When Jesus had finished saying these things
This phrase marks a transition in the Gospel of Matthew, indicating the conclusion of a significant teaching or discourse by Jesus. The Greek word for "finished" (ἐτέλεσεν, etelesen) suggests a sense of completion or fulfillment, emphasizing the authority and finality of Jesus' teachings. In the context of Matthew, this often signals a shift from teaching to action, as Jesus moves from instructing His disciples to engaging with the broader public. This pattern reflects the structure of Matthew's Gospel, which is organized around five major discourses, reminiscent of the Pentateuch, underscoring Jesus as the new Moses.

He left Galilee
Galilee, a region in northern Israel, was the primary setting for much of Jesus' early ministry. It was a place of mixed populations, including Jews and Gentiles, which is significant for understanding Jesus' mission to both groups. The act of leaving Galilee symbolizes a transition in Jesus' ministry, as He moves towards the culmination of His earthly mission in Jerusalem. This geographical movement also reflects the prophetic journey of the Messiah, as foretold in the Hebrew Scriptures, moving from the periphery to the center of Jewish religious life.

and went into the region of Judea
Judea, located in the southern part of ancient Israel, was the heartland of Jewish religious and cultural life, home to Jerusalem and the Temple. By moving into Judea, Jesus is entering a region with heightened religious and political significance. This journey foreshadows the impending confrontation with the religious authorities and the fulfillment of His redemptive work. Historically, Judea was under Roman occupation, adding a layer of tension and expectation for a messianic deliverer.

beyond the Jordan
The phrase "beyond the Jordan" refers to the area east of the Jordan River, known as Perea. This region was part of the tetrarchy of Herod Antipas and had a mixed population, similar to Galilee. The Jordan River itself holds deep symbolic meaning in Jewish history, representing a boundary and a place of transition, as seen in the Israelites' crossing into the Promised Land. Jesus' movement beyond the Jordan signifies a crossing into new territory, both geographically and spiritually, as He prepares for the final phase of His ministry. This journey also echoes the prophetic tradition of crossing the Jordan as a prelude to significant divine action.

Large crowds
The phrase "large crowds" indicates the significant impact Jesus had on the people of His time. The Greek word used here is "ὄχλοι πολλοί" (ochloi polloi), which emphasizes not just the number but the diversity and eagerness of the people. Historically, this reflects the widespread anticipation of a Messiah and the hope that Jesus inspired among the Jewish people. The crowds were drawn to Jesus not only for His teachings but also for the miracles He performed, which were seen as signs of divine authority.

followed Him
The act of following Jesus, "ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ" (ēkolouthēsan autō), suggests more than just physical movement. It implies a commitment to His teachings and a desire to be close to Him. In the Jewish context, following a rabbi was a sign of discipleship and a willingness to learn and adopt the rabbi's way of life. This phrase highlights the authority and charisma of Jesus, who attracted followers from all walks of life.

and He healed them
The Greek word for healed, "ἐθεράπευσεν" (etherapeusen), indicates a restoration to health and wholeness. This is not just physical healing but also spiritual and emotional restoration. In the biblical context, healing was a sign of the coming Kingdom of God, where brokenness would be made whole. Jesus' healing acts were a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah, which spoke of the Messiah bringing healing and liberation.

there
The word "there" (ἐκεῖ, ekei) signifies the specific location where Jesus performed these healings. It underscores the immediacy and accessibility of Jesus' ministry. Unlike other religious leaders of the time who might have been distant or unapproachable, Jesus was present among the people, meeting them in their places of need. This reflects the incarnational aspect of Jesus' ministry, where God meets humanity in its everyday circumstances.

Some Pharisees
The Pharisees were a prominent religious group in Judaism during the time of Jesus. Known for their strict adherence to the Law of Moses and oral traditions, they often clashed with Jesus over interpretations of the law. The Greek word "Pharisaioi" indicates a sect that prided itself on piety and knowledge of the law. Historically, the Pharisees were influential in the synagogues and among the common people, often seen as the religious elite who sought to maintain Jewish identity under Roman rule.

came to test Him
The phrase "came to test Him" reveals the Pharisees' intentions. The Greek word "peirazō" means to test or tempt, often with malicious intent. This was not a genuine inquiry but a strategic move to trap Jesus in a theological or legal error. The historical context shows that religious leaders frequently challenged Jesus, hoping to discredit Him among His followers or to find grounds for accusation.

They asked
The act of asking here is more than a simple question; it is a calculated challenge. The Greek "erōtaō" implies a formal inquiry, often used in legal or scholarly settings. This reflects the Pharisees' role as authorities in religious law, attempting to assert their dominance over Jesus by questioning His teachings.

Is it lawful
The question of legality refers to the Mosaic Law, which governed Jewish life. The Greek "exesti" means permissible or allowed, indicating a focus on what is sanctioned by the law. This reflects the Pharisees' concern with legalistic righteousness, emphasizing adherence to the letter of the law rather than its spirit.

for a man to divorce his wife
Divorce was a contentious issue in Jewish society, with different schools of thought interpreting the law's allowances. The Greek "apoluō" means to release or send away, highlighting the act of separation. Historically, the debate centered around Deuteronomy 24:1, where Moses permitted divorce under certain conditions. The Pharisees' question probes Jesus' stance on this divisive issue.

for any reason
This phrase captures the heart of the debate. The Greek "kata pasan aitian" suggests a broad interpretation, allowing divorce for trivial reasons. The historical context reveals that the school of Hillel permitted divorce for almost any cause, while the school of Shammai restricted it to cases of serious transgression. The Pharisees' question seeks to position Jesus within this debate, testing His adherence to or deviation from traditional interpretations.

He replied
In this passage, Jesus is responding to a question posed by the Pharisees. The Greek word used here is "ἀποκριθεὶς" (apokritheis), which means to answer or reply. This indicates a direct and authoritative response from Jesus, emphasizing His role as a teacher and interpreter of the law. In the context of the Gospels, Jesus often uses questions as a teaching tool, turning inquiries into opportunities for deeper understanding.

Have you not read
This phrase challenges the Pharisees' understanding of the Scriptures. The Greek word "ἀνέγνωτε" (anegnōte) implies a familiarity with the text, suggesting that the Pharisees, as religious leaders, should already know the answer. Jesus is pointing them back to the authority of Scripture, underscoring the importance of the written Word as the foundation for understanding God's will.

that from the beginning
The phrase "ἀπ' ἀρχῆς" (ap' archēs) refers to the creation narrative in Genesis. It highlights the original intent and design of God for humanity. By invoking "the beginning," Jesus is reminding His audience of the divine order established at creation, which serves as the ultimate standard for human relationships and morality.

the Creator
The Greek term "ὁ Κτίσας" (ho Ktisas) refers to God as the Creator. This emphasizes God's sovereignty and authority over all creation. In the context of this passage, it underscores the divine origin of marriage and the natural order established by God. Recognizing God as Creator is foundational to understanding His purposes and commands.

made them male and female
This phrase, "ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ" (arsen kai thēly), directly references Genesis 1:27. It affirms the binary nature of gender as part of God's original design. In a conservative Christian perspective, this is seen as a clear statement on the nature of humanity and the complementary roles of men and women. It underscores the belief in the intentionality and purposefulness of God's creation, particularly in the context of marriage and family.

and said
This phrase introduces a direct quotation from Scripture, specifically from Genesis 2:24. The use of "and said" indicates that Jesus is referencing the authoritative word of God. In the context of Matthew 19, Jesus is responding to a question about divorce, and by quoting Scripture, He emphasizes the divine origin and authority of the teaching on marriage. The Greek word for "said" (εἶπεν, eipen) underscores the importance of the spoken word in conveying God's eternal truths.

‘For this reason
This phrase points to the purpose or cause behind the subsequent action. In the context of Genesis, it refers to the creation of woman and the establishment of the marital relationship. The Greek phrase "ἕνεκεν τούτου" (heneken toutou) suggests a foundational principle that underlies the institution of marriage. It implies that marriage is not a human invention but a divine ordinance rooted in the very act of creation.

a man will leave
The act of leaving signifies a transition from one primary relationship to another. The Greek word "καταλείψει" (kataleipsei) means to leave behind or forsake. This leaving is not merely physical but involves a reordering of priorities, where the marital relationship takes precedence over the parental bond. It reflects the establishment of a new family unit, ordained by God.

his father and mother
This phrase highlights the traditional family structure, where the parental home is the initial place of belonging and identity. In ancient Jewish culture, family ties were strong, and the act of leaving one's parents was significant. It underscores the seriousness and commitment involved in the marriage covenant, as it requires a shift in allegiance and loyalty.

and be united
The phrase "be united" comes from the Greek word "προσκολληθήσεται" (proskollēthēsetai), which means to be glued or joined together. This denotes a deep, inseparable bond that is both physical and spiritual. The union in marriage is intended to be intimate and enduring, reflecting the unity and permanence that God designed for the marital relationship.

to his wife
The term "wife" (γυναῖκα, gynaika) signifies the woman as a partner and counterpart to the man. In the biblical context, the wife is not merely a companion but an essential part of the marital union. This relationship is characterized by mutual respect, love, and support, as outlined in other scriptural passages such as Ephesians 5:22-33.

and the two will become one flesh’?
This profound statement encapsulates the mystery and beauty of the marital union. The phrase "one flesh" (σὰρκα μίαν, sarka mian) indicates a complete and holistic joining of two individuals. It encompasses physical, emotional, and spiritual dimensions, symbolizing the total unity and oneness that marriage is meant to achieve. This concept is foundational to the Christian understanding of marriage, emphasizing its sacredness and indissolubility. The reference to "two" becoming "one" highlights the transformative power of marriage, where individual identities are harmonized in a shared life and purpose.

So they are no longer two
This phrase emphasizes the transformation that occurs in marriage. The Greek word for "no longer" (οὐκέτι, ouketi) signifies a definitive change in status. Historically, marriage in Jewish culture was not just a social contract but a divine covenant. The two individuals, once separate, are now united in a profound and spiritual way. This reflects the Genesis account of creation, where God made Eve from Adam's rib, symbolizing that man and woman are inherently connected.

but one flesh
The term "one flesh" (μία σὰρξ, mia sarx) is deeply rooted in the creation narrative of Genesis 2:24, where a man leaves his parents and cleaves to his wife. This union is not merely physical but encompasses emotional, spiritual, and covenantal dimensions. In the conservative Christian perspective, this unity is sacred and reflects the mystery of Christ's relationship with the Church, as described in Ephesians 5:31-32. The "one flesh" union is a divine mystery that transcends human understanding, symbolizing complete unity and harmony.

Therefore what God has joined together
The phrase "what God has joined together" (ὃ οὖν ὁ Θεὸς συνέζευξεν, ho oun ho Theos synezeuxen) underscores the divine origin and authority over the marriage covenant. The verb "joined together" (συνέζευξεν, synezeuxen) implies a yoking or binding, indicating that marriage is not merely a human agreement but a divine ordinance. In the historical context, Jewish weddings were seen as orchestrated by God, and this view is affirmed by Jesus, who elevates marriage to a sacred institution established by God Himself.

let man not separate
This command (χωριζέτω, chorizeto) is a strong prohibition against human interference in the divine union of marriage. The Greek verb "separate" implies a tearing apart or division, which is contrary to God's design. In the conservative Christian view, this underscores the permanence and sanctity of marriage. Divorce, therefore, is seen as a deviation from God's original plan. Historically, the Pharisees debated the grounds for divorce, but Jesus' teaching here reaffirms the indissolubility of marriage as intended from creation.

Why then
This phrase introduces a question posed by the Pharisees, who were often in opposition to Jesus. The Greek word "τί" (ti) for "why" indicates a challenge or inquiry into the reasoning behind a particular teaching. The Pharisees are questioning Jesus, seeking to understand or perhaps to trap Him in His teachings. This reflects the historical context of the Pharisees' role as religious leaders who often tested Jesus' adherence to Mosaic Law.

they asked
The Pharisees are the ones asking the question. This reflects their position as religious authorities who were well-versed in the Law of Moses. Their questioning is not merely for understanding but is often a test of Jesus' authority and interpretation of the law. Historically, the Pharisees were known for their strict adherence to the law and traditions, which often put them at odds with Jesus' teachings.

did Moses command
The reference to Moses is significant because Moses is a central figure in Jewish law and tradition. The Greek word "ἐνετείλατο" (eneteilato) means "commanded," indicating a directive or ordinance. The Pharisees are referring to Deuteronomy 24:1-4, where Moses permitted divorce under certain conditions. This highlights the historical and scriptural context where Moses' laws were foundational to Jewish life and religious practice.

that a man give his wife a certificate of divorce
The "certificate of divorce" is a legal document mentioned in Deuteronomy 24:1. The Greek term "βιβλίον ἀποστασίου" (biblion apostasiou) refers to this formal document. In the historical context, this certificate was meant to protect the rights of the woman, allowing her to remarry. The Pharisees are questioning Jesus about this practice, which was a common legal procedure in their time.

and send her away?
The phrase "send her away" translates from the Greek "ἀπολύω" (apolyo), meaning to release or dismiss. This reflects the practice of divorce in ancient Jewish culture, where a man could divorce his wife by giving her a certificate and sending her away. The historical context here is crucial, as it shows the societal norms and legal practices regarding marriage and divorce during that period.

Jesus replied
In this phrase, we see the authority of Jesus as He addresses the Pharisees' question about divorce. The Greek word for "replied" is "ἀποκρίνομαι" (apokrinomai), which implies a response with authority and insight. Jesus, as the Son of God, provides divine clarification on the matter, emphasizing His role as the ultimate interpreter of the Law.

Moses permitted
The word "permitted" comes from the Greek "ἐπέτρεψεν" (epetrepsen), indicating allowance rather than command. Moses, as the lawgiver, allowed divorce due to the people's circumstances, not as an ideal. This highlights the flexibility within the Mosaic Law to address human weakness, yet it was not God's original intention.

you to divorce your wives
The phrase "to divorce your wives" reflects the cultural and legal practices of the time. The Greek word for "divorce" is "ἀπολύω" (apolyō), meaning to release or send away. In the historical context, divorce was a legal action that primarily affected women, who were often left vulnerable. Jesus' teaching here challenges the casual approach to divorce prevalent in His time.

because of your hardness of heart
The term "hardness of heart" is translated from the Greek "σκληροκαρδία" (sklērōkardia), which denotes stubbornness or obstinacy. This phrase indicates a spiritual condition where individuals resist God's will. Jesus points out that the allowance for divorce was a concession to human sinfulness, not a reflection of God's perfect will.

But it was not this way from the beginning
Here, Jesus refers to the original design for marriage as established in Genesis. The phrase "from the beginning" underscores the divine intention for marriage to be a lifelong covenant. By pointing back to creation, Jesus reaffirms the sanctity and permanence of marriage as God intended, challenging His listeners to return to this foundational truth.

Now I tell you
This phrase emphasizes the authority of Jesus as He speaks. In the Greek, "λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν" (legō de hymin) underscores the direct and personal nature of His teaching. Jesus is not merely offering an opinion but is delivering a divine truth. This authoritative declaration is consistent with His role as the ultimate lawgiver, surpassing the Mosaic Law with His divine insight.

whoever divorces his wife
The Greek word for "divorces" is "ἀπολύσῃ" (apolysē), which means to release or send away. In the historical context, divorce was a legal action that severed the marital bond. Jesus addresses the common practice of His time, where men could divorce their wives for trivial reasons, challenging the cultural norms and calling for a higher standard of marital commitment.

except for sexual immorality
The term "sexual immorality" is translated from the Greek word "πορνείας" (porneias), which encompasses a range of illicit sexual behaviors. This exception clause acknowledges the severe breach of the marital covenant that sexual immorality represents. In the Jewish context, such behavior was seen as a legitimate ground for divorce, aligning with the seriousness with which God views the sanctity of marriage.

and marries another woman
The act of marrying another woman after divorcing one's wife is central to the discussion of adultery. The Greek "γαμήσῃ ἄλλην" (gamēsē allēn) implies entering into a new marital covenant. Jesus highlights the gravity of this action, as it reflects a disregard for the original marital bond, which was intended to be lifelong and exclusive.

commits adultery
The Greek word "μοιχᾶται" (moichatai) is used here, indicating the act of adultery. This term is significant in the biblical context, as adultery is consistently condemned throughout Scripture as a violation of God's design for marriage. Jesus' teaching elevates the understanding of adultery beyond physical acts to include the breaking of the covenantal relationship established by God.

His disciples said to Him
The phrase "His disciples said to Him" indicates a direct response from those who were closest to Jesus, His disciples. In the Greek, "disciples" (μαθηταί, mathētai) refers to learners or followers, emphasizing their role as students of Jesus' teachings. This interaction highlights the disciples' engagement and their struggle to comprehend the radical nature of Jesus' teachings on marriage and divorce. Historically, disciples were expected to question and seek deeper understanding, which is evident here as they grapple with the implications of Jesus' words.

If this is the case
The phrase "If this is the case" reflects a conditional statement, showing the disciples' contemplation of the stringent conditions Jesus placed on marriage. The Greek word for "case" (αἰτία, aitia) can also mean cause or reason, suggesting that the disciples are considering the rationale behind Jesus' teaching. This reflects a moment of realization and perhaps shock, as the disciples begin to understand the seriousness and sanctity of the marriage covenant as Jesus presents it.

between a man and his wife
This phrase underscores the relational dynamic that Jesus is addressing. The Greek words for "man" (ἀνήρ, anēr) and "wife" (γυνή, gynē) denote a specific, God-ordained partnership. In the historical and cultural context of first-century Judaism, marriage was a covenantal relationship with deep spiritual and social implications. Jesus' teaching elevates this relationship, emphasizing its indissolubility and the mutual commitment required by both parties.

it is better not to marry
The conclusion "it is better not to marry" reveals the disciples' reaction to the high standard Jesus sets for marriage. The Greek word for "better" (συμφέρει, sympherei) suggests an advantage or benefit, indicating that the disciples perceive remaining unmarried as a preferable option given the stringent conditions. This reflects a common Jewish perspective of the time, where marriage was highly valued, yet the disciples are now considering celibacy as a viable and perhaps more prudent path in light of Jesus' teachings.

Not everyone can accept this word
This phrase introduces a profound truth about the nature of spiritual teachings and the human heart's readiness to receive them. The Greek word for "accept" is "χωρέω" (chōreō), which implies making room for or containing something. In the context of Jesus' teachings, it suggests that not all hearts are prepared or willing to make room for the challenging truths of the Kingdom of God. Historically, this reflects the varied responses to Jesus' message, as some were open and receptive, while others were resistant or hostile. The phrase underscores the necessity of spiritual readiness and openness to divine truths.

but only those to whom it has been given
This part of the verse emphasizes the divine sovereignty and grace involved in understanding and accepting spiritual truths. The Greek word "δίδωμι" (didōmi) for "given" indicates a gift or bestowal, suggesting that the ability to accept Jesus' teachings is not merely a human effort but a divine gift. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that faith and understanding are gifts from God, as seen in Ephesians 2:8-9. It also highlights the mystery of divine election and the work of the Holy Spirit in illuminating hearts and minds to receive the truth of the Gospel. Historically, this has been a point of theological reflection and discussion, particularly in the context of God's sovereignty and human responsibility.

For there are eunuchs
The term "eunuchs" in the ancient world often referred to men who were castrated, typically to serve in royal courts. However, in this context, Jesus uses the term more broadly. The Greek word "εὐνοῦχος" (eunouchos) can also imply those who are celibate or abstain from marriage for various reasons. This introduction sets the stage for understanding different life circumstances and choices regarding celibacy.

who were born that way
This phrase acknowledges that some individuals are naturally predisposed to celibacy or lack the desire for traditional marital relations. It suggests an understanding of human diversity in sexual and relational inclinations, which can be seen as a recognition of God's varied creation. The phrase implies that such individuals are part of God's plan and purpose, created with unique roles in mind.

others were made that way by men
Historically, eunuchs were often created through castration, a practice common in ancient royal courts to ensure loyalty and prevent offspring. This phrase can also metaphorically refer to those who, through life circumstances or societal pressures, find themselves in a state of celibacy. It highlights the impact of human actions and societal structures on personal life choices.

and still others have renounced marriage
This refers to individuals who voluntarily choose celibacy for spiritual reasons. The Greek word "ἀποτάσσω" (apotassō) implies a deliberate decision to forgo marriage. This choice is often seen as a higher calling or dedication to spiritual pursuits, reflecting a commitment to serving God without the distractions of marital responsibilities.

because of the kingdom of heaven
This phrase provides the motivation for the voluntary renunciation of marriage. It emphasizes the spiritual focus and dedication to God's work as a primary reason for choosing celibacy. The "kingdom of heaven" is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing God's reign and the ultimate goal of Christian life. This choice is seen as a sacrifice made for the sake of advancing God's kingdom.

The one who can accept this should accept it
This concluding statement acknowledges that the call to celibacy is not for everyone. The Greek word "χωρέω" (chōreō) implies the capacity to make room for or to embrace this teaching. It suggests that celibacy is a special calling, requiring a particular grace and understanding. Jesus recognizes the diversity of callings within the Christian community and encourages individuals to discern their own path in alignment with God's will.

Then little children
The Greek word for "little children" here is "παιδία" (paidia), which refers to young children, possibly infants or toddlers. In the cultural context of the time, children were often seen as insignificant in the social hierarchy. However, Jesus' attention to them highlights the value He places on the innocent and humble, emphasizing that the kingdom of heaven is accessible to those who approach with childlike faith and humility.

were brought to Jesus
The act of bringing children to Jesus signifies the faith and hope of the parents or guardians. In the Jewish tradition, it was customary to bring children to a rabbi for a blessing. This reflects the belief in Jesus' authority and the desire for His blessing, acknowledging Him as a spiritual leader and a source of divine favor.

for Him to place His hands on them
The laying on of hands is a significant biblical gesture, symbolizing blessing, healing, and the impartation of grace. In the Old Testament, this act was often associated with the transfer of authority or blessing (e.g., Genesis 48:14). Here, it underscores Jesus' role as a mediator of God's blessing and His willingness to engage personally with the least in society.

and pray for them
Prayer in this context is an intercessory act, seeking God's favor and protection over the children. It reflects the importance of prayer in the life of believers and the belief in its power to invoke divine intervention and blessing. Jesus' willingness to pray for the children demonstrates His compassion and His role as an intercessor.

but the disciples rebuked them
The disciples' rebuke likely stems from a misunderstanding of Jesus' mission and priorities. They might have thought that Jesus' time was too valuable to be spent on children, reflecting societal norms that undervalued children. This rebuke serves as a reminder of the disciples' ongoing need for spiritual growth and understanding of Jesus' inclusive love and mission.

But Jesus said
This phrase introduces the direct words of Jesus, emphasizing His authority and the importance of His teachings. In the Greek, "Ἰησοῦς" (Iēsous) is the name for Jesus, which is derived from the Hebrew "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This highlights Jesus' role as the Savior and His divine authority to speak on matters of the kingdom of heaven.

Let the little children come to Me
The word "let" is a translation of the Greek "ἄφετε" (aphete), which means to allow or permit. This is a command from Jesus, indicating His desire for children to approach Him freely. "Little children" translates from "παιδία" (paidia), referring to young children, emphasizing their innocence and purity. The phrase "come to Me" signifies an invitation to approach Jesus, symbolizing the openness and accessibility of Christ to all, regardless of age or status.

and do not hinder them!
"Hinder" comes from the Greek "κωλύετε" (kōlyete), meaning to prevent or obstruct. Jesus is instructing His disciples and followers not to create barriers for children seeking Him. This reflects a broader principle of removing obstacles that prevent anyone from coming to Christ, underscoring the inclusive nature of the gospel.

For the kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these
The "kingdom of heaven" is a central theme in Matthew's Gospel, representing God's sovereign rule and the realm of eternal life. The phrase "belongs to such as these" indicates that the qualities found in children—such as humility, trust, and dependence—are essential for entering the kingdom. The Greek "τοιούτων" (toioutōn) means "such as these," pointing to the characteristics of children that believers must emulate. This statement by Jesus challenges societal norms that often undervalue children, instead elevating their status as exemplars of the faith required to enter God's kingdom.

And after He had placed His hands on them
This phrase signifies a moment of blessing and impartation. In the Jewish tradition, the laying on of hands was a significant act, often associated with blessing, healing, or commissioning. The Greek word for "placed" is "epitithēmi," which means to lay upon or impose. This act by Jesus is a demonstration of His love and acceptance of the children brought to Him, as seen in the preceding verses. It reflects the importance of blessing and the transmission of spiritual grace. The hands of Jesus symbolize divine touch and approval, emphasizing the value of each individual in the kingdom of God.

He went on from there
This phrase indicates a transition in Jesus' ministry. The Greek word "metabainō" is used here, meaning to pass over or move on. It suggests a purposeful movement, as Jesus continues His journey towards His ultimate mission. This movement is not just physical but also symbolic of the progression of His ministry. It reminds us that while Jesus took time to bless and minister to individuals, He was always moving forward in obedience to the Father's will. This serves as an inspiration for believers to balance personal ministry with the broader mission God has for their lives. The phrase also highlights the itinerant nature of Jesus' ministry, constantly moving to reach more people with His message of the kingdom.

Just then a man came up to Jesus
This phrase sets the scene for a personal encounter with Jesus, emphasizing the immediacy and directness of the interaction. The Greek word for "man" here is "ἄνθρωπος" (anthrōpos), which can refer to a human being in general, highlighting the universality of the question about eternal life. The approach to Jesus signifies a recognition of His authority and wisdom, as people often sought out rabbis for guidance. Historically, this reflects the Jewish custom of seeking a teacher for spiritual and moral instruction.

and inquired
The act of inquiring suggests a genuine search for knowledge or truth. The Greek word "ἐπηρώτησεν" (epērōtēsen) implies a respectful question, indicating the man's earnestness. This reflects the human condition of seeking answers to life's ultimate questions, a theme prevalent throughout the Scriptures. It also underscores the importance of approaching Jesus with a heart open to learning and transformation.

Teacher
The term "Teacher" is translated from the Greek "Διδάσκαλε" (Didaskale), a title of respect for someone who imparts wisdom and instruction. In the Jewish context, a teacher or rabbi was a revered figure who guided others in understanding the Law and living a righteous life. By addressing Jesus as "Teacher," the man acknowledges His authority and insight, setting the stage for a deeper revelation of Jesus' identity and mission.

what good thing must I do
This phrase reveals the man's mindset, focused on actions and deeds. The Greek word for "good" is "ἀγαθόν" (agathon), which denotes moral excellence or virtue. The question reflects a common Jewish belief in the necessity of performing good works to attain righteousness. However, it also sets up a contrast with Jesus' teaching that eternal life is not earned by deeds but is a gift of grace through faith.

to obtain eternal life
"Eternal life" in Greek is "ζωὴν αἰώνιον" (zōēn aiōnion), referring to life that is not only unending but also of a divine quality. This concept is central to Christian theology, representing the ultimate goal of human existence—union with God. The man's question highlights a universal human desire for immortality and purpose, pointing to the deeper spiritual truth that eternal life is found in relationship with Jesus Christ, who is the way, the truth, and the life (John 14:6).

Why do you ask Me about what is good?
In this phrase, Jesus challenges the young man's understanding of goodness. The Greek word for "good" here is "ἀγαθός" (agathos), which implies moral excellence and virtue. Jesus redirects the focus from human standards of goodness to divine standards, emphasizing that true goodness is not merely a human construct but is rooted in God's nature. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding that God alone is the source of all goodness, as seen in the Old Testament.

There is only One who is good
This statement underscores the monotheistic belief central to Judaism and Christianity that God alone embodies perfect goodness. The Greek word "εἷς" (heis) for "One" emphasizes the singularity and uniqueness of God. This aligns with Deuteronomy 6:4, the Shema, which declares the oneness of God. Jesus is affirming that all moral and ethical standards derive from God's character, and human goodness is a reflection of divine goodness.

If you want to enter life
Here, "life" refers to eternal life, a concept deeply rooted in Jewish eschatology and further developed in Christian theology. The Greek word "ζωή" (zōē) signifies not just physical life but a quality of life that is eternal and in communion with God. Jesus is inviting the young man to consider not just temporal existence but the eternal implications of his actions and beliefs.

keep the commandments
The phrase "keep the commandments" is a call to obedience and faithfulness to God's law. The Greek word "τηρέω" (tēreō) means to guard or observe, indicating a continuous, active commitment. In the historical context, the commandments refer to the Mosaic Law, which was central to Jewish life and worship. Jesus is not dismissing the law but rather affirming its role in guiding believers toward righteousness and a relationship with God. This reflects the conservative Christian view that while salvation is by grace through faith, obedience to God's commandments is evidence of genuine faith.

Which ones?” he inquired
This phrase reflects the rich young ruler's question to Jesus, seeking clarification on which commandments he must follow to inherit eternal life. The inquiry reveals a common human tendency to seek specific guidelines or checklists for righteousness. In the Greek, the word for "inquired" (ἐφη) suggests a desire for understanding or clarification. This moment highlights the young man's earnestness but also his misunderstanding of the holistic nature of God's commandments, which are not merely a list of rules but a call to a transformed heart and life.

Jesus replied
Jesus' response is direct and authoritative, reflecting His role as the ultimate teacher and interpreter of the Law. The Greek word for "replied" (ἔφη) indicates a definitive answer, underscoring Jesus' authority. This moment is significant as it shows Jesus' willingness to engage with sincere seekers and guide them towards truth. His response is not just about legalistic adherence but points towards the deeper moral and spiritual implications of the commandments.

“ ‘Do not murder
This commandment, originating from Exodus 20:13, is foundational to the moral law given to Israel. The Greek word for "murder" (φονεύσεις) encompasses unlawful killing and highlights the sanctity of human life, created in the image of God. In a broader sense, Jesus later expands this commandment in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:21-22), teaching that even harboring anger against another is akin to murder, thus emphasizing the heart's condition over mere external compliance.

do not commit adultery
This commandment, from Exodus 20:14, underscores the sanctity of marriage and the importance of faithfulness. The Greek term for "commit adultery" (μοιχεύσεις) refers to sexual unfaithfulness, which is a violation of the covenant relationship between husband and wife. Jesus further deepens this commandment in Matthew 5:27-28, teaching that even lustful thoughts are adulterous, again pointing to the heart's purity as the true measure of righteousness.

do not steal
Rooted in Exodus 20:15, this commandment addresses the respect for others' property and rights. The Greek word for "steal" (κλέψεις) implies taking what is not rightfully yours. This commandment calls believers to a life of integrity and trustworthiness, reflecting God's justice and provision. It challenges individuals to consider not only their actions but also their attitudes towards material possessions and the needs of others.

do not bear false witness,’
This commandment, from Exodus 20:16, emphasizes the importance of truthfulness and integrity in relationships. The Greek phrase for "bear false witness" (ψευδομαρτυρήσεις) involves giving false testimony, which can harm others and disrupt community harmony. Jesus' inclusion of this commandment highlights the value of honesty and the destructive nature of deceit. It calls believers to reflect God's truth in their words and actions, fostering trust and unity within the community.

Honor your father and mother
This phrase is a direct reference to the Fifth Commandment found in Exodus 20:12 and Deuteronomy 5:16. The Greek word for "honor" is "τιμάω" (timao), which means to value, respect, or revere. In the historical context of Jewish culture, honoring one's parents was not only a moral obligation but also a societal expectation. It was seen as foundational to maintaining family structure and societal stability. This commandment is unique as it comes with a promise of well-being and longevity in the land God gives. From a conservative Christian perspective, this commandment underscores the importance of family as a divine institution and the respect for authority that begins within the home.

and love your neighbor as yourself
This phrase is a quotation from Leviticus 19:18 and is central to Jesus' teaching on the law. The Greek word for "love" here is "ἀγαπάω" (agapao), which refers to a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. The term "neighbor" (πλησίον, plesion) in the Jewish context initially referred to fellow Israelites but was expanded by Jesus to include all people, as illustrated in the Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37). The phrase "as yourself" implies a standard of care and concern that one naturally has for oneself, thus setting a high bar for interpersonal relationships. This commandment encapsulates the essence of the law and the prophets, emphasizing that true righteousness is demonstrated through love and compassion towards others. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this commandment is seen as a call to live out one's faith through tangible acts of kindness and service, reflecting the love of Christ to the world.

All these I have kept
This phrase is spoken by the rich young ruler in response to Jesus' listing of the commandments. The Greek word for "kept" is "ἐφυλαξάμην" (ephylaxamen), which implies a diligent observance or guarding of the commandments. This reflects a common Jewish understanding of righteousness as adherence to the Law. Historically, this statement reveals the young man's confidence in his moral and religious life, suggesting he was likely raised in a devout Jewish household where the Law was highly esteemed.

said the young man
The term "young man" is translated from the Greek "νεανίσκος" (neaniskos), indicating someone in the prime of life, possibly in his late teens to early thirties. This detail is significant as it suggests a person who is both energetic and ambitious, yet still seeking deeper meaning or assurance in life. In the cultural context of the time, youth was often associated with potential and promise, but also with a need for guidance and wisdom.

What do I still lack?
This question reveals the young man's awareness that despite his adherence to the commandments, something essential is missing in his spiritual life. The Greek word for "lack" is "ὑστερέω" (hystereō), which means to fall short or be deficient. This indicates a recognition of an inner void or unfulfilled spiritual need. From a scriptural perspective, this question highlights the limitations of legalistic righteousness and points to the necessity of a deeper, more personal relationship with God. The young man's inquiry is a pivotal moment, reflecting a universal human quest for completeness and purpose beyond mere rule-following.

Jesus told him
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus, emphasizing His authority and personal engagement. The Greek word for "told" (εἶπεν, eipen) suggests a definitive statement, underscoring the importance of the message. Jesus, as the divine teacher, provides guidance that is both personal and universal, reflecting His role as the ultimate source of wisdom and truth.

If you want to be perfect
The word "perfect" (τέλειος, teleios) in Greek implies completeness or maturity. In a conservative Christian context, this suggests a call to spiritual maturity and wholehearted devotion to God. The pursuit of perfection is not about flawlessness but about striving towards a complete and mature faith, aligning one's life fully with God's will.

go, sell your possessions
This command challenges the young man's attachment to material wealth. The Greek word for "possessions" (ὑπάρχοντα, hyparchonta) refers to one's belongings or wealth. Historically, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's blessing, yet Jesus redefines true wealth as spiritual rather than material. This directive invites believers to examine their own attachments and prioritize spiritual over material wealth.

and give to the poor
Giving to the poor is a recurring biblical theme, emphasizing compassion and justice. The act of giving (δίδωμι, didōmi) is not merely a transaction but a reflection of God's generosity. In the historical context, almsgiving was a key aspect of Jewish piety. This command highlights the Christian call to love and serve others, particularly the marginalized, as an expression of faith.

and you will have treasure in heaven
The concept of "treasure in heaven" contrasts earthly wealth with eternal rewards. The Greek word for "treasure" (θησαυρός, thēsauros) suggests something of great value. This phrase encourages believers to focus on eternal values and rewards, reminding them that true riches are found in a life aligned with God's purposes and promises.

Then come, follow Me
The invitation to "follow Me" (ἀκολούθει μοι, akolouthei moi) is central to Christian discipleship. It implies a continuous, active relationship with Jesus, characterized by obedience and trust. Historically, following a rabbi meant adopting their teachings and way of life. For Christians, this means living in accordance with Jesus' teachings and example, committing to a life of faith and service.

When the young man heard this
The phrase "when the young man heard this" indicates a pivotal moment of realization and decision. The Greek word for "heard" (ἀκούσας, akousas) implies not just the act of hearing but understanding and processing the message. This young man, often referred to as the "rich young ruler," is confronted with a truth that challenges his values and priorities. In the context of the Gospel, hearing is often associated with the call to faith and obedience. This moment is a test of his willingness to follow Jesus' radical call to discipleship.

he went away in sorrow
The phrase "he went away in sorrow" captures the emotional and spiritual struggle within the young man. The Greek word for "sorrow" (λυπούμενος, lypoumenos) conveys deep grief or distress. This sorrow is not just a fleeting sadness but a profound inner turmoil. Historically, this reflects the struggle of many who encounter the demands of the Gospel and find them at odds with their personal desires or societal values. The young man's sorrow highlights the cost of discipleship and the challenge of prioritizing spiritual wealth over material possessions.

because he had great wealth
The phrase "because he had great wealth" reveals the root of the young man's sorrow and decision to walk away. The Greek word for "wealth" (κτήματα, ktēmata) refers to possessions or property. In the historical context of first-century Judea, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's favor, yet Jesus challenges this notion by emphasizing the spiritual hindrance it can pose. The young man's attachment to his wealth illustrates the broader biblical theme of the difficulty for the rich to enter the kingdom of God, as their reliance on material security can overshadow their dependence on God. This serves as a cautionary tale for believers to examine their own attachments and the potential barriers to fully following Christ.

Then Jesus said
This phrase marks a pivotal teaching moment. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), indicating a declaration or proclamation. Jesus often used such moments to impart deep spiritual truths. The context here follows the encounter with the rich young ruler, emphasizing the importance of listening to Jesus' teachings as authoritative and transformative.

to His disciples
The term "disciples" (μαθηταῖς, mathētais) refers to those who are learners or followers of Jesus. This audience is significant because it underscores that the teaching is directed at those committed to understanding and living out Jesus' teachings. It highlights the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers, who are expected to grasp and apply His lessons.

Truly I tell you
The Greek word "ἀμὴν" (amēn) is translated as "truly" or "verily," and it is used to emphasize the truth and importance of what follows. This phrase is a solemn affirmation, underscoring the certainty and authority of Jesus' words. It serves as a call to pay close attention to the profound truth being revealed.

it is difficult
The word "difficult" (δυσκόλως, dyskolōs) suggests not just a challenge but an almost insurmountable obstacle. This term sets the stage for understanding the spiritual and moral implications of wealth and its potential to hinder one's relationship with God. It invites reflection on the priorities and attachments that can impede spiritual growth.

for a rich man
The phrase "rich man" (πλούσιος, plousios) refers to someone possessing great wealth. In the historical and cultural context of the time, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's favor. However, Jesus challenges this notion by suggesting that material wealth can become a spiritual hindrance, prompting believers to examine their own attitudes toward possessions.

to enter
The verb "enter" (εἰσελθεῖν, eiselthein) implies movement into a new realm or state. It suggests an active pursuit and a conscious decision to seek the kingdom of heaven. This word encourages believers to consider the intentionality required in their spiritual journey and the barriers that must be overcome.

the kingdom of heaven
The "kingdom of heaven" (βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν, basileia tōn ouranōn) is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing God's sovereign rule and the realm of eternal life. It is both a present reality and a future hope. This phrase invites believers to reflect on the values and priorities of God's kingdom, contrasting them with worldly pursuits and encouraging a life aligned with divine principles.

Again I tell you
This phrase emphasizes the importance of repetition in Jesus' teaching. In the Greek, "πάλιν λέγω ὑμῖν" (palin legō hymin) underscores the necessity of understanding and internalizing the message. Jesus often repeated key teachings to ensure His disciples grasped the gravity of His words. This repetition serves as a reminder of the consistency and reliability of His message, urging believers to pay close attention.

it is easier
The Greek word "εὐκοπώτερον" (eukopōteron) suggests something that is more straightforward or less complicated. Jesus uses this comparative term to illustrate the stark contrast between two seemingly impossible tasks. The use of "easier" here is not to suggest that either task is simple, but rather to highlight the extreme difficulty of the latter.

for a camel
The camel, "κάμηλος" (kamēlos) in Greek, was the largest animal commonly found in the region of Judea. Its mention here is significant, as it represents something vast and cumbersome. The camel was a familiar sight to Jesus' audience, symbolizing wealth and trade, yet also embodying the burdens and challenges of earthly possessions.

to pass through
The phrase "διὰ τρυμαλιᾶς" (dia trymalias) means to go through or penetrate. This imagery of passing through a narrow space is used to convey the difficulty of the task. It suggests a process that requires transformation or reduction, much like the spiritual transformation required to enter the kingdom of God.

the eye of a needle
This phrase, "τρυμαλιᾶς ῥαφίδος" (trymalias rhaphidos), has been the subject of much debate. Some suggest it refers to a small gate in Jerusalem, while others maintain it is a literal needle's eye. Regardless, the imagery is clear: it represents an impossibility by human standards. The needle's eye symbolizes the narrow path of righteousness and the humility required to enter God's kingdom.

than for a rich man
The term "πλούσιος" (plousios) refers to someone who is wealthy or possesses great material resources. In the context of Jesus' teaching, wealth is not condemned, but the attachment to it is. The rich man symbolizes those who place their trust in material wealth rather than in God. This serves as a warning against the idolatry of riches and the spiritual blindness it can cause.

to enter the kingdom of God
The "βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ" (basileia tou Theou) is the ultimate goal for believers, representing eternal life and communion with God. Entering the kingdom requires a heart aligned with God's will, free from the entanglements of earthly wealth. This phrase calls believers to prioritize spiritual riches over material ones, emphasizing the transformative power of God's grace.

When the disciples heard this
The phrase indicates a moment of realization and reaction from the disciples. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἀκούσαντες" (akousantes), which implies not just hearing but understanding and processing the information. The disciples are responding to Jesus' teaching about the difficulty for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven. This moment is pivotal as it shows the disciples grappling with the radical nature of Jesus' teachings, which often turned societal norms upside down. Historically, wealth was seen as a sign of God's favor, so the disciples' astonishment is understandable.

they were greatly astonished
The Greek word for "astonished" is "ἐξεπλήσσοντο" (exeplēssonto), which conveys a sense of being struck with amazement or overwhelmed. The disciples' reaction is not just mild surprise but a profound shock. This astonishment reflects the counter-cultural message of Jesus, challenging the prevailing Jewish belief that wealth was a sign of divine blessing. The disciples' amazement underscores the radical nature of Jesus' kingdom, which values spiritual richness over material wealth.

and asked
The act of asking here is significant. The Greek word "λέγοντες" (legontes) implies a dialogue or a seeking of understanding. The disciples are not just passively receiving information; they are actively engaging with Jesus' teachings. This reflects a model of discipleship that encourages questioning and seeking deeper understanding. It is a reminder that faith involves an active pursuit of truth and comprehension.

Who then can be saved?
This question is central to the passage and reflects a deep theological inquiry. The Greek word for "saved" is "σωθῆναι" (sōthēnai), which means to be delivered or preserved. The disciples are grappling with the concept of salvation, which is a core tenet of Christian theology. Their question reveals a common human concern about the criteria for salvation and the accessibility of God's grace. In the historical context, salvation was often linked to adherence to the law and religious rituals. Jesus' teachings, however, emphasize faith and the grace of God as the path to salvation, challenging the disciples to rethink their understanding of who can be saved.

Jesus looked at them
This phrase emphasizes the personal and direct engagement of Jesus with His disciples. The Greek word for "looked" (ἐμβλέπω, emblepō) implies an intense, penetrating gaze, suggesting that Jesus was not merely glancing at them but was deeply connecting with their hearts and minds. This moment underscores the importance of personal relationship and communication in the Christian faith, where Jesus is not distant but intimately involved in the lives of His followers.

and said
The act of speaking here is significant. In the biblical context, the words of Jesus are not just informative but transformative. The Greek word for "said" (λέγω, legō) is used frequently in the New Testament to denote authoritative teaching. Jesus' words carry divine authority and are meant to instruct, comfort, and challenge His listeners. This highlights the power of God's Word in the life of a believer, as it is living and active.

With man
This phrase acknowledges human limitations. The Greek word for "man" (ἄνθρωπος, anthrōpos) refers to humanity in general, emphasizing the natural state of human beings apart from divine intervention. It serves as a reminder of the fallen nature of humanity and the inherent inability to achieve spiritual or eternal goals through human effort alone. This sets the stage for the contrast with God's omnipotence.

this is impossible
The term "impossible" (ἀδύνατος, adynatos) in Greek conveys the idea of powerlessness or incapability. It reflects the reality that certain things are beyond human ability to accomplish, particularly in the context of salvation and spiritual transformation. This acknowledgment of human limitation is crucial in understanding the need for divine grace and intervention.

but with God
The conjunction "but" (δέ, de) introduces a contrast that shifts the focus from human inability to divine capability. The phrase "with God" (παρὰ θεῷ, para theō) indicates proximity and partnership with the divine. It suggests that when God is involved, the situation changes dramatically. This highlights the central Christian belief in God's sovereignty and His active role in the world.

all things are possible
The phrase "all things" (πάντα, panta) encompasses every conceivable situation or challenge. The Greek word for "possible" (δυνατός, dynatos) is related to the word for power (δύναμις, dynamis), indicating that with God, there is inherent power and ability to accomplish what is humanly unattainable. This statement is a profound declaration of faith in God's omnipotence and His ability to transcend natural laws and human limitations.

Peter replied
The name "Peter" is derived from the Greek "Petros," meaning "rock" or "stone." Peter, originally named Simon, was given this name by Jesus, signifying his foundational role in the early Church. His reply here is indicative of his bold and inquisitive nature, often speaking on behalf of the disciples. This moment reflects Peter's leadership and his earnest desire to understand the implications of their sacrifices for the Kingdom of God.

Look
The Greek word used here is "idou," which is an imperative form meaning "behold" or "see." It is often used to draw attention to something significant. Peter is emphasizing the gravity of their decision to leave everything behind, urging Jesus to acknowledge their commitment and the sacrifices they have made.

we have left everything
The phrase "left everything" comes from the Greek "aphiemi," which means to send away, leave behind, or forsake. This indicates a total abandonment of their previous lives, including their occupations, families, and possessions. Historically, this reflects the radical call of discipleship in the first century, where following a rabbi meant leaving one's former life entirely. The disciples' actions exemplify the cost of true discipleship and the willingness to prioritize the Kingdom of God above all else.

to follow You
The Greek word for "follow" is "akoloutheo," which means to accompany or to be a disciple. This implies not just physical following but a commitment to adhere to Jesus' teachings and way of life. In the historical context, following a rabbi was a common practice, but following Jesus meant embracing a new covenant and a transformative way of living that often contradicted societal norms.

What then will there be for us?
This question reveals the human concern for reward and assurance. The disciples, having made significant sacrifices, are seeking understanding of the future benefits of their commitment. It reflects a natural desire for reassurance and the hope for eternal reward. In the broader scriptural context, this question sets the stage for Jesus' teaching on the rewards of discipleship, emphasizing that God is just and will honor the sacrifices made for His Kingdom. This inquiry also highlights the tension between earthly sacrifices and heavenly rewards, a theme prevalent throughout the New Testament.

Truly I tell you
This phrase is a solemn affirmation by Jesus, often used to emphasize the truth and importance of what follows. The Greek word "ἀμήν" (amēn) is translated as "truly" and is a term of strong assertion. It underscores the authority of Jesus' words, indicating that what He is about to say is of utmost significance and should be received with full confidence and faith.

in the renewal of all things
The Greek term "παλιγγενεσία" (palingenesia) is translated as "renewal" and refers to a new beginning or regeneration. This concept is deeply rooted in Jewish eschatological hope, where the world would be restored to its intended glory. It signifies a future time when God will renew creation, aligning with the prophetic visions found in Isaiah and Revelation, where a new heaven and earth are promised.

when the Son of Man
The title "Son of Man" is a messianic term that Jesus frequently uses for Himself, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14. It emphasizes both His humanity and His divine authority. In the context of Matthew 19:28, it highlights Jesus' role in the eschatological fulfillment and His authority to judge and restore.

sits on His glorious throne
The imagery of a throne signifies authority, kingship, and judgment. The "glorious throne" points to the majesty and divine authority of Christ in His kingdom. This reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies regarding the Messiah's reign and the establishment of God's kingdom on earth, as seen in passages like Psalm 2 and Isaiah 9:7.

you who have followed Me
This phrase acknowledges the disciples' commitment and faithfulness to Jesus. The Greek word "ἀκολουθέω" (akoloutheō) means to follow or accompany, indicating a life of discipleship and dedication. It reassures the disciples of their reward for their sacrifices and loyalty to Christ.

will also sit on twelve thrones
The promise of sitting on thrones signifies a position of authority and honor. The number twelve is significant, representing the twelve tribes of Israel and symbolizing completeness and divine order. This promise indicates that the disciples will share in Christ's authority and participate in the governance of His kingdom.

judging the twelve tribes of Israel
The role of judging implies authority and responsibility. In the Jewish context, the twelve tribes represent the entirety of God's people. This promise to the disciples reflects their future role in the eschatological restoration and governance of Israel, fulfilling the covenant promises made to the patriarchs and aligning with the hope of Israel's restoration as seen in Ezekiel 37 and Amos 9:11-15.

And everyone who has left
This phrase emphasizes the universality of Jesus' promise. The Greek word for "everyone" (πᾶς, pas) indicates inclusivity, suggesting that this promise is available to all believers, regardless of their background. The act of "leaving" (ἀφίημι, aphiēmi) implies a deliberate choice to forsake or abandon something valuable. Historically, this reflects the early Christian experience, where following Christ often meant leaving behind familial and social ties.

houses
In ancient times, a house was not just a physical structure but a symbol of security and identity. Leaving one's house would mean sacrificing personal comfort and stability. This reflects the call to prioritize spiritual over material wealth, echoing Jesus' teaching that treasures on earth are temporary (Matthew 6:19-21).

or brothers or sisters or father or mother or wife or children
Family ties were central to Jewish culture, and leaving them would have been a significant sacrifice. The Greek terms for these family members highlight the close-knit nature of these relationships. This phrase underscores the radical commitment required to follow Christ, where allegiance to Him surpasses even the strongest earthly bonds.

or fields
Fields represent livelihood and sustenance, especially in an agrarian society. The Greek word for "fields" (ἀγρός, agros) signifies the economic sacrifice involved in following Jesus. This reflects the broader biblical theme of trusting God for provision, as seen in the teachings on God's care for the birds and lilies (Matthew 6:25-34).

for the sake of My name
This phrase is central to understanding the motivation behind the sacrifices. "My name" refers to the authority and identity of Jesus as the Messiah. The Greek word for "name" (ὄνομα, onoma) implies character and reputation. This highlights the call to prioritize Christ's mission and identity above all else, aligning with the first commandment to love God wholeheartedly (Deuteronomy 6:5).

will receive a hundredfold
The promise of receiving "a hundredfold" (ἑκατονταπλασίονα, hekatontaplasiona) is a hyperbolic expression of abundant blessing. It signifies not just material or relational compensation but a deeper, spiritual reward. This echoes the biblical principle that God rewards those who earnestly seek Him (Hebrews 11:6).

and will inherit eternal life
The concept of "inheritance" (κληρονομέω, klēronomeō) in the biblical context often refers to receiving something of great value, typically associated with familial rights. "Eternal life" (ζωὴν αἰώνιον, zōēn aiōnion) is the ultimate reward, signifying a life in perfect communion with God. This promise assures believers of their future hope and the eternal significance of their sacrifices for Christ's sake.

But many who are first
This phrase introduces a paradox that Jesus often used to challenge the prevailing social and religious norms of His time. The Greek word for "first" is "πρῶτοι" (prōtoi), which can denote those who are prominent, leading, or of high status. In the context of Jesus' ministry, this could refer to the religious leaders, the wealthy, or those who are esteemed in society. Historically, the Jewish culture of the time placed great emphasis on social hierarchy and religious status. Jesus' statement serves as a radical reordering of these values, emphasizing that earthly status does not equate to spiritual favor in the Kingdom of Heaven.

will be last
The Greek word for "last" is "ἔσχατοι" (eschatoi), which can mean the least, the lowest, or those who come after. This reversal of roles is a common theme in Jesus' teachings, where He often elevates the humble and the marginalized. The concept of the "last" being exalted is a direct challenge to the societal norms that prioritize power and prestige. It reflects the upside-down nature of God's Kingdom, where humility and servanthood are the true measures of greatness.

and the last
This phrase reiterates the previous point, emphasizing the inclusivity and fairness of God's Kingdom. The "last" refers to those who are often overlooked or undervalued by society. In the historical context, this could include the poor, the sick, the sinners, and the Gentiles—those who were not considered part of the religious elite. Jesus' message is one of hope and redemption for all, regardless of their social standing.

will be first
The promise that the "last will be first" is a profound assurance of God's justice and mercy. It underscores the idea that God's evaluation is based on different criteria than human judgment. The Greek word "πρῶτοι" (prōtoi) is used again, but this time to describe those who have been faithful, humble, and obedient to God's will. This reversal is not just a future promise but a present reality in the lives of those who follow Christ. It is a call to live with humility, to serve others, and to trust in God's ultimate justice.