Killing time

Based on the above equilibria, the concentration of HOCl in the normal pH range varies inversely with the total concentration of cyanurate. Increased concentration of cyanuric acid, therefore, should decrease the biocidal effectiveness of FAC. This has been confirmed by laboratory studies in buffered distilled water which showed 99% kill times of S.faecalis at 20°C increasing linearly with increasing cyanuric acid concentration at constant av. Cl at pH 7 and 9 (45). Other studies in distilled water have found a similar effect of cyanuric acid on kill times of bacteria (46—48). Calculations based on the data from Ref. 45 show that the kill times are highly correlated to the HOCl concentration and poorly to the concentration of the various chloroisocyanurates, indicating that HOCl is the active bactericide in stabilized pools (49). [Pg.301]

An entirely different type of contamination arises from the presence of microbiota in a product. As in the case of chemical contamination, compendial requirements for microbiological purity exists. Pharmacopoeial standards vary from country to country, and manufacturers must use the specifications and kill times that meet local requirements. As of this writing, the criteria in the British Pharmacopoeia are more stringent than those estabUshed by the CTFA, which are stricter than those in the United States Pharmacopoeia. In order to meet commonly accepted standards of microbial purity, manufacturing faciUties must be periodically cleaned and all products that can support microbial growth must contain an effective preservative (6). [Pg.288]

Still, it was only a matter of killing time. Sooner or later, Vorman - the one with her locket - would turn up. Maybe waiting for a Vorman would be like waiting for a bus none for ages, then several would arrive at once. Temporal idiosyncrasies aside, she would have to be in a position to nab him as soon as he showed up and attempted to report to Kinzhal with his prize. Her prize. [Pg.183]

The purpose of this example is to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of the silver-based composition of the present invention on bacterial endospores from the test organism Bacillus subtilis. This was accomplished by performing a standard kill-time assay using a suspension of B. subtilis endospores. Normally, bacterial endospores are resistant to killing. [Pg.5]

Another time I was on assignment for a local paper and killing time before an interview. I entered a jewelry store on the city s affluent Near North Side. The proprietor excused herself and returned with an enormous red Doberman pinscher straining at the end of a leash. She stood, the dog extended toward me, silent to my questions, her eyes bulging... [Pg.532]

Naked Earth serves beer and wine and has an outdoor patio, which is great for killing time and enjoying some sunshine. If you re in South Beach, make the trip here. You ll be glad you did. [Pg.74]

The normal growth temperature for most bacteria is 15 40°C, with pathogenic organisms growing best at 37°C. A few bacteria, called thermophilic, can live at temperatures of 45-70°C. Bacteria can, however, generally withstand low temperatures and remain viable. Bacteria can be killed by exposure to high temperatures which can be quantified as a time-temperature reaction the higher the temperature, the shorter the kill time (see Sterilisation below). [Pg.16]

F). Kill time is a factor of temperature, MC, thickness and mass of the object, and species. Great care should be taken with this method, however, because of the possibility of causing physical and mechanical damage to the object being treated. [Pg.325]

The processes described — transportation of the microbicide to the surface of the microbe cell, adsorption, diffusion, penetration and interaction at the target site, are not instantaneous. The time they take, the killing time, may well differ from microbicide to microbicide. The differences also depend on the mode of action, as well as on the chemical constitution and chemico-physical properties of the microbicide. As the latter characteristics may be very different among microbicides that share the same mode of action, one cannot say that a given mode of action corresponds to a short or long killing time. It will be understood that killing times decrease as the microbicide concentration and temperature rise but here, too, the influences depend on the microbicide concerned. [Pg.8]

Additional observations made during these studies showed that larvae infected with AcAalT typically started showing symptoms of paralysis and stopped feeding 10 to 15 hours prior to death. As a result, these larvae can functionally be considered dead, and treatment with AcAalT represents an approximately 40-45% reduction in the time required to kill host larvae when compared to wild-type AcNPV. With the reduced killing time and early immobilization of host larvae by paralysis, AcAalT may effectively curtail food consumption which may translate into reduced feeding damage. [Pg.356]

An entirely different type of contamination arises from the presence of microbiota in a product. As in the case of chemical contamination, compendial requirements for microbiological purity exists. Pharmacopoeial standards vary from country to country, and manufacturers must use the specifications and kill times that meet local requirements. [Pg.9]

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