Electrophoresis, capillary

Capillary electrophoresis instrumentation includes a power supply, injector, capillary and detector. It is often set up as a modular system where the power supply, detector and other modules are bought separately off the shelf and configured by the scientist. The heart of the system is the capillary where separation occurs. Because capillaries in CE are mostly open tubular and not packed, resolution is excellent and peaks are very sharp. A high voltage is required to move the buffer through the capillary. [Pg.92]

The electrophoretic process begins when the source buffer vial is removed and replaced with a sample vial. The sample is injected onto the top of the capillary. Separation of components occurs as the analytes and buffer migrate through the capillary under then-own electrophoretic mobility and under the influence of electro-osmotic flow (EOF), which moves from anode to cathode. Eventually, each component migrates from the capillary as a narrow band (or peak). [Pg.92]

Detection of the migrating components is important and can be either selective or universal depending upon the detector used. The response of the detector to each component is plotted as an electropherogram. The order of elution in the classic CE set-up is positive [Pg.92]

In order of reaching the detector O Small positive analytes O Positive analytes [Pg.93]

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is the most common of all the modes as it can separate a wide variety of positively and negatively charged species. It normally uses a bare fused silica capillary and relatively polar electrolyte, e.g. phosphate buffer. Molecules have different mobilities depending on their charge and size. Small anions will elute last. [Pg.96]

Capillary electrophoresis is the name for a relatively new group of related techniques which have been attracting increasing interest in which separation of analyte species is achieved on the basis of differential migration in an electric field through narrow bore fused silica capillary columns (25-100 pm, i.d.). The techniques which differ significantly in operative and separation characteristics include [Pg.104]

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful technique that affords rapid, high-resolution separations (10 -10 theoretical plates) while requiring only a few femto-moles of sample. The technique is applicable to a wide range of analytes present in buffered aqueous solution as charged species. The utility of CE, however, is greatly enhanced by MS detection, particularly with a soft ionization technique such as ESI to produce ions even from thermally labile, nonvolatile, polar compounds. [Pg.60]

Dietary phytoestrogens have been determined by a fast and selective CE method. In this procedure, isoflavones, daidzein, and genistein are separated on an uncoated [Pg.60]

FIGURE 1.15 Electropherogram of isoflavone mixture with ultraviolet (UV) detection at 260 nm. Peaks genistein (1.89 min), daidzein (2.04 min), pseudobaptigenin, formononetin, and biochanin A (2.76 min), isoliquirtigenin (3.19 min), and biochanin A 7-glucoside (3.90 min). (Reprinted with permission from Vanttinen, K. and Moravcova, J., Czech. J. Food Sci., 17, 61-67, 1999.) [Pg.61]

For quantitative investigafions using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), an addition of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin as an internal standard is recommended. The CZE separations are performed on fiised-sUica capillary of 50 or 70 p,m ID with boric acid adjusted to pH 8.6 as separation buffer. Before each mn, the capillary is conditioned with NaOH followed by boric acid. Detection is at 260 nm by DAD with scans from 200 to 400 nm (Mellenthin and Galensa, 1999). [Pg.61]

FIGURE 1.16 Separation of isoflavones from toasted soy flour by capillaiy zone electrophoresis (CZE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (FIPLC). (Reprinted with permission from MeUenthin, O. and Galensa, R., J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 594—602, 1999.) [Pg.62]

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a separation technique for ionic or ionizable compounds. CE is particularly attractive because the instrumentation is inexpensive and separations are quick and efficient. As with GC and LC, CE can be coupled to and flame photometric detection (FED) to detect alkylphosphonic acids [30-32]. Indirect UV absorbance detection with CE has also been used for the analysis of nerve agents and their degradation products [33]. In an attempt to meet the demands of portable and efficient field instruments, miniaturized analytical systems with CE microchips have also been made for the separation and detection of alkylphosphonic nerve agents [34]. The aforementioned CE procedures all provide rapid identification without extensive sample preparation. CE is most likely to be used as a guide in order to select the appropriate methods for further analysis by more definitive techniques such as GC-MS, as most of the products detected and analysed are degradation products [35]. A review depicting various CE separation techniques, lab-on-a-chip technology and detection limits has been compiled by Pumera and is shown in Table 3.1. [Pg.69]

Capillary electrophoresis for the determination of Sulfur Mustard, sternutator agents or associated compounds is not used to any great extent because the analytes are charge deprived [15]. [Pg.69]

Degradation analyte Sample matrix CE separation technique parameters Detection technique Detection limit Analysis time (min) Reference [Pg.70]

MPA Groundwater CE with EOF reversor Indirect UV at 254 nm (4.5 mM chromate ion as ultraviolet visualization agent) Low mg levels 5 17 [Pg.70]

BMPTA Environmental water MEKC (100 mM SDS) UVat 200 nm 1-lOmg L 10 18 [Pg.70]

In traditional electrophoresis, separation efficiency is limited by thermal diffusion and convection. Owing to long analysis times and low efficiencies, these procedures never enjoyed wide usage. Problems have arisen when trying to differentiate between structurally related drug residues such as streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, tetracyclines, lincomycin and clindamycin, and erythromycin and oleandomycin (83, 84). To overcome these problems, anticonvective media, such as polyacrylamide or agarose gels, have also been used. [Pg.679]

In modern designs, electrophoretic separation is performed in narrow capillaries that are themselves anticonvective and, therefore, gel media are not essential to perform that function. Performing electrophoresis in small-diameter capillaries allows the use of very high electric fields because the small capillaries efficiently dissipate the heat produced. Increasing the electric fields produces very efficient separations and reduces separation times. Capillaries are typically of 25-75 m inner diameter and 0.5-1 m in length, which are usually filled only with buffer. The applied potential is 20-30 kV. [Pg.679]

Acidic (-COOH, -SH) or basic (NR2) functional groups are indicators of the appropriate pH range for separating multiple analytes. Also, hydrophobic functionality is an indication that organic solvents should be added to the separation buffer. This addition can enhance the solubility of the analytes in the separation buffer, decreasing analyte-wall interactions and enhancing resolution of such components (85). [Pg.680]

CE detection is similar to detectors in, and include absorbance, fluorescence, electrochemical, and mass spectrometric detectors. The capillary can also be filled with a gel, which eliminates the electroosmotic flow. Separation is accomplished as in conventional gel electrophoresis but the capillary allows higher resolution, greater sensitivity, and on-line detection. In CE, low picogram amounts of analytes can be detected using glass fiber optics. However, this does not mean low limits of detection since only a few nanoliters can be injected. [Pg.680]

CZE is the most widely used mode due to its simplicity of operation and its versatility. Selectivity can be most readily altered through changes in running buffer pH or by use of buffer additives such as surfactants or chiral selectors. The major drawback with CZE is that it deals with aqueous electrolytic systems, whereas components can only be separated if they are charged and soluble in water. CZE separation of various antibacterials including penicillins, tetracyclines, and macrolides has been reported (86). Determination of cefixime, an oral cephalosporin antibiotic, and its metabolites in human urine has been also successfully carried out with CZE (87). [Pg.680]

With capillary electrophoresis (CE), another modern primarily analytically oriented separation methodology has recently found its way into routine and research laboratories of the pharmaceutical industries. As the most beneficial characteristics over HPLC separations the extremely high efficiency leading to enhanced peak capacities and often better detectability of minor impurities, complementary selectivity profiles to HPLC due to a different separation mechanism as well as the capability to perform separations faster than by HPLC are frequently encountered as the most prominent advantages. On the negative side, there have to be mentioned detection sensitivity limitations due to the short path length of on-capillary UV detection, less robust methods, and occasionally problems with run-to-run repeatability. Nevertheless, CE assays have now been adopted by industrial labs as well and this holds in particular for enantiomer separations of chiral pharmaceuticals. While native cyclodextrins and their derivatives, respectively, are commonly employed as chiral additives to the BGEs to create mobility differences for the distinct enantiomers in the electric field, it could be demonstrated that cinchona alkaloids [128-130] and in particular their derivatives are applicable selectors for CE enantiomer separation of chiral acids [19,66,119,131-136]. [Pg.87]

The separation mechanism is based on stereoselective ion-pair formation of oppositely charged cationic selector and anionic solutes, which leads to a difference of net migration velocities of the both enantiomers in the electric field. Thus, the basic cinchona alkaloid derivative is added as chiral counterion to the BGE. Under the chosen acidic conditions of the BGE, the positively charged counterion associates with the acidic chiral analytes usually with 1 1 stoichiometry to form electrically neutral ion-pairs, which do not show self-electrophoretic mobility but [Pg.87]

It is evident that the chromatographic term is the only source for enantioselecti vity because the retention factors may differ for the distinct enantiomers, while electrophoretic mobilities are identical for enantiomeric species. In other words, electrophoretic mobilities, like Veo, are nonselective contributions in view of generating chiral separations, but may positively contribute to the selectivity between distinct compounds (such as, for example, chemical impurities) but also of diastereomeric species. [Pg.90]

Monolithic columns with the chiral anion exchange-type selectors incorporated into the polymer matrix obtained through in situ copolymerization process of a chiral monomer (in situ approach) [80-83,85] or attached to the surface of a reactive monolith in a subsequent derivatization step (postmodification strategy) [84], both turned out to be viable routes to enantioselective macroporous monolithic columns devoid of the limitations of packed columns mentioned earlier. [Pg.91]

These enantioselective capillary columns showed extremely good performance in the CEC mode. Plate numbers in excess of 100,000 m could be easily achieved for a variety of amino acid derivatives (with chromophoric and fluorophoric labels) (Eigure 1.34a) as well as other chiral acids such as 2-aryloxycarboxylic acids. [Pg.93]

As the name implies, capillary electrophoresis is electrophoresis that is made to occur inside a piece (50 to 100 cm) of small-diameter capillary tubing, similar to the tubing used for capillary GC columns. The tubing contains the electrolyte medium, and the ends of the tube are dipped into solvent reservoirs, as is the paper in paper electrophoresis. Electrodes in these reservoirs create the potential difference across the capillary tube. An electronic detector, such as those described for HPLC (Chapter 13), is on-line and allows detection and quantitative analysis of mixture components. [Pg.328]

A relatively new technique, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is becoming increasingly recognized as an important analytical separation technique. It has the advantage of [Pg.74]

Separations by ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are both based on differences in the velocities at which ions move through a column or capillary. However in IC these differences in velocity are the result of differences in partitioning of sample ions between a stationary ion exchanger and the liquid mobile phase. In CE there is no partitioning between the two phases differences in velocity are the result of differences in electrical mobility (electrophoretic mobility) through an open-tubular capillary. [Pg.263]

An additional separation factor is introduced by addition of a soluble ionic polymer or an alkylammonium salt to the capillary electrolyte. Now, separation of analyte ions is based on differences in ion association within the capillary electrolyte as well as by differences in electrophoretic mobility of the free ions. [Pg.263]

Capillary electrophoresis has several advantages. CE is truly a micromethod and requires only a very small sample. In terms of theoretical plates, CE has at least ten times the separation abiUty of a typical IC system. Separations are fast and a number of experimental conditions can be adjusted to obtain a good separation of difficult samples. [Pg.263]

A basic understanding of the fundamentals is very helpful in taking full advantage of the separation possibiUties offered by CE. The purpose of this chapter is to present a compact treatment of the principles of CE and an idea of its scope as applied to the analysis of inorganic and small organic ions. [Pg.263]

Ion Chrormtography, 4th Ed. James S Fritz and Douglas T. Gjerde Copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN 978-3-527-32052-3 [Pg.263]

A further improvement of the more traditional slab gel analysis is the use of high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), which combines the separation power of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the selectivity and speed of conventional gel electrophoresis. However, as HPCE separations are often performed using fused silica capillaries the positively charged histone molecules [Pg.88]

Kappes et al. evaluated the potentiometric detection of acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters through capillary electrophoresis [209]. Experiments were performed on an in-house capillary electrophoresis instrument that made use of detection at a platinum wire, dip-coated in 3.4% potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate/64.4% o-nitrohenyl octyl ether/32.2% PVC in THF. The results were compared to those obtained using capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection at a graphite electrode. Samples prepared in the capillary electrophoresis buffer were electrokinetically injected (7 s at 5 kV) into an untreated fused silica capillary (88 cm x 25 pm i.d.) and separated with 20mM tartaric acid adjusted to pH 3 with MgO as the running buffer. The system used an applied potential of 30 kV, and detection versus the capillary electrophoresis ground electrode. [Pg.101]

FIG U RE 1.1 Photograph of the CE system designed by Hjerten. On the left are stacked the high voltage supply and electronic components for the detector, topped off by a strip-chart recorder. In the center is the carriage with the capillary and the electrode vessels above the immersion bath, while the cooling reservoir flanks it on [Pg.5]

FIGURE 1.2 Growth of the CE and microchip literature. The ISI Weh of Science database was searched with the subject keywords of CE on a year-by-year basis beginning in 1983 through March 2007 and plotted as a function of publication year. [Pg.6]

Consistent with the theme of thehandbook, this chapter has a practice-oriented focus, with the presentation of select theoretical aspects of CE limited to the basic principles needed for understanding how molecules separate in an applied voltage, and the factors that affect the separation. Appendix 2 provides the reader with a guide to troubleshooting typical problems that may be encountered with CE. [Pg.6]

A Comparison of Surface-to-Volume Ratios for an Analytical Slab Gel and a 57 cm Capillary Having a Varied Internal Diameter [Pg.8]

Surface Area (mm ) Volume (pL) Surface-to-Volume Ratio [Pg.8]

Since CDs are colorless, without any chromophore group and only electrified at a very high pH. A direct separation and detection of CDs on capillary electrophoresis (CE) using detectors of UV and laser induced fluorescence (LIE) is impossible. With special inclusion capabilities, CDs could form inclusion complexes with a large range of aromatic ions, which would provide UV absorption or emit fluorescence, and is able to facilitate the analysis of CDs using CE. CDs with DP of 6-13 had been analyzed and characterized using CE [31]. The reported [Pg.95]

CD6-CD8 Benzoate, 2-aniUnonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, benzylamine 28 [Pg.96]

CD9 Dansyl-methione, dansyl-phenylalanine, dansyl-alanine, dansyl-leucine, dansyl-norvaline, dansyl-tryptophan, dansyl-glutamic acid, dansyl-aspartic acid, dansyl-threonine, l,l -binaphthyl-2,2 -diylhydrogenphosphate, carvedUol, erythro-mefloquine, clidinum bromide, FMOC-phenylalanine, FMOC-tryptophane, FMOC-alanine, narigin, hespesperetin, neohesperidin, neoeriocitrin 29 [Pg.96]

CD9-CD13 Benzoat, 2-methyl benzoate, 3-methyl benzoat, 3-methyl benzoate, 4-methyl benzoate, 2,4-dimethyl benzoate, 2,5-dimethyl benzoate, 3,5-dimethyl benzoate, 3,5-dimethoxy benzoate, salicylate, 3-phenyl propionate, 4-tert-butyl benzoate, ibuprofen anion, 1-adamantane carboxylate 28 [Pg.96]

CD14-CD17 Salicylate, 4-tert-butyl benzoate, ibuprofen anion 30 [Pg.96]

A relatively new separation technique that is capable of separating minute quantities of substances in relatively short time with high resolution is capillary electrophoresis (CE). It offers the ability to analyze a nanoliter (10 L) of sample, with over 1 million theoretical plates and a detection sensitivity of injected components at the attomole (10 mol) level or less [Pg.632]

Electroosmosis is the bulk flow of solvent (solution) through an electric field. All analytes flow in the same direction, with the positive ones migrating the most rapidly and the negative ones least rapidly. [Pg.632]

WHY DOES CE HAVE SUCH HJGH RESOLVIWG POWER [Pg.633]

there are no eddy diffusion or mass transfer effects, only molecular diffusion broadening. The separation efficiency of CE is 10-100 times that of HPLC. [Pg.634]

You have probably noticed that the CE mechanism actually does not include a chromatographic distribution mechanism. Consequently, it is as readily applicable to macromolecules as to smaller ones. Hence, it is valuable for the separation of large biomolecules. Chemical modification of the sihca wall or addition of detergents to the background electrolyte is often required to eliminate wall adsorption of proteins. [Pg.634]

Tlie first chiral separation with open-tubular columns in SFC was published by Roder et al. in 1987 [39]. Schurig and co-workers [40] linked permethylated fi-CyD via an octamethylene spacer to polydimethylsiloxane forming a chiral polymer Chirasil-Dex. The polymer was immobilized on the inner surface of fused-silica capillaries and the capillaries were used for so-called unified chromatography including GC, LC, SFC, and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). [Pg.125]

SFC offers some advantages over HPLC for enantioseparations both on the analytical scale (wider choice of available detectors, higher peak efficiency) and on the preparative scale (easy removal of the mobile phase). However, the technique has not yet become a serious competitor to HPLC for either analytical or preparative scale enantioseparations. [Pg.125]

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the most promising microanalytical separation techniques for enantiomers. Chiral CE which has had 20 years of development [41] offers some interesting advantages warranting further expansion of this technique in the field of analytical enantioseparation. [Pg.125]

The second, less-addressed advantage of electrokinetic migration is that it allows counter flows in the separation chamber [43]. Many special features of chiral CE compared to pressure-driven techniques are associated with this property of elec-trokinetically driven flow. The most significant differences between pressure-driven and electrokinetically driven separations can be briefly summarized as follows [Pg.125]

It is feasible in chiral CE but not in chromatographic techniques that the selectivity of an enantioseparation exceeds the thermodynamic selectivity of chiral recognition and approaches an infinitely high value [42-44]. [Pg.125]

The speed, sensitivity, high degree of automation and ability to quantitate protein bands directly render this system ideal for biopharmaceutical analysis. [Pg.182]

Separation of proteins by isoelectric focusing, (a) Proteins with different isoelectric points are mixed with an appropriate ampholyte solution, (b) When an electric potential is applied, the ampholytes migrate to their pi values establishing a pH gradient, while the proteins migrate to the positions of their respective isoelectric points. [Pg.41]

Capillary electrophoresis is a technique that can be used to analyze and separate proteins. It has a high resolving power that exceeds other electrophoretic techniques and is capable of distinguishing between proteins that differ only slightly in amino acid composition or glycosylation. [Pg.41]

Capillary electrophoresis is similar to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in high level of resolution, speed, on-line detection, and automation. However, it functions like slab gel electrophoresis in which proteins are separated based on mobility differences in an electric field. [Pg.41]

A series of reviews has been published on the analysis of oligonucleotides using CE [183-185]. A comprehensive review on separation of mono, oligo- and polymeric nucleic acids by this method has also been published [186], In contrast to RP-HPLC and ion-exchange chromatography, CE - which has been established as the third technique of choice -is a purely analytical method [187]. Ion-exchange HPLC fails particularly with SODNs [185]. RP-HPLC does not at present allow baseline separation of SODNs, which differ by only one base pair [188]. Thus, control of preparative purifications by RP-HPLC has become an important application of CGE. Table 11 illustrates the resolution efficiency of CGE when compared with other methods. [Pg.292]

EM = electrophoretic mobility q = charge E = electric field strength and M = migration time [Pg.293]

Mixture of SODNs Entangled polymer 10% Micro-Gel, 35 mM Tris 5.6 mM boric, acid pH 9.0 15% ethylene glycol [185] [Pg.293]

Mixture of 2 -0-sub-stituted ORN/ODN Linear polymer 44% (w/v) Tris 56% (w/v) boric acid, 7 M urea [149] [Pg.293]

Changes in EM are caused by an increase of molecule size with unchanged charge. An increasing number of 2 -oxyethylene-substituted RNA-nucleotides in a dA[12]-mer leads to a linear increase (Fig. 24) of EMRe, which is due to the sieving effects of the linear polyacrylamide gel applied. Other substituents at the 2 -position give similar effects. However, with 2 -alkyl-subsituents the relation is not linear [149]. [Pg.294]

Isoelectric focusing is primarily used for protein separations, and often in combination with SDS-PAGE in a 2D system for separation of complex samples, [Pg.135]

Capillary electrophoresis is a relatively new technique. It was suggested in 1976, and first published in 1979. Commercial instruments became available in 1988, and the [Pg.135]

Haab B B and Mathies R A 1999 Single-molecule detection of DNA separations in microfabricated capillary electrophoresis chips employing focused molecular streams Ana/. Chem. 71 5137-45... [Pg.2511]

McDevitt, V. L. Rodriquez, A. Williams, K. R. Analysis of Soft Drinks UV Spectrophotometry, Liquid Chromatography, and Capillary Electrophoresis, 1998, 75, 625-629. [Pg.447]

In capillary electrophoresis the conducting buffer is retained within a capillary tube whose inner diameter is typically 25-75 pm. Samples are injected into one end of the capillary tube. As the sample migrates through the capillary, its components separate and elute from the column at different times. The resulting electrophero-gram looks similar to the chromatograms obtained in GG or HPLG and provides... [Pg.597]

The electroosmotic flow profile is very different from that for a phase moving under forced pressure. Figure 12.40 compares the flow profile for electroosmosis with that for hydrodynamic pressure. The uniform, flat profile for electroosmosis helps to minimize band broadening in capillary electrophoresis, thus improving separation efficiency. [Pg.599]

Efficiency The efficiency of capillary electrophoresis is characterized by the number of theoretical plates, N, just as it is in GC or ITPLC. In capillary electrophoresis, the number of theoretic plates is determined by... [Pg.600]

First, solutes with larger electrophoretic mobilities (in the same direction as the electroosmotic flow) have greater efficiencies thus, smaller, more highly charged solutes are not only the first solutes to elute, but do so with greater efficiency. Second, efficiency in capillary electrophoresis is independent of the capillary s length. Typical theoretical plate counts are approximately 100,000-200,000 for capillary electrophoresis. [Pg.601]

Selectivity In chromatography, selectivity is defined as the ratio of the capacity factors for two solutes (equation 12.11). In capillary electrophoresis, the analogous expression for selectivity is... [Pg.601]

The basic instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis is shown in Figure 12.41 and includes a power supply for applying the electric field, anode and cathode compartments containing reservoirs of the buffer solution, a sample vial containing the sample, the capillary tube, and a detector. Each part of the instrument receives further consideration in this section. [Pg.601]

Schematic diagram for capillary electrophoresis. The sample and source reservoir are switched when making injections.

Schematic diagram showing a cross section of a capillary column for capillary electrophoresis.

An injection technique in capillary electrophoresis in which pressure is used to inject sample into the capillary column. [Pg.602]

Injecting the Sample The mechanism by which samples are introduced in capillary electrophoresis is quite different from that used in GC or HPLC. Two types of injection are commonly used hydrodynamic injection and electrokinetic injection. In both cases the capillary tube is filled with buffer solution. One end of the capillary tube is placed in the destination reservoir, and the other is placed in the sample vial. [Pg.602]

A means of concentrating solutes in capillary electrophoresis after their injection onto the capillary column. [Pg.603]

Detectors Most of the detectors used in HPLC also find use in capillary electrophoresis. Among the more common detectors are those based on the absorption of UV/Vis radiation, fluorescence, conductivity, amperometry, and mass spectrometry. Whenever possible, detection is done on-column before the solutes elute from the capillary tube and additional band broadening occurs. [Pg.604]

Solutes that do not absorb UV/Vis radiation or undergo fluorescence can be detected by other detectors. Table 12.8 provides a list of detectors used in capillary electrophoresis along with some of their important characteristics. [Pg.604]

There are several different forms of capillary electrophoresis, each of which has its particular advantages. Several of these methods are briefly described in this section. [Pg.604]

A form of capillary electrophoresis in which separations are based on differences in the solutes electrophoretic mobilities. [Pg.604]

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis The simplest form of capillary electrophoresis is capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). In CZE the capillary tube is filled with a buffer solution and, after loading the sample, the ends of the capillary tube are placed in reservoirs containing additional buffer solution. Under normal conditions, the end of the capillary containing the sample is the anode, and solutes migrate toward... [Pg.604]

Source Adapted from Baker, D. R. Capillary Electrophoresis. Wiley-Interscience New York, 1995. "Concentration depends on the volume of sample injected. [Pg.605]

The last set of experiments provides examples of the application of capillary electrophoresis. These experiments encompass a variety of different types of samples and include examples of capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. [Pg.614]

Conradi, S. Vogt, C. Rohde, E. Separation of Enatiomeric Barbiturates by Capillary Electrophoresis Using a Cyclodextrin-Containing Run Buffer, /. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1122-1125. [Pg.614]

Weber, P. L. Buck, D. R. Capillary Electrophoresis A Past and Simple Method for the Determination of the Amino Acid Composition of Proteins, /. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 609-612. This experiment describes a method for determining the amino acid composition of cyctochrome c and lysozyme. The proteins are hydrolyzed in acid, and an internal standard of a-aminoadipic acid is added. Derivatization with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde gives derivatives that absorb at 420 nm. Separation is by MEKC using a buffer solution of 50 mM SDS in 20 mM sodium borate. [Pg.614]

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