Interactive effects, of chemicals

Walker, C.H. (1998c). The use of biomarkers to measure the interactive effects of chemicals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 40, 65-70. [Pg.373]

Therefore, knowledge and understanding of interactive effects of chemicals are crucial for a number of reasons. For example... [Pg.14]

As a first step in the risk assessment of chemicals, it is essential to have an insight into the magnitude and duration of exposure. Following the toxicological principle that dose determines the effect, one may assume that no exposure means no risk. In the case of chemical mixtures, a proper assessment of exposure assists in adequately interpreting the interacting effects of chemicals. So, exposure assessment is an essential component of any risk assessment study of mixtures, since it can be used to reduce uncertainty and provide data. [Pg.2]

Harris CC, Sun TT Interactive effects of chemical carcinogens and hepatitis B virus in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Surv 1986 5 765-780. [Pg.200]

As noted above, people are exposed to many chemicals at any given time through various environmental media. While interactions between two chemicals are relatively straightforward and easy to understand, with more than two chemicals the analysis becomes exceedingly complicated. However, study of the interactive effects of chemicals can often provide specific information on their mechanisms of action. [Pg.516]

Measurement of biological interaction effects of organotins with other toxic chemicals under stressful environmental conditions of temperature, oxygen, and other variables (Thompson et al. 1985). [Pg.625]

Maximum concentrations of chlordanes in American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) taken in the Gulf of Mexico in 1976 were near 0.1 pg/kg dry weight (Table 13.2). Chlordane concentrations were substantially lower than concentrations of other organochlorines measured in oysters, such as DDT (28 pg/kg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (90 pg/kg), suggesting a need for additional studies on interaction effects of chlordane residues with those of other environmental chemicals (Rosales et al. 1979). [Pg.836]

Toxic and other interaction effects of PCDDs with other groups of polychlorinated chemicals having similar structure and properties, such as biphenyls, dibenzofurans, and biphenylenes. [Pg.1058]

Interaction effects of fenvalerate degradation products with other chemicals (Smith and Stratton 1986). [Pg.1124]

There is inadequate knowledge of interaction effects of toxaphene with other agricultural chemicals (especially when mixtures are applied simultaneously) and with other persistent compounds in aquatic ecosystems, such as PCBs, DDT and its isomers, and petroleum. [Pg.1471]

In the development of solvation models, Cramer and Tmhalar have made several noteworthy contributions [8-11]. Most of the implicit solvation models do not include the effect of first solvation shell on the solute properties. This can be satisfactorily treated by finding the best effective radii within implicit models. In addition to the first-solvent-shell effects, dispersion interactions and hydrogen bonding are also important in obtaining realistic information on the solvent effect of chemical systems. [Pg.386]

For the last forty years, many reports have emerged on the hormone-like effects of chemical compounds such as pesticides and industrial chemicals upon wildlife and humans. The effects of these materials are believed to be either direct or indirect. Direct effects involve positive or negative interactions with the hormone receptors. Indirect effects may result when the synthesis of hormones or their receptors is altered, or the transport, metabolism, or elimination of hormones is modified in some way. The discovery of hormone-like properties of some compounds was made long after their release into the environment. It was shown soon after their introduction that aviation crop dusters handling DDT had low sperm counts and workers at a plant producing the insecticide kepone were reported to have low libido, sperm counts and to be impotent. Subsequently, experiments conducted in laboratory animals demonstrated unambiguously the oestrogenic activity of these pesticides. 9 refs. [Pg.79]

Macroalgal chemical defenses act as selective agents for the herbivore traits related to the interaction. Little is known about the effects of chemical defenses on herbivore population dynamics but the existing data suggest that bottom-up influences on herbivores may be important. [Pg.81]

Some SIS products help to address the toxicology and environmental health information needs of the general public. One such resource is ToxTown, an interactive guide to toxic chemicals and environmental health issues in everyday locations. It is a companion to the extensive information in the TOXNET collection of databases. The Household Products Database is a consumer s guide that provides information on the potential health effects of chemicals contained in more than 5000 common household products used inside and around the home. This database allows consumers, scientists, and health professionals to investigate ingredients in brand-name products. [Pg.75]

Effect of Chemical Structure of Pectins on Their Interactions with Calcium... [Pg.324]

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