a physical ailment but also a social and religious stigma, leading to isolation from the community.

until the day he died
The duration of the king's affliction underscores the permanence of God's judgment in this instance. It suggests that the king's condition was irreversible, serving as a lifelong reminder of his transgressions. This phrase also highlights the seriousness of sin and the enduring nature of its consequences when not repented.

so that he lived in a separate house
Levitical law required those with leprosy to live outside the camp or community (Leviticus 13:46). This separation was both a health measure and a symbolic act of purification, emphasizing the need for holiness among God's people. The king's isolation reflects the broader biblical theme of separation from God due to sin, and it foreshadows the ultimate separation from God that sin causes without redemption.

while his son Jotham had charge of the palace
Jotham's role as regent during his father's illness illustrates the continuity of leadership despite the king's incapacitation. This arrangement ensured stability in governance and is a testament to the importance of dynastic succession in the Davidic line. Jotham's governance during this period is noted for its relative faithfulness to God, contrasting with his father's failures (2 Kings 15:34).

and governed the people of the land
Jotham's governance is significant in maintaining the kingdom's operations and upholding justice and order. This phrase highlights the importance of righteous leadership in the biblical narrative, as seen in the examples of other godly leaders like David and Solomon. It also points to the need for leaders who align with God's will, serving as a type of Christ, the ultimate righteous ruler who governs with justice and mercy.

As for the rest of the acts of Azariah
Azariah, also known as Uzziah, was a king of Judah who reigned for 52 years. His reign is noted for its prosperity and military strength, as well as for his eventual downfall due to pride. The phrase suggests that there were many other deeds and events during his reign that are not detailed in this particular passage. His acts include fortifying Jerusalem, expanding Judah's territory, and developing agriculture and trade. His reign is also marked by a significant earthquake mentioned in Amos 1:1 and Zechariah 14:5.

along with all his accomplishments
Azariah's accomplishments were significant in terms of military and economic development. He built towers in Jerusalem and strengthened the city's defenses, reflecting a period of stability and growth. His military campaigns extended Judah's influence, and he is credited with innovations in warfare, such as the development of engines to shoot arrows and large stones. His accomplishments are a testament to his leadership and God's favor during the early part of his reign.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah?
This phrase indicates that a more detailed account of Azariah's reign can be found in another historical record, the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah. This book is distinct from the biblical books of 1 and 2 Chronicles and is considered a lost text. It was likely a royal archive or annal that recorded the reigns of the kings of Judah. The mention of this book underscores the historical nature of the biblical narrative and suggests that the biblical authors had access to other sources when compiling their accounts. This phrase also highlights the practice of recording royal histories, which was common in the ancient Near East.

And Azariah rested with his fathers
This phrase indicates the death of King Azariah, also known as Uzziah, who was the king of Judah. The expression "rested with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, suggesting a peaceful transition and continuity with the ancestors. Azariah's reign was marked by both prosperity and divine judgment, as he was struck with leprosy for his pride (2 Chronicles 26:16-21). His death signifies the end of an era and the transition to a new leadership under his son.

and was buried near them in the City of David.
The City of David refers to the ancient core of Jerusalem, where the kings of Judah were traditionally buried. This burial location underscores Azariah's royal status and his connection to the Davidic line, which is significant in biblical prophecy concerning the Messiah (2 Samuel 7:12-16). The mention of being buried "near them" may imply that due to his leprosy, he was not buried in the royal tombs, reflecting the consequences of his sin even in death.

And his son Jotham reigned in his place.
Jotham's ascension to the throne marks the continuation of the Davidic dynasty. Jotham is noted for his righteous reign, as he did what was right in the eyes of the Lord (2 Kings 15:34). His rule is characterized by stability and fortification efforts, as recorded in 2 Chronicles 27:3-6. Jotham's reign serves as a type of Christ in his role as a just and righteous king, prefiguring the ultimate reign of Jesus, the descendant of David, who will establish an everlasting kingdom (Isaiah 9:7).

Zechariah Reigns in Israel

In the thirty-eighth year of Azariah’s reign over Judah
Azariah, also known as Uzziah, was a king of Judah who reigned for 52 years. His reign is noted for prosperity and military success, as well as a period of spiritual decline due to his pride, which led to his downfall (2 Chronicles 26:16-21). The reference to the thirty-eighth year of his reign provides a chronological marker, situating Zechariah's ascension in the broader timeline of the divided monarchy. This period was marked by political instability and frequent changes in leadership, particularly in the northern kingdom of Israel.

Zechariah son of Jeroboam became king of Israel
Zechariah was the son of Jeroboam II, who was one of the more successful kings of Israel, known for expanding the kingdom's borders and bringing economic prosperity (2 Kings 14:23-29). Zechariah's ascension marks the continuation of the Jehu dynasty, fulfilling the prophecy given to Jehu that his descendants would sit on the throne of Israel to the fourth generation (2 Kings 10:30). However, Zechariah's reign was short-lived, indicating the instability and moral decline of Israel during this period.

and he reigned in Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri (1 Kings 16:24). It was a significant city both politically and religiously, often associated with idolatry and the worship of Baal, which was introduced by Ahab and Jezebel (1 Kings 16:31-33). The city was strategically located, making it a center of power and influence in the region. The mention of Samaria underscores the central role it played in the governance and spiritual life of Israel.

six months
Zechariah's brief reign of six months highlights the political turmoil and rapid turnover of kings in Israel during this era. His short rule ended with his assassination by Shallum, as recorded in 2 Kings 15:10. This period of instability was a consequence of the nation's departure from the covenant with God, leading to internal strife and vulnerability to external threats. The brevity of his reign contrasts with the longer, more stable reigns in Judah, reflecting the consequences of Israel's persistent idolatry and disobedience.

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual evaluation from God's perspective, emphasizing divine judgment rather than human opinion. The "sight of the LORD" suggests that God's omniscience perceives all actions and intentions. The repeated pattern of kings doing evil highlights the persistent disobedience and idolatry that plagued Israel. This phrase is a common refrain in the books of Kings, underscoring the failure of Israel's leaders to uphold the covenant with God.

as his fathers had done
This phrase connects the actions of the current king to a generational pattern of sin, suggesting a failure to learn from the past. It reflects the influence of familial and cultural legacies in shaping behavior. The reference to "fathers" indicates a historical continuity of disobedience, which often led to divine judgment. This pattern of sin is reminiscent of the cycles of apostasy seen throughout the history of Israel, as recorded in the books of Judges and Kings.

He did not turn away from the sins
The phrase "did not turn away" implies a stubbornness or unwillingness to repent and change course. Repentance is a central theme in the prophetic literature, where prophets call Israel to return to God. The lack of repentance here highlights the king's failure to heed prophetic warnings and the law of Moses, which called for exclusive worship of Yahweh. This phrase underscores the importance of repentance in maintaining a right relationship with God.

that Jeroboam son of Nebat had caused Israel to commit
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, established a precedent of idolatry by setting up golden calves at Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30). This act was a direct violation of the first and second commandments and led Israel into sin. The phrase "caused Israel to commit" indicates the king's role in leading the nation astray, highlighting the responsibility of leaders to guide their people in righteousness. Jeroboam's actions had long-lasting consequences, as subsequent kings followed his idolatrous practices, leading to the eventual downfall of the northern kingdom. This phrase serves as a reminder of the destructive power of sin and the importance of godly leadership.

Then Shallum son of Jabesh conspired against Zechariah
This phrase introduces Shallum, who is identified as the son of Jabesh. The act of conspiracy indicates a premeditated plan to overthrow Zechariah, the king of Israel. This event occurs during a turbulent period in Israel's history, marked by political instability and frequent changes in leadership. The conspiracy reflects the broader theme of rebellion and the consequences of turning away from God's covenant, as seen throughout the books of Kings. Zechariah was the last of Jehu's dynasty, fulfilling the prophecy given to Jehu in 2 Kings 10:30 that his descendants would sit on the throne of Israel to the fourth generation.

struck him down and killed him
The act of striking down and killing Zechariah signifies a violent transfer of power, which was not uncommon in the history of Israel and Judah. This assassination marks the end of the Jehu dynasty, which had been established by divine mandate but ultimately failed to maintain faithfulness to God. The violent nature of this transition highlights the moral and spiritual decline of the northern kingdom, as leaders increasingly relied on force rather than divine guidance.

in front of the people
The public nature of Zechariah's assassination suggests a significant level of unrest and dissatisfaction among the populace. It indicates that Shallum's conspiracy had some level of public support or at least public acquiescence. This act in front of the people could also symbolize the transparency of God's judgment on the house of Jehu, as the king's demise was not hidden but witnessed by many, emphasizing the fulfillment of divine prophecy.

and reigned in his place
Shallum's brief reign, lasting only one month, is a testament to the instability and chaos that characterized the northern kingdom during this period. His usurpation of the throne did not bring lasting peace or stability, as he was soon overthrown by Menahem. This cycle of violence and short-lived reigns underscores the consequences of Israel's departure from God's laws and the failure to uphold the covenant. The rapid succession of kings during this time serves as a backdrop to the eventual fall of the northern kingdom to Assyria, as prophesied by the prophets.

As for the rest of the acts of Zechariah
Zechariah was the son of Jeroboam II and the last king of the Jehu dynasty in Israel. His reign was short, lasting only six months, and is noted for its instability and violence. The phrase "the rest of the acts" suggests that there were additional deeds and events during his reign that are not detailed in the biblical narrative. This is a common biblical expression indicating that the recorded history in the Bible is selective and not exhaustive.

they are indeed written
This phrase underscores the practice of recording royal histories in ancient times. It implies that there was a more comprehensive account of Zechariah's reign available to the original audience, which was not included in the biblical text. This reflects the historical method of documenting the reigns of kings, which was common in the ancient Near East.

in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel
This book is not the same as the biblical books of 1 and 2 Chronicles. It is a separate historical record that is frequently referenced in the books of Kings. The existence of such a record suggests that the kings of Israel maintained official annals or records of their reigns, similar to other ancient cultures. This practice provided a source for the biblical authors to draw from when compiling the historical narratives found in the Bible. The mention of this book highlights the historical context of the biblical narrative and the importance of written records in preserving history.

So the word of the LORD spoken to Jehu was fulfilled:
This phrase highlights the fulfillment of a divine prophecy, emphasizing God's sovereignty and faithfulness in keeping His promises. The prophecy referenced here was given to Jehu in 2 Kings 10:30, where God promised Jehu that his descendants would sit on the throne of Israel to the fourth generation. This fulfillment underscores the biblical theme that God's word is reliable and will come to pass, as seen in other scriptures such as Isaiah 55:11, which speaks of God's word accomplishing what He desires.

“Four generations of your sons will sit on the throne of Israel.”
This prophecy was specifically about Jehu's dynasty, which included Jehoahaz, Jehoash, Jeroboam II, and Zechariah. Each of these kings ruled over Israel, fulfilling the promise made to Jehu. The historical context of this period was marked by political instability and idolatry in the Northern Kingdom, yet God's promise to Jehu was honored despite the nation's spiritual decline. This phrase also reflects the biblical principle of generational blessings and consequences, as seen in Exodus 20:5-6. The mention of "four generations" can be seen as a type of God's grace, allowing a period of stability before judgment, which eventually came with the assassination of Zechariah, ending Jehu's dynasty. This connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's patience and justice.

Shallum Reigns in Israel

In the thirty-ninth year of Uzziah’s reign over Judah
This phrase situates the events within the broader timeline of the divided kingdom period. Uzziah, also known as Azariah, was a king of Judah who reigned for 52 years, a period marked by prosperity and military success (2 Chronicles 26:1-15). His reign is significant for its length and stability, contrasting with the turmoil in the northern kingdom of Israel. Uzziah's reign is also noted for his pride leading to his downfall, as he unlawfully entered the temple to burn incense and was struck with leprosy (2 Chronicles 26:16-21). This context highlights the contrast between the relative stability in Judah and the instability in Israel.

Shallum son of Jabesh became king
Shallum's brief reign is a part of the chaotic period in Israel's history, characterized by rapid changes in leadership and political instability. Shallum assassinated King Zechariah, the last of Jehu's dynasty, fulfilling the prophecy given to Jehu that his descendants would sit on the throne of Israel to the fourth generation (2 Kings 10:30). This act of usurpation reflects the violent and tumultuous nature of Israel's monarchy during this time. The name "Shallum" means "retribution" or "recompense," which may be seen as indicative of his short-lived rule and the divine judgment on the house of Jehu.

and he reigned in Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri (1 Kings 16:24). It served as the political and cultural center of Israel. The city was strategically located on a hill, making it defensible and significant in the region. Samaria's history is marked by idolatry and apostasy, as it became a center for the worship of Baal and other foreign gods, leading to its eventual downfall and conquest by the Assyrians in 722 BC (2 Kings 17:5-6). The mention of Samaria underscores the spiritual decline of Israel during this period.

one full month
Shallum's reign lasted only one month, indicating the extreme instability and rapid turnover of leadership in Israel at the time. This brief tenure is a testament to the political chaos and the lack of divine favor, as seen in the frequent assassinations and coups. The brevity of his reign is reminiscent of other short-lived rulers in Israel's history, highlighting the consequences of departing from God's covenant. This period of instability contrasts with the more stable reigns in Judah, where the Davidic line continued despite challenges.

Then Menahem son of Gadi went up from Tirzah to Samaria
Menahem's journey from Tirzah to Samaria signifies a transition of power. Tirzah was an earlier capital of the northern kingdom of Israel before Samaria. This move indicates a strategic shift, as Samaria was the political and administrative center of the northern kingdom at this time. The act of "going up" suggests a deliberate and possibly aggressive move, as Samaria was located on a hill, making it a fortified city. This phrase highlights the political instability and frequent changes in leadership during this period, reflecting the broader theme of Israel's disobedience and the resulting chaos.

struck down and killed Shallum son of Jabesh
The assassination of Shallum by Menahem is a continuation of the violent power struggles that characterized the northern kingdom. Shallum had himself seized the throne by killing King Zechariah, indicating a cycle of violence and betrayal. This act of regicide was not uncommon in the history of Israel and Judah, where kings often came to power through conspiracy and murder. The instability of the monarchy during this time is a reflection of the spiritual decline of Israel, as the people and their leaders turned away from God's commandments.

and reigned in his place
Menahem's reign, which lasted ten years, is marked by brutality and oppression, as further detailed in the subsequent verses. His rule is a continuation of the pattern of kings who did evil in the sight of the Lord, failing to lead the people back to covenant faithfulness. This phrase underscores the temporary and often illegitimate nature of power when it is seized through violence and without divine sanction. Menahem's reign is a reminder of the consequences of Israel's departure from God's ways, leading to internal strife and eventual judgment.

As for the rest of the acts of Shallum
Shallum's reign was brief, lasting only one month. His acts, though not extensively detailed in the biblical narrative, are significant enough to be recorded in the annals of Israel's history. This phrase suggests that Shallum's actions, though not fully recounted in the biblical text, were noteworthy in the context of Israel's turbulent political landscape. His short reign reflects the instability and frequent power struggles during this period in the Northern Kingdom.

along with the conspiracy he led
Shallum's rise to power was marked by conspiracy and assassination, as he killed King Zechariah to seize the throne. This act of treachery is indicative of the political chaos and moral decline in Israel, fulfilling the prophecy given to Jehu that his descendants would sit on the throne of Israel to the fourth generation (2 Kings 10:30). Shallum's conspiracy underscores the theme of divine judgment and the consequences of Israel's persistent idolatry and rebellion against God.

they are indeed written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel
This reference to the "Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel" indicates that there were other historical records documenting the reigns of Israel's kings, separate from the biblical account. These records, now lost, would have provided additional details about the political and social events of the time. The mention of these chronicles highlights the historical nature of the biblical narrative and the importance of written records in preserving the history of God's people. This phrase also emphasizes the accountability of Israel's leaders and the divine oversight of their actions, as their deeds were recorded for posterity.

At that time Menahem
Menahem was the king of Israel who reigned from approximately 752 to 742 BC. His rule is characterized by violence and instability, reflecting the turbulent period of the Northern Kingdom. Menahem's actions are often seen as a continuation of the moral and spiritual decline that plagued Israel during this era.

starting from Tirzah
Tirzah was an ancient city in the Northern Kingdom of Israel, previously serving as the capital before Samaria. It was known for its beauty and strategic location. The mention of Tirzah indicates Menahem's base of operations and highlights the internal strife within Israel, as Tirzah was a significant city in the kingdom's history.

attacked Tiphsah
Tiphsah, likely located on the Euphrates River, was a significant trade city. Menahem's attack on Tiphsah suggests a strategic move to control trade routes and assert dominance. This action reflects the broader geopolitical struggles of the time, as Israel sought to maintain power amidst Assyrian expansion.

and everyone in its vicinity
The phrase indicates the widespread nature of Menahem's campaign, affecting not just the city but the surrounding areas. This reflects the brutal tactics often employed by ancient Near Eastern kings to instill fear and ensure submission.

because they would not open their gates
Refusal to open the gates was a common act of defiance against invading forces. In ancient times, cities were fortified with walls and gates, and closing them was a means of protection and resistance. Menahem's response to this defiance underscores the harsh realities of ancient warfare and the lengths to which leaders would go to secure their objectives.

So he attacked Tiphsah
The repetition emphasizes the severity and determination of Menahem's actions. It highlights the aggressive nature of his campaign and the lengths he was willing to go to achieve his goals.

and ripped open all the pregnant women
This brutal act is a stark reminder of the violence and inhumanity that characterized much of the ancient world. Such actions were intended to terrorize and demoralize the population. This phrase also serves as a poignant illustration of the moral decline in Israel, contrasting with the values and laws given to the Israelites in the Torah, which emphasized the sanctity of life.

Menahem Reigns in Israel

In the thirty-ninth year of Azariah’s reign over Judah
Azariah, also known as Uzziah, was a king of Judah who reigned for 52 years. His reign is noted for prosperity and military success, as well as a period of spiritual decline due to his pride, which led to his affliction with leprosy (2 Chronicles 26:16-21). The reference to the thirty-ninth year of his reign provides a chronological anchor, situating Menahem's rise to power in the broader timeline of the divided monarchy. This period was marked by political instability and frequent changes in leadership, especially in the northern kingdom of Israel.

Menahem son of Gadi became king of Israel
Menahem's ascent to the throne was marked by violence and usurpation. He came to power by assassinating Shallum, who had himself assassinated the previous king, Zechariah (2 Kings 15:10-14). This reflects the turbulent and often brutal nature of Israel's monarchy during this era, characterized by a series of short-lived reigns and political intrigue. Menahem's rule is noted for its harshness, including his brutal suppression of a rebellion in Tiphsah (2 Kings 15:16).

and he reigned in Samaria ten years
Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri (1 Kings 16:24). It served as the political and religious center of Israel, often associated with idolatry and apostasy, particularly the worship of Baal and the golden calves set up by Jeroboam (1 Kings 12:28-30). Menahem's ten-year reign was marked by his submission to Assyrian power, as he paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III to secure his throne (2 Kings 15:19-20). This act of paying tribute highlights the increasing influence of Assyria over Israel, setting the stage for the eventual fall of the northern kingdom.

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual evaluation from God's perspective, emphasizing divine standards rather than human judgment. The "evil" refers to actions contrary to God's commandments, often involving idolatry and injustice. The phrase "in the sight of the LORD" underscores God's omniscience and the accountability of leaders to divine authority. This evaluation is a recurring theme in the books of Kings, highlighting the spiritual decline of Israel and Judah.

and throughout his reign
This suggests a persistent pattern of behavior rather than isolated incidents. The reign of a king was often seen as a reflection of the nation's spiritual state. The duration of a king's reign could be seen as a period of testing or opportunity for repentance, which in this case was not taken. The continuity of evil practices indicates a hardened heart and a failure to heed prophetic warnings.

he did not turn away from the sins
This phrase indicates a lack of repentance and reform. Repentance in the biblical sense involves a complete turning away from sin and a return to God. The failure to turn away suggests stubbornness and a refusal to acknowledge wrongdoing. This is a common critique of Israel's kings, who often perpetuated the sins of their predecessors rather than seeking to restore covenant faithfulness.

that Jeroboam son of Nebat had caused Israel to commit
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, established a pattern of idolatry by setting up golden calves at Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30). This act was a direct violation of the first two commandments and led Israel into sin. Jeroboam's actions set a precedent for subsequent kings, illustrating the long-lasting impact of a leader's sin. The reference to Jeroboam highlights the historical continuity of idolatry and the failure of later kings to break away from this sinful legacy.

Then Pul king of Assyria invaded the land
Pul, also known as Tiglath-Pileser III, was a prominent Assyrian king who reigned from 745 to 727 BC. His invasion marks a significant moment in Israel's history, as Assyria was a dominant power in the ancient Near East. This invasion reflects the geopolitical tensions of the time, with Assyria expanding its influence over the region. The land referred to is the northern kingdom of Israel, which was often caught between larger empires. This event is part of the broader narrative of Israel's decline due to its disobedience to God, as prophesied in passages like Deuteronomy 28:49-52.

and Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents of silver
Menahem, the king of Israel, sought to appease Pul by offering a substantial tribute. A thousand talents of silver is an enormous sum, indicating the severity of the threat and the desperation of Menahem's situation. This act of tribute is consistent with the practices of vassal states in the ancient Near East, where weaker nations paid stronger ones for protection or to avoid destruction. The payment highlights Israel's weakened state and reliance on foreign powers rather than on God, contrasting with earlier periods of divine deliverance, such as in the time of King David.

in order to gain his support
Menahem's payment was intended to secure Assyrian support, likely to stabilize his reign and fend off internal and external threats. This political maneuvering reflects the complex alliances and power dynamics of the time. It also underscores the lack of faith in divine protection, as Israel's kings increasingly turned to human alliances. This reliance on foreign powers is criticized by prophets like Isaiah (Isaiah 31:1), who warned against trusting in alliances rather than in God.

and strengthen his own grip on the kingdom
Menahem's primary concern was consolidating his power, as his rule was marked by violence and instability (2 Kings 15:16). By securing Assyrian backing, he aimed to legitimize and stabilize his reign. This focus on political power over spiritual fidelity is a recurring theme in the history of Israel's kings, leading to the nation's eventual downfall. The narrative serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of prioritizing political expediency over faithfulness to God, a lesson echoed throughout the biblical text.

Menahem exacted this money from each of the wealthy men of Israel—
Menahem, the king of Israel, is depicted as a ruler who imposed a heavy tax on the wealthy citizens of his kingdom. This action reflects the political and economic pressures of the time, as Israel was under threat from the powerful Assyrian Empire. The wealthy men of Israel were likely landowners or merchants who had the means to pay such a levy. This taxation can be seen as a form of tribute, a common practice in the ancient Near East, where vassal states paid their overlords to maintain peace and avoid military conflict.

fifty shekels of silver from each man—
The amount of fifty shekels of silver was a significant sum, indicating the severity of the financial burden placed on the wealthy. In biblical times, a shekel was a unit of weight, and silver was a valuable commodity. This levy would have been a substantial financial sacrifice for those required to pay it. The use of silver as currency highlights the economic systems in place during this period and the reliance on precious metals for trade and tribute.

to give to the king of Assyria.
The tribute was intended for the king of Assyria, who at this time was likely Tiglath-Pileser III. Assyria was a dominant military power, and its kings often demanded tribute from neighboring states to ensure their submission and loyalty. This payment was a political maneuver by Menahem to secure his reign and protect Israel from Assyrian aggression. The relationship between Israel and Assyria during this period was complex, involving diplomacy, tribute, and at times, conflict.

So the king of Assyria withdrew and did not remain in the land.
The payment of tribute achieved its intended purpose, as the Assyrian king withdrew his forces and did not occupy Israel. This withdrawal indicates that the tribute was accepted as a satisfactory means of appeasement. It reflects the geopolitical strategies of the time, where smaller states like Israel navigated the threats posed by larger empires through diplomacy and financial concessions. This event underscores the precarious nature of Israel's political situation and the lengths to which its leaders went to maintain sovereignty.

As for the rest of the acts of Menahem
Menahem was a king of Israel who reigned during a tumultuous period marked by political instability and moral decline. His acts, not fully detailed in the biblical text, likely included both political maneuvers and military campaigns. Menahem's reign is characterized by his brutal suppression of opposition, as seen in his violent actions against the city of Tiphsah. This phrase suggests that there were additional deeds and events during his reign that were significant but not recorded in the biblical narrative.

along with all his accomplishments
The term "accomplishments" implies that Menahem achieved certain goals or completed projects during his reign. These could have included building projects, economic reforms, or military victories. However, the biblical text often evaluates kings not just by their accomplishments but by their faithfulness to God. Menahem's reign is noted for its idolatry and failure to lead the people back to the worship of Yahweh, which would have been considered a failure from a biblical perspective.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel?
This phrase refers to a historical record that is no longer extant, which chronicled the reigns of the kings of Israel. It suggests that a more detailed account of Menahem's reign was available to the original audience. The mention of this book indicates the existence of other historical sources outside the biblical text that documented the history of Israel. This phrase is a common formula in the books of Kings, emphasizing the selective nature of the biblical narrative, which focuses on theological rather than exhaustive historical details.

And Menahem rested with his fathers
This phrase indicates the death of Menahem, the king of Israel. The expression "rested with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, suggesting a joining with ancestors in the afterlife. Menahem's reign was marked by brutality and oppression, as seen in 2 Kings 15:16, where he attacked Tiphsah and ripped open pregnant women. His death marks the end of a turbulent period in Israel's history. The phrase also reflects the belief in an afterlife and the continuation of one's lineage, a significant aspect of Israelite culture.

and his son Pekahiah reigned in his place
Pekahiah's succession to the throne follows the typical pattern of dynastic succession in the ancient Near East, where kingship often passed from father to son. Pekahiah's reign, however, was short-lived, lasting only two years (2 Kings 15:23-24). His rule was characterized by continued idolatry, as he did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam, who led Israel into sin. This transition of power highlights the instability of the Northern Kingdom during this period, as frequent assassinations and coups were common. Pekahiah's reign would eventually end with his assassination by Pekah, one of his own officers, illustrating the ongoing political turmoil and the failure to adhere to the covenant with God, which was a recurring theme in the history of Israel.

Pekahiah Reigns in Israel

In the fiftieth year of Azariah’s reign over Judah
Azariah, also known as Uzziah, was a king of Judah who reigned for 52 years. His reign is noted for prosperity and military success, as well as a tragic end due to leprosy (2 Chronicles 26:16-21). The reference to the fiftieth year of his reign provides a chronological anchor, situating Pekahiah's ascension in the broader timeline of the divided monarchy. This period was marked by political instability in Israel, contrasting with Judah's relative stability under Azariah.

Pekahiah son of Menahem became king of Israel
Pekahiah was the son of Menahem, who had seized the throne of Israel through violence (2 Kings 15:14). Menahem's reign was characterized by brutality and heavy taxation to pay tribute to the Assyrian king Pul (2 Kings 15:19-20). Pekahiah's succession indicates a continuation of his father's dynasty, albeit briefly. His name, meaning "Yahweh has opened the eyes," contrasts with his short and troubled reign.

and reigned in Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by Omri (1 Kings 16:24). It served as the political and religious center of Israel, often associated with idolatry and apostasy (1 Kings 16:31-33). The city's strategic location made it a focal point for conflict and conquest, particularly by the Assyrians. Samaria's significance is underscored by its frequent mention in prophetic literature, symbolizing Israel's unfaithfulness.

two years
Pekahiah's reign was notably brief, lasting only two years. This short duration reflects the ongoing political turmoil and frequent coups in the Northern Kingdom. His assassination by Pekah, one of his own officers (2 Kings 15:25), underscores the instability and violence that plagued Israel during this period. The brevity of his reign highlights the contrast with the longer, more stable reigns in Judah, such as that of Azariah.

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual evaluation from God's perspective, emphasizing divine judgment rather than human opinion. The "evil" refers to actions contrary to God's commandments, often involving idolatry and injustice. The phrase "in the sight of the LORD" underscores God's omniscience and the accountability of leaders to divine standards. This evaluation is a recurring theme in the books of Kings, highlighting the spiritual decline of Israel and Judah.

and did not turn away from the sins
This suggests a continuation and persistence in sinful behavior, indicating a lack of repentance or reform. The concept of "turning away" is significant in biblical theology, often associated with repentance and returning to God. The failure to turn away from sin reflects a hardened heart and a rejection of God's call to righteousness. This phrase also implies a missed opportunity for redemption and change.

that Jeroboam son of Nebat had caused Israel to commit
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, is infamous for establishing idol worship, specifically the golden calves at Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30). His actions set a precedent for idolatry that plagued Israel throughout its history. The phrase highlights the enduring influence of Jeroboam's sin, which became a benchmark for evaluating subsequent kings. This reference serves as a reminder of the long-lasting impact of leadership decisions and the importance of faithfulness to God.

Then his officer, Pekah son of Remaliah, conspired against him
Pekah, an officer in the army, is identified as the son of Remaliah, indicating his lineage and possibly his ambition. Conspiracy was not uncommon in the Northern Kingdom of Israel, reflecting the political instability and frequent changes in leadership. This act of conspiracy aligns with the pattern of violent power transitions seen throughout the history of Israel's kings.

along with Argob, Arieh, and fifty men of Gilead.
Argob and Arieh are mentioned as co-conspirators, though little else is known about them. The inclusion of fifty men from Gilead suggests that Pekah had significant military support, as Gilead was a region known for its warriors. This detail highlights the organized and premeditated nature of the coup.

And at the citadel of the king’s palace in Samaria,
The citadel in Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom, was a fortified area within the city, serving as the king's residence and a symbol of royal authority. The choice of this location for the assassination underscores the boldness of the conspiracy and the vulnerability of the reigning king, Pekahiah.

Pekah struck down and killed Pekahiah
Pekah's assassination of Pekahiah marks a violent transfer of power, a common occurrence in the Northern Kingdom. Pekahiah's reign was short, and his death reflects the fulfillment of the prophetic warnings against the house of Israel for their idolatry and disobedience to God.

and reigned in his place.
Pekah's ascension to the throne signifies another shift in Israel's leadership, continuing the cycle of instability. His reign would later be marked by conflict with Assyria, fulfilling prophecies of judgment against Israel. This event foreshadows the eventual downfall of the Northern Kingdom, as prophesied by prophets like Hosea and Amos.

As for the rest of the acts of Pekahiah
Pekahiah was the son of Menahem and reigned as king of Israel for a brief period. His reign is noted for its continuation of the idolatrous practices that characterized the Northern Kingdom. The phrase suggests that there were additional deeds and events during his reign that are not detailed in the biblical narrative, indicating a broader historical context that the biblical authors chose not to include. This reflects the common biblical practice of summarizing the reigns of kings, focusing on their spiritual and covenantal significance rather than exhaustive historical detail.

along with all his accomplishments
The term "accomplishments" may refer to political, military, or administrative actions taken by Pekahiah during his reign. However, the biblical text does not elaborate on these, possibly indicating that his reign was not marked by significant achievements or that his actions were overshadowed by his idolatry and the subsequent judgment upon Israel. This omission highlights the biblical emphasis on faithfulness to God over secular success.

they are indeed written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel
This phrase refers to a historical record that is distinct from the biblical books of Chronicles. The "Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel" is a non-extant source that likely contained detailed accounts of the reigns of the kings of the Northern Kingdom. Its mention underscores the existence of other historical documents that were used as sources by the biblical authors. This practice of referencing external records is seen throughout the books of Kings, providing a historical framework for the biblical narrative. The emphasis on written records also reflects the importance of documentation and record-keeping in the ancient Near East.

Pekah Reigns in Israel

In the fifty-second year of Azariah’s reign over Judah
Azariah, also known as Uzziah, was a king of Judah whose reign is noted for its length and prosperity. His reign is recorded in 2 Kings 15:1-7 and 2 Chronicles 26. Azariah's long reign provided stability in Judah, contrasting with the frequent changes of leadership in Israel. His reign is marked by military success and building projects, but also by his pride, which led to his downfall and leprosy (2 Chronicles 26:16-21). This timeframe situates the events in the Northern Kingdom of Israel within the broader context of Judah's history.

Pekah son of Remaliah became king of Israel
Pekah was a military officer who assassinated King Pekahiah to seize the throne (2 Kings 15:25). His rise to power reflects the political instability and frequent coups in the Northern Kingdom during this period. Pekah's reign is characterized by alliances and conflicts with surrounding nations, including Aram and Assyria. His name, meaning "open-eyed," may suggest a perception of vigilance or insight, though his actions led Israel further into idolatry and conflict.

and he reigned in Samaria twenty years
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by Omri (1 Kings 16:24). It was a center of political and religious activity, often associated with idolatry and syncretism. Pekah's twenty-year reign was marked by significant challenges, including the Syro-Ephraimite War, where he allied with Rezin of Aram against Judah (Isaiah 7:1-9). This period saw increasing Assyrian pressure, leading to the eventual fall of Samaria in 722 BC. Pekah's reign is a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, as prophesied by prophets like Hosea and Amos.

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual evaluation from God's perspective, a common assessment in the books of Kings. The "evil" refers to actions contrary to God's commandments, often involving idolatry and injustice. The phrase "in the sight of the LORD" emphasizes that God's judgment is based on His omniscient view, not human standards. This evaluation is consistent with the Deuteronomic history, which measures kings by their faithfulness to the covenant with Yahweh.

and did not turn away from the sins
The failure to "turn away" suggests a lack of repentance and reform. In the biblical narrative, repentance is a turning back to God, often accompanied by the removal of idols and a return to the worship of Yahweh alone. This phrase highlights the king's persistence in sinful practices, which is a recurring theme in the history of Israel's monarchy. The concept of repentance is central to the prophetic messages throughout the Old Testament, calling Israel to return to God.

that Jeroboam son of Nebat had caused Israel to commit
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, established a pattern of idolatry by setting up golden calves at Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30). This act was a direct violation of the first two commandments and led Israel into sin. The phrase underscores the enduring influence of Jeroboam's actions, which set a precedent for subsequent kings. This reference to Jeroboam's sin serves as a historical and theological marker, illustrating the long-term consequences of disobedience to God. The legacy of Jeroboam's sin is a cautionary tale about the impact of leadership and the importance of faithfulness to God's commands.

In the days of Pekah king of Israel
Pekah was the son of Remaliah and reigned over Israel in Samaria for twenty years. His reign is noted for its instability and idolatry, which ultimately led to the weakening of the northern kingdom. Pekah's rule was marked by political alliances and conflicts, including his opposition to the Assyrian empire. His reign is a continuation of the spiritual decline that characterized the northern kingdom after the division of Israel.

Tiglath-pileser king of Assyria
Tiglath-pileser III was a powerful and expansionist ruler of Assyria, reigning from 745 to 727 BC. He is known for his military campaigns and administrative reforms that strengthened Assyria's control over its territories. His involvement in Israel's affairs marks a significant moment in the history of the region, as Assyria's influence began to dominate the political landscape. This event is part of the larger narrative of Assyria's rise to power and its impact on the nations of the ancient Near East.

came and captured Ijon, Abel-beth-maacah, Janoah, Kedesh, Hazor, Gilead, and Galilee
These locations represent key cities and regions in the northern kingdom of Israel. Ijon and Abel-beth-maacah were situated in the northernmost part of Israel, near the border with Aram (Syria). Janoah, Kedesh, and Hazor were significant cities in the region of Naphtali. Gilead was a region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and rugged terrain. Galilee, a fertile and strategically important area, would later become significant in the New Testament as the region where Jesus conducted much of His ministry. The capture of these areas by Assyria signifies the beginning of the end for the northern kingdom, as it loses its territorial integrity and independence.

including all the land of Naphtali
Naphtali was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, located in the northern part of the kingdom. The tribe's territory was known for its beauty and fertility, as well as its strategic importance. The loss of Naphtali to Assyria was a devastating blow to Israel, both economically and militarily. This event fulfills earlier warnings given by prophets about the consequences of Israel's disobedience and idolatry.

and he took the people as captives to Assyria
The deportation of the Israelites to Assyria was a common practice by the Assyrians to prevent rebellion and assimilate conquered peoples. This event marks the beginning of the exile for the northern kingdom, a pivotal moment in Israel's history. The loss of identity and homeland would have profound spiritual and cultural implications for the Israelites. This captivity is a precursor to the later Babylonian exile of Judah and serves as a backdrop for the prophetic messages of hope and restoration found in the Old Testament.

Then Hoshea son of Elah led a conspiracy against Pekah son of Remaliah.
Hoshea's conspiracy against Pekah reflects the turbulent political climate of the Northern Kingdom of Israel during this period. The kingdom was marked by instability and frequent changes in leadership, often through violent means. Pekah, who had seized the throne by assassinating King Pekahiah, faced opposition from within his own ranks. Hoshea's actions are indicative of the internal strife and the lack of a stable succession process in Israel. This period was characterized by alliances and conflicts with surrounding nations, including Assyria, which played a significant role in the region's politics. The conspiracy also highlights the fulfillment of divine judgment against the house of Israel for their continued idolatry and disobedience to God's commandments.

In the twentieth year of Jotham son of Uzziah,
Jotham was the king of Judah, the Southern Kingdom, and his reign is noted for his efforts to maintain the worship of Yahweh and his relative stability compared to the Northern Kingdom. The mention of Jotham's reign provides a chronological anchor, situating the events within the broader historical context of the divided monarchy. Jotham's reign is described in 2 Kings 15:32-38 and 2 Chronicles 27, where he is portrayed as a king who did what was right in the eyes of the Lord, although he did not remove the high places. This contrast between the relative faithfulness of Judah and the apostasy of Israel underscores the spiritual decline of the Northern Kingdom.

Hoshea attacked Pekah, killed him, and reigned in his place.
Hoshea's assassination of Pekah and subsequent reign marks another violent transition of power in Israel. This act of regicide was not uncommon in the history of the Northern Kingdom, where several kings came to power through similar means. Hoshea's reign, however, would be the last for the Northern Kingdom, as he would eventually become a vassal to the Assyrian Empire before the kingdom's ultimate fall and exile. The political instability and moral decline of Israel during this time are seen as consequences of their departure from the covenant with God. The prophetic voices of Amos and Hosea, who ministered during this period, warned of impending judgment and called for repentance, but their messages went largely unheeded. Hoshea's reign is detailed further in 2 Kings 17, where his failure to heed the warnings of the prophets and his reliance on foreign alliances ultimately led to the Assyrian conquest and the end of the Northern Kingdom.

As for the rest of the acts of Pekah
Pekah was a king of Israel who reigned during a tumultuous period marked by political instability and external threats. His reign is noted for its military engagements and alliances, particularly with Rezin of Aram against Judah. This phrase suggests that Pekah's actions were significant enough to be recorded, indicating his impact on Israel's history. His reign is also characterized by idolatry and deviation from the worship of Yahweh, which was common among the kings of Israel.

along with all his accomplishments
Pekah's accomplishments include his military campaigns and his role in the Syro-Ephraimite War, where he allied with Rezin to attack Judah. This alliance was a strategic move to resist the growing power of Assyria. However, his accomplishments are overshadowed by his failure to lead Israel back to covenant faithfulness. His reign ended with his assassination, reflecting the instability and moral decline of the Northern Kingdom.

they are indeed written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel
This phrase refers to a historical record that is no longer extant but was used as a source for the biblical authors. It suggests that Pekah's reign was documented in detail, providing a fuller account of his rule than what is preserved in the biblical narrative. The mention of this book highlights the practice of recording royal annals, a common practice in the ancient Near East, which served as official records of a king's reign. This also underscores the historical reliability of the biblical text, as it draws from contemporary sources.

Jotham Reigns in Judah

In the second year of the reign of Pekah son of Remaliah over Israel
This phrase situates the events within the broader timeline of the divided monarchy, where Israel and Judah were separate kingdoms. Pekah, son of Remaliah, was a king of Israel who came to power through a coup, overthrowing Pekahiah. His reign is marked by political instability and conflict with Assyria. The reference to Pekah's second year helps to synchronize the events in Judah with those in Israel, providing a chronological framework for understanding the historical context. This period was characterized by significant tension between the two kingdoms, often leading to alliances with foreign powers.

Jotham son of Uzziah became king of Judah
Jotham's ascension to the throne marks a continuation of the Davidic line in Judah, emphasizing the stability and continuity of Judah's monarchy compared to Israel's frequent changes in leadership. Jotham was the son of Uzziah (also known as Azariah), who was a generally good king but was struck with leprosy for his pride. Jotham is noted for his righteous reign, following in the ways of his father but avoiding his mistakes. His rule is characterized by building projects and military successes, as recorded in 2 Chronicles 27. Jotham's reign is a period of relative peace and prosperity for Judah, contrasting with the turmoil in Israel. His leadership is seen as a type of Christ, as he is a king who does what is right in the eyes of the Lord, pointing to the ultimate righteous reign of Jesus.

He was twenty-five years old when he became king
This phrase indicates the age at which Jotham ascended to the throne of Judah. In the context of ancient Near Eastern monarchies, becoming king at a relatively young age was not uncommon. Jotham's age suggests a period of preparation and possibly co-regency with his father, Uzziah, who was struck with leprosy (2 Kings 15:5). This transition period would have allowed Jotham to gain experience in governance and leadership.

and he reigned in Jerusalem sixteen years
Jotham's reign in Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, lasted for sixteen years. This period was marked by relative stability and prosperity, as Jotham is noted for doing what was right in the eyes of the LORD (2 Kings 15:34). Jerusalem, as the political and spiritual center of Judah, was significant in maintaining the Davidic line, which is central to biblical prophecy concerning the Messiah (2 Samuel 7:12-16). Jotham's reign is also mentioned in the context of the Assyrian threat, which began to loom over the region during this time.

His mother’s name was Jerusha daughter of Zadok
The mention of Jotham's mother, Jerusha, and her father, Zadok, highlights the importance of maternal lineage in the biblical narrative. Jerusha's name, meaning "possession" or "inheritance," and her connection to Zadok, a name associated with righteousness, may imply a heritage of faithfulness. The inclusion of maternal lineage in the biblical text often underscores the influence of the mother in the king's upbringing and character. This detail also serves to authenticate the historical record, as genealogies were crucial for establishing legitimacy and continuity in the royal line.

And he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD
This phrase indicates a king who followed the commandments and statutes of God, aligning his reign with divine expectations. In the context of the Kings of Judah, this is a significant commendation, as many kings did not follow God's ways. The phrase suggests a commitment to the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, emphasizing obedience and faithfulness. This aligns with Deuteronomy 6:18, which instructs the Israelites to do what is right and good in the sight of the Lord. It also reflects the biblical theme of divine approval being contingent upon adherence to God's laws.

just as his father Uzziah had done
Uzziah, also known as Azariah, was a king of Judah who initially did what was right in the eyes of the Lord, as recorded in 2 Kings 15:3. His reign was marked by military success and prosperity, attributed to his faithfulness to God. However, Uzziah's later years were marred by pride, leading to his downfall and leprosy as a divine punishment (2 Chronicles 26:16-21). This phrase highlights the importance of following a godly example, while also serving as a cautionary reminder of the consequences of pride and disobedience. It underscores the biblical principle that leaders are accountable to God for their actions and the spiritual state of their nation.

Nevertheless, the high places were not taken away;
The high places were sites of worship located on elevated ground, often associated with pagan rituals. Despite reforms by some kings, these sites persisted in Israel and Judah. The failure to remove them indicates incomplete obedience to God's commands (Deuteronomy 12:2-4). This reflects a recurring theme in the history of Israel, where partial reforms were made, but full adherence to God's law was lacking. The persistence of high places suggests a struggle between traditional Canaanite practices and the worship of Yahweh.

the people continued sacrificing and burning incense there.
Sacrificing and burning incense were central acts of worship, intended to be performed at the temple in Jerusalem. The continuation of these practices at high places indicates a syncretism, blending Yahweh worship with local customs. This disobedience highlights the people's attachment to familiar religious practices, despite prophetic warnings (1 Kings 22:43). It underscores the challenge of leading a nation to pure worship and the ease with which people revert to comfortable traditions.

Jotham rebuilt the Upper Gate of the house of the LORD.
Jotham, king of Judah, is noted for his construction projects, which included fortifying Jerusalem. The Upper Gate was part of the temple complex, possibly enhancing security or accessibility. This act demonstrates Jotham's commitment to the temple, aligning with his generally positive evaluation as a king who did what was right in the eyes of the LORD (2 Kings 15:34). The rebuilding signifies a focus on maintaining and improving the central place of worship, contrasting with the neglect of removing high places. This action can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate restorer and builder of God's spiritual house, the Church (Ephesians 2:19-22).

As for the rest of the acts of Jotham
Jotham was the son of Uzziah and reigned as king of Judah. His reign is noted for his faithfulness to God, unlike many of the kings of Israel and Judah. The phrase suggests that there were additional deeds and events during Jotham's reign that are not detailed in this particular passage. His acts would have included his military campaigns, administrative decisions, and religious reforms. Jotham is credited with building projects, including the construction of the Upper Gate of the Temple of the LORD, which signifies his commitment to maintaining the religious integrity of Judah.

along with his accomplishments
Jotham's accomplishments were significant in maintaining the stability and prosperity of Judah during his reign. He is known for his successful military campaigns against the Ammonites, which resulted in tribute payments to Judah. His reign was marked by relative peace and prosperity, which can be attributed to his adherence to the ways of the LORD, as noted in other biblical accounts. His accomplishments also include fortifying cities and strengthening the defenses of Judah, which were crucial for the kingdom's security.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah?
This phrase indicates that a more detailed account of Jotham's reign can be found in another historical source, the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah. This book is distinct from the biblical books of 1 and 2 Chronicles and served as a royal archive or record of the kings' reigns. It suggests that the biblical narrative is selective and that additional historical records were available to the original audience. This reference underscores the importance of written records in ancient Israelite culture for preserving history and ensuring the continuity of the Davidic line.

In those days
This phrase situates the events within a specific historical context. The time period is during the reign of King Jotham of Judah, who ruled from approximately 750 to 735 BC. This era was marked by political instability and external threats to the kingdom of Judah.

the LORD began to send
This indicates divine intervention and sovereignty over the affairs of nations. The LORD's involvement suggests that the events were part of a larger divine plan or judgment. This aligns with the biblical theme that God uses nations to accomplish His purposes, as seen in other instances such as the Assyrian and Babylonian captivities.

Rezin king of Aram
Rezin was the king of Aram, also known as Syria, with its capital in Damascus. Aram was a significant regional power and often in conflict with Israel and Judah. Rezin's involvement highlights the geopolitical tensions of the time. Archaeological findings, such as inscriptions, confirm the existence of Aram and its interactions with neighboring kingdoms.

and Pekah son of Remaliah
Pekah was the king of Israel, the northern kingdom, and reigned from approximately 752 to 732 BC. His alliance with Rezin against Judah is part of the Syro-Ephraimite War, a significant conflict in the region. This alliance is also mentioned in Isaiah 7, where the prophet Isaiah addresses the threat posed by these two kings.

against Judah
Judah, the southern kingdom, was under threat from this alliance. The political and military pressure from Rezin and Pekah was a significant challenge for King Jotham and his successor, Ahaz. This period of conflict is a backdrop for the prophecies of Isaiah, who reassured the house of David of God's protection despite the immediate threats.

And Jotham rested with his fathers
This phrase indicates the death of Jotham, the king of Judah. The expression "rested with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, suggesting a peaceful passing and a joining with ancestors. It reflects the belief in an afterlife and the continuation of one's lineage. Jotham's reign was marked by relative stability and faithfulness to God, as noted in 2 Kings 15:34, where he is described as doing what was right in the eyes of the Lord.

and was buried with them in the City of David his father.
The City of David refers to Jerusalem, specifically the area that was the original stronghold captured by King David. Being buried in the City of David was an honor, signifying Jotham's legitimate and respected place in the Davidic line. This burial location underscores the importance of the Davidic covenant, which promised that David's descendants would continue to rule. Archaeological evidence supports the existence of royal tombs in this area, though specific identifications remain debated.

And his son Ahaz reigned in his place.
Ahaz's succession to the throne marks a significant transition. Unlike his father, Ahaz is noted for his unfaithfulness to God, as detailed in 2 Kings 16. His reign is characterized by idolatry and political alliances that compromised Judah's spiritual integrity. This transition highlights the recurring biblical theme of the faithfulness of one generation not guaranteeing the same in the next. Ahaz's reign sets the stage for the prophetic ministry of Isaiah, who warned against the very alliances Ahaz pursued.

This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. Please send all comments and recommendations to bereanstudybible@aol.com.



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