Toxicity, dermal

The importance of hydrolysis potential, ie, whether moisture or water is present, is illustrated by the following example. In the normal dermal toxicity test, namely dry product on dry animal skin, sodium borohydride was found to be nontoxic under the classification of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Furthermore, it was not a skin sensitizer. But on moist skin, severe irritation and bums resulted. [Pg.306]

Encapsulated fonofos, a soil insecticide, was developed to coat seeds before they were planted (72). Encapsulation reduces oral toxicity 100-fold and dermal toxicity 10-fold while extending activity of the fonofos. Other encapsulated pesticides available include permethrin and parathion (69). Significantly, all commercial encapsulated pesticides are prepared by interfacial polymeri2ation. [Pg.325]

Toxicology. The acute oral and dermal toxicity of naphthalene is low with LD q values for rats from 1780—2500 mg/kg orally (41) and greater than 2000 mg/kg dermally. The inhalation of naphthalene vapors may cause headache, nausea, confusion, and profuse perspiration, and if exposure is severe, vomiting, optic neuritis, and hematuria may occur (28). Chronic exposure studies conducted by the NTP ia mice for two years showed that naphthalene caused irritation to the nasal passages, but no other overt toxicity was noted. Rabbits that received 1—2 g/d of naphthalene either orally or hypodermically developed changes ia the lens of the eye after a few days, foUowed by definite opacity of the lens after several days (41). Rare cases of such corneal epithelium damage ia humans have been reported (28). Naphthalene can be irritating to the skin, and hypersensitivity does occur. [Pg.486]

Health and Safety Factors. Animal-feeding studies of DMPPO itself have shown it to be nontoxic on ingestion. The solvents, catalyst, and monomers that are used to prepare the polymers, however, should be handled with caution. Eor example, for the preparation of DMPPO, the amines used as part of the catalyst are flammable toxic on ingestion, absorption, and inhalation and are also severe skin and respiratory irritants (see Amines). Toluene, a solvent for DMPPO, is not a highly toxic material in inhalation testing the TLV (71) is set at 375 mg/m, and the lowest toxic concentration is reported to be 100—200 ppm (72). Toxicity of 2,6-dimethylphenol is typical of alkylphenols (qv), eg, for mice, the acute dermal toxicity is LD q, 4000 mg/kg, whereas the acute oral toxicity is LD q, 980 mg/kg (73). The Noryl blends of DMPPO and polystyrene have PDA approval for reuse food apphcations. [Pg.331]

Dermal Toxicity. Fatty alkylamines are not considered especially toxic with regard to skin penetration and systemic absorption into the body certain polyamines may be absorbed through the skin to a much greater degree. The acute dermal LD q of decylamine in rabbits has been reported to be... [Pg.223]

Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A. The Hquid DGEBPA-based resins exhibit low acute toxicity with a single-dose oral LD q value in rats of >2000 mg/kg (40). The potential for absorption of DGEBPA through the skin in acutely toxic amounts is low. LD q values of >800 mg/kg for acute dermal toxicity have been obtained from studies using both the pure and commercial DGEBPA (41,42). [Pg.369]

J. M. HoUand and co-workers. Chronic Dermal Toxicity ofEpoyj Resins I. Skin Carcinogenic Potenj and General Toxicity, report ORNL-5762, prepared for the U.S. DOE by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Term., 1981. [Pg.372]

The variation in toxicity of common organophosphate insecticides is exemplified in Table 5.37. The range of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides (Table 5.38) have, with the exception of Endrin and Isodrin, somewhat lower oral and dermal toxicities. The toxicities of a range of oilier insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and rodenticides are summarized in Table 5.39. [Pg.128]

Dermal Toxicity Dermal toxicity is the ability of a substance to poison people or animals by contact with the skin. Toxic materials absorb through the skin to various degrees depending on their chemical composition and whether they are dissolved in a solvent. Always wear proper personal protection equipment (PPE), such as gloves and aprons, when working with a toxic (or nontoxic) substance that can be absorbed through the skin. [Pg.527]

J. H. Draize, Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics, Association of Food and Drug Officials of the United States Business Office, Bureau of Food and Drugs, Austin, Texas, Chap. Dermal Toxicity, Texas State Dept, of Health, 1959, pp. 46-48. [Pg.310]

Dikshith TSS, Raizada RB, Singh V, et al. 1991. Repeated dermal toxicity of technical HCH and methyl parathion (50EC) to female rats Rattusnorvigicus). Indian J Exp Biol 29 149-155. [Pg.202]

Skinner CS, Kilgore WW. 1982a. Acute dermal toxicities of various organophosphate insecticides in mice. J Toxicol Environ Health 9 491-497. [Pg.231]

Hoechst. 1985c. Endosulfan - active ingredient technical (code HOE 02671 OIZD97 0003) Testing for subchronic dermal toxicity - 21 applications over 30 days - in Wistar rats. Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Germany. Report no. 84.0223. [unpublished study]... [Pg.298]

Hoechst. 1989b. Endosulfan-beta - substance technical (code HOE 052619 OI ZC99 0001) Preliminary cumulative dermal toxicity (5 treatments on 5 successive days) in the Wistar rat. Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Erankfurt, Germany. Report no. 89.0891. [unpubhshed study]... [Pg.299]

Acute-Duration Exposure. Acute oral LD50 data are available for mice and rats (Hart 1976) and for ducks (Aulerich et al. 1979). Acute oral toxicity studies, including histopathological observations, are available for ducks, mice, rats, dogs, and mink (Aulerich et al. 1979 Hardisty et al. 1977 Hart 1976, 1980). Limited acute dermal toxicity are available for rats (Hart 1976). These data suggest a relatively low toxicity. However, a clear relationship between dose and effect has not been elucidated. Inhalation data of any kind were not identified, and dermal data were very limited. [Pg.105]

Respiratory effects have been observed in one dermal toxicity study. Of six rabbits exposed to an unspecified amount of Cellulube 220 for an intermediate duration, one died on day 36 of weakness and dyspnea of 48-hour duration (Carpenter et al. 1959). Respiratory effects were not observed in rabbits dermally exposed to 1,000 mg/kg of cyclotriphosphazene for an intermediate duration (Kinkead et al. 1989c, 1990). No acute- or chronic-duration animal studies examining respiratory tract effects were located. [Pg.147]

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. No human studies examining dermal end points were located. In animals, no information on dermal effects following inhalation or oral exposure were located. A number of mineral oil hydraulic fluids have been tested for acute dermal toxicity in rabbits. Signs of skin irritation have been observed following application of a naphthenic petroleum-based hydraulic fluid designated as MIL-H-5606... [Pg.203]

Because the whole idea of a tiered approach of the kind outlined above is in its initial stages, it will have to be validated and discussed further and will in all probability need to be refined afterwards. The aim here is to introduce the idea of a stepwise approach to the assessment of the risk to re-entry workers. The outlined procedure should be used to calculate the dermal re-entry exposure for real examples of rather dermally toxic compounds in order to gain experience with the recommended procedure. [Pg.117]

Only a few in vivo dermal toxicity studies have been reported so far. Huczko and Lange [50] evaluated the potential of raw CNTs to induce skin irritation by conducting two routine dermatological tests (patch test on 40 volunteers with allergy susceptibilities and Draize rabbit eye test on four albino rabbits). Koyama etal. [51] showed the biological responses to four different types of carbon nanotubes (SWNTs, two types of MWNTs with different diameters, and cup-stacked carbon nanotubes) after their subcutaneous implantation in mice. Both tests [50, 51] showed no or poor irritation effects. However, the in vitro studies in epidermal cell lines exposed to CNTs, and also a more recent report on the toxic outcomes of topical exposure of mice to SWNTs [46], have raised concerns over these assessments. Clearly, this is an area requiring further scientific evaluation. [Pg.182]

Murray, A.R. et al. (2009) Oxidative stress and inflammatory response in dermal toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Toxicology, 257 (3), 161—171. [Pg.211]

In all tested organisms, PCBs — especially PCBs with 2,3,7,8-TCDD-like activity — adversely affected patterns of survival, reproduction, growth, metabolism, and accumulation. Common manifestations of PCB exposure in animals include hepatotoxicity (hepatomegaly, necrosis), immunotox-icity (atrophy of lymphoid tissues, suppressed antibody responses), neurotoxicity (impaired behavior and development, catecholamine alterations), increased abortion, low birth weight, embryolethality, teratogenicity, gastrointestinal ulceration and necrosis, bronchitis, dermal toxicity (chloracne, edema,... [Pg.1300]

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