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Energy chemical

There are two basic kinds of explosions involving the release of chemical energy ... [Pg.257]

The release of chemical energy during combustion of gases produces a luminous, radiating zone which is seen as the flame or flame front. ... [Pg.107]

A vital biophysico-chemical problem is to understand how chemical energy (released by ATP or GTP hydrolysis... [Pg.2832]

When thermal or chemical energy is used to remove a volatile species, we call the method volatilization gravimetry. In determining the moisture content of food, thermal energy vaporizes the H2O. The amount of carbon in an organic compound may be determined by using the chemical energy of combustion to convert C to CO2. [Pg.234]

In volatilization gravimetry, thermal or chemical energy is used to decompose the sample containing the analyte. The mass of residue remaining after decomposition, the mass of volatile products collected with a suitable trap, or a change in mass due to the loss of volatile material are all gravimetric measurements. [Pg.266]

All forms of spectroscopy require a source of energy. In absorption and scattering spectroscopy this energy is supplied by photons. Emission and luminescence spectroscopy use thermal, radiant (photon), or chemical energy to promote the analyte to a less stable, higher energy state. [Pg.375]

The maximum efficiency with which photosynthesis can occur has been estimated by several methods. The upper limit has been projected to range from about 8 to 15%, depending on the assumptions made ie, the maximum amount of solar energy trapped as chemical energy in the biomass is 8 to 15% of the energy of the incident solar radiation. The rationale in support of this efficiency limitation helps to point out some aspects of biomass production as they relate to energy appHcations. [Pg.28]

Chemistry. In direct combustion coal is burned to convert the chemical energy of the coal into thermal energy, ie, the carbon and hydrogen in the coal are oxidized into carbon dioxide and water. [Pg.72]

Hydrogen use as a fuel in fuel cell appHcations is expected to increase. Fuel cells (qv) are devices which convert the chemical energy of a fuel and oxidant directiy into d-c electrical energy on a continuous basis, potentially approaching 100% efficiency. Large-scale (11 MW) phosphoric acid fuel cells have been commercially available since 1985 (276). Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) ate expected to be commercially available in the mid-1990s (277). [Pg.432]

Starved-Air or Partial Combustion. To obtaia the temperatures aeeded for the pyrolysis reactioa to occur, a limited amouat of oxygea is allowed to eater the combustioa zoae. This oxygea reacts with the feed or pyrolysis products and releases the needed energy within the combustor. Both pyrolysis and combustion products are obtained. The products leaving the system contain a large amount of chemical energy. [Pg.45]

Because of the wide variation in composition and properties of brown coal (see Table 3), efficient combustion of these fuels caimot be accomphshed by a single system. The moisture content limits combustion efficiency because some chemical energy is required to convert Hquid water to steam in the flue gases. The steam then increases the dew point of the gases, requiring higher temperatures to avoid condensation in the stack. For fuels up to 25% moisture content, 80% efficiency can be achieved. As the moisture content increases to 60%, the efficiency decreases to 70% and efficiency continues to decline about another 1% for each additional 1% moisture to 70%. [Pg.156]

The concept of transporting heat over great distances with chemical energy pipelines has been considered (55). [Pg.52]

N. R. Baker, T. P. Whaley, and co-workers. Transmission of Energy by Open-Eoop Chemical Energy Pipelines, Institute of Gas Technology Final Report, Sandia ContractNo. 87-9181,June 1978, pp. 10—17. [Pg.52]

Fuel Cell Catalysts. Euel cells (qv) are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel direcdy into electrical and thermal energy. The fuel cell, an environmentally clean method of power generation (qv), is more efficient than most other energy conversion systems. The main by-product is pure water. [Pg.173]

Biomechanical Machines. The mechanical properties of fibrous polypeptides could be put to use for the commercial production of fibers (qv) that are more elastic and resiUent than available synthetics (see Silk). The biochemical properties of proteins could also be harnessed for the conversion of mechanical energy to chemical energy (35). [Pg.215]

J. Harrod and V. Thorpe, Asbestos, Politics and Economics of a Eethal Product, International Eederation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers Unions, Geneva, Swit2erland, 1984. [Pg.357]

The gas turbine power plant which has revolutioni2ed aviation derives basically from the steam turbine adapted to a different working fluid. The difference is cmcial with respect to fuel because steam can be generated by any heat source, whereas the gas turbine requires a fuel that efficiently produces a very hot gas stream and is also compatible with the turbine itself. The hot gas stream results from converting chemical energy in fuel directly and continuously by combustion in compressed air. It is expanded in a turbine to produce useful work in the form of jet thmst or shaft power. [Pg.407]

In bulk chemical reactions, an oxidizer (electron acceptor) and fuel (electron donor) react to form products resulting in direct electron transfer and the release or absorption of energy as heat. By special arrangements of reactants in devices called batteries, it is possible to control the rate of reaction and to accomplish the direct release of chemical energy in the form of electricity on demand without intermediate processes. [Pg.505]

Batteries are miniatuie chemical leactois that convert chemical energy into electrical energy on demand. The thermodynamics of battery systems foUow direcdy from that for bulk chemical reactions (10). For the general reaction... [Pg.506]

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Chemical bond energy

Chemical bonding average bond energy

Chemical bonding bond energies

Chemical bonding bond-dissociation energy

Chemical bonding energy

Chemical bonding energy-resolved

Chemical bonding resonance stabilization energy

Chemical bonding valence bond potential energy

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Chemical bonds energy and

Chemical bonds energy decomposition

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Chemical elements ionization energy

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Chemical energy contraction driven

Chemical energy conversion

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Chemical energy efficiency

Chemical energy fuel cells

Chemical energy galvanic cells

Chemical energy in cells

Chemical energy increased

Chemical energy input

Chemical energy interchanged with electrical

Chemical energy mechanical work produced

Chemical energy motion produced

Chemical energy reactions, carotenoids

Chemical energy self-assembly achieved

Chemical energy storage

Chemical energy transmission systems

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Chemical potential surface energy

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Chemical reaction and Gibbs energy

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Chemical reaction energy change calculations

Chemical reaction energy component

Chemical reaction energy potential

Chemical reaction equilibrium Gibbs energy

Chemical reaction rates, calculated energy surface

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Chemical reactions Gibbs free energy calculation

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Chemical reactions energy

Chemical reactions energy changes

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Chemical reactions energy shifts

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Chemical reactions internal energy changes

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Chemical reference energy

Chemical route energy efficiency

Chemical system electronic energy

Chemical thermodynamic and energy

Chemical thermodynamic and energy release evaluation

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Chemically reaction free energy

Chemicals energy costs

Chemicals gross energy requirements

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Closed systems chemical energy transport

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Density functional theory chemical energy

Dissociation energy of chemical bonds

Dissociation energy, chemical

Dissociation energy, chemical physical

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Electronic chemical potential energy

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Energy Balances With Chemical Reaction

Energy Changes in Chemical and Physical Processes

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Energy coupling between chemical structures

Energy decomposition analysis compounds chemical bonding

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Free Energy Diagrams for Surface Chemical Reactions

Free chemical energy

Free energy and chemical potential

Free energy calculations chemical reactions

Free energy change of a chemical reaction

Free energy chemical potential Gibbs

Free energy in chemical reactions

Free energy of an ideal incompressible solution and chemical potentials

Free energy of chemical reaction

Free energy, chemical part

Gibbs Energy and Chemical Potential

Gibbs Energy as a Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium

Gibbs Free Energy, Chemical Potential, and the Equilibrium Constant

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Osmotic equilibrium, free energy, and chemical potential

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Quantum chemical calculations charging free energy contributions

Quantum chemical calculations energy surfaces

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Standard Gibbs Free-Energy Change for Chemical Reactions

Standard free energy, chemical reactions

Stored Chemical Energy

Stored Chemical Energy Propulsion

Storing as Chemical Energy

Temperature and Energy Effects in Chemical Reactors

The Chemical Bond Energy from Molecular Orbitals

The Chemical Bond Formation Energy Based on Rigid Atomic Orbitals

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Thermochemistry Energy Flow and Chemical Change

Thermochemistry Energy in Chemical Reactions

Thermodynamics Entropy, Free Energy, and the Direction of Chemical Reactions

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