Behavioral effects reinforcement

Anton RF, Pettinati H, Zweben A, et al A multi-site dose ranging study of nalmefene in the treatment of alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24 421 28, 2004 Aragon CM, Stotland LM, Amit Z Studies on ethanol-brain catalase interaction evidence for central ethanol oxidation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15 165-169, 1991 Arizzi MN, Correa M, Betz AJ, et al Behavioral effects of intraventricular injections of low doses of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate in rats studies with low and high rate operant schedules. Behav Brain Res 147 203—210, 2003 Azrin NH, Sisson RW, Meyers R, et al Alcoholism treatment by disulfiram and community reinforcement therapy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 13 105—112, 1982 Babor TF, Kranzler HR, Lauerman RL Social drinking as a health and psychosocial risk factor Anstie s limit revisited, in Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol 5. Edited by Galanter M. New York, Plenum, 1987, pp 373 02... [Pg.41]

The pharmacological properties of phenylethylamines that control selfadministration are complex. The effects of phenylethylamines on a variety of pharmacological measures do not appear to predict the reinforcing effects of these drugs, as measured by the cocaine substitution procedure in primates. Specifically, none of the following behavioral effects of these compounds accurately predict the results of self-administration experiments within the phenylethylamine class (Griffiths et al. 1976 Griffiths et al. [Pg.39]

Dougherty J, Miller D, Todd G, Kostenbauder HB. (1981). Reinforcing and other behavioral effects of nicotine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 5(4) 487-95. [Pg.450]

Harvey DM, Yasar S, Heishman SJ, PanliUo LV, Henningfield JE, Goldberg SR (2004) Nicotine serves as an effective reinforcer of intravenous drug-taking behavior in human cigarette smokers. Psychopharmacology 175 134-142... [Pg.360]

When burned, sugars also increase the smoke levels of acetaldehyde, another potential nicotine reinforcing agent. Recent studies demonstrate that acetaldehyde enhances behavioral and neuronal responses to nicotine in both adolescent and adult rats (Belluzzi et al. 2005 Cao et al. 2007). In the early 1980s, DeNoble and coworkers at Philip Morris studied the behavioral effects of nicotine and acetaldehyde in... [Pg.472]

Tolerance to nicotine s effects develops rapidly and most likely involves multiple processes, although the pattern and extent of tolerance development is not identical for all of nicotine s effects. It has been proposed that rapid tolerance or desensitization occurs to the behavioral or reinforcing effects of nicotine. These effects are of such a short duration that a smoker continually cycles between a sensitized and desensitized state. This notion is consistent with the fact that drugs with high abuse liability have a rapid onset and short duration of action. [Pg.411]

More recent studies, 9 12 at dosages that produce behavioral changes, have shown that chronic intramuscular or Intraperltoneal administration of SNA results in development of tolerance to several test situations In several animal species. Tolerance to roughly 2-4 times as much SNA as initially given was evident in the behavioral effects of SNA In these species. Tolerance to SNA was also observed In intramuscular SNA self-administration studies In the monkey. In the development of tolerance, such pharmacologic factors as dose per injection, Injection frequency, and duration of chronic exposure were considered to play a more Important role than behavioral factors (e.g., reinforcement loss).9... [Pg.60]

With its dw electronic configuration and its/orbitals available, silver(I) ion can act as a Lewis acid,34 and relativistic effects reinforce such behavior.35 Moreover, silver salts are able to act as either or both a o-Lewis acid or a jt-Lewis acid, with a slight preference for o coordination over n coordination, as revealed by calculations. This preference is higher for nitrogen than for oxygen Lewis bases (Scheme 10.19).36... [Pg.294]

Enkephalins could be implicated in dopamine mesoaccumbens-depen-dent appetitive motivation and behavioral positive reinforcement by separated mechanisms involving both mu and delta receptors. Activation of the former in heroin abusers produces sedation and overstimulation, lack of vigilance, and possibly fear. These effects cannot be reached with dual inhibitors, and one can speculate that this is related to an increased level of endogenous enkephalins leading to a preferential interaction with delta receptors for both binding and anatomical reasons. [Pg.292]

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