Liquid expls

The influence of temperature on detonability limits was not determined in the laboratory of Dr Price, but only search of literature is repotted. There are few data showing a limit curve in the diameter-temperature plane, but one set for NMe (Nitromethane) was reported by Campbell et al (Ref 4a) to exhibit the expected decrease in critical diameter with increase in temperature. However, NMe is a physically homogeneous liquid expl and its behavior differs, probably, from that of heterogeneous expls. Of the two references mentioned by Price, one (Ref 15) concerns granular charges of AN, while the other (Ref 16) deals with one propellant compn. In both cases, there seems to be a marked lowering of... [Pg.192]

Refs 1) J. Taylor, PrRoySoc 204A, 30-1 (1950) (High- and low-regimes in condensed expls) 2)-Taylor (195 2), 87-110 (Deton in condensed expls yielding only gaseous products) 111-38 (Deton in expls whose products contain a condensed phase) 3) E. Sanger CR 235, 461-63(1952) (Deton of liquid and solid expls) 4) E. Haeuseler, Explo-sivst 1953, 64-8 (Deton of liquid expls)... [Pg.240]

Condensed expls, reaction zone) 8) Baum, Stanyukovich Shekhter(1959), 664-753 (Expln in condensed media) 9) A. Vidart MP 42, 83-144 (I960) (Calcn of characteristics of condensed expls) 10) Andreev Belyaev (I960), 193-210 (Deton of condensed expls) 11) L.G. Bolkhovitinov, DoklAkadN 130, 1044-46(1960) (Low-speed deton of liquid expls) 11a) 3rdONRSymp-Deton(1960), pp 469 98, A.W. Campbell et al, "The Shock Initiation of Detonation in Liquid Explosives 12) R.F. Chaiken, JChemPhys 33, 760(1960) in 3rdONRSymp-Deton(1960), pp 304-08 (Comments on hyper-velocity wave in condensed expls 12a) Zel dovich Kompaneets (I960), Chapter 4 (Detonation in condensed expls) 13)... [Pg.240]

A.W. Campbell et al, PhysFluids 4, 498-510(1961) (Shock initiation of deton in liquid expls) 15a) Ibid, pp 511-22(1961) (Shock initiation in solid expls) 16) R.O. Miller, "Estimating Caloric State Behavior in Condensed-Phase Detonations , pp 65-74 in S.S. Penner F.A. Williams, "Detonation and Two-Phase Flow , Academic Press, NY (1962) 16a) R.F. Chaiken, A Kinetic... [Pg.240]

As examples of vapors may be cited those of petroleum hydrocarbons in petroleum refining plants, vapors of solvents (such as alcohol, ether, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, etc used in plants manufg expls and propints) vapors of liquid expls (such as DNB, DNT, NG, NGc, DEGDN, etc), and vapors of liquids (such as benzene, toluene or xylene) used as primary materials in the manuf of expls such as TNB, TNT or TNX. Some solid expls such as TNT evolve, when in molten condition, explosive vapors... [Pg.253]

Since optical techniques could not be used to study events occurring within the opaque layers of liquid expls, a new method needed to be employed. A device called an electric transducer (a converter of electrical energy from one system to another, such as a transformer) was used by Travis in... [Pg.340]

Detonation High-, Low-, and Intermediate Order, Velocities of. It has been known since the end of the last century that some liquid expls (such as NG or NGc) and some gelatinous expls (such as Gelatin Dynamites) are capable of detonating at either low (1000-2000 m/sec) or high velocity (up to 8000 m/sec), depending on method of initiation. More recently it was found that the same phenomenon can occur, under certain conditions, with crystalline secondary, or even primary, expls... [Pg.384]

Table 13.6 giving average air-gap initiation induction time data taken from BRL Rept 865(1953) of M. Sultanoff 8 R.A. Bailey and the shock velocity V computed by M.A. Cook] 19) M.A. Cook et al, PrRoySoc 246A, 281-83 (1958) (Deflagration to detonation transmission in solid and liquid expls) 20) R.J. Eichelberger... [Pg.400]

Many hypotheses for initiation of liquid expls have been proposed, of which Bowden et al (Refs 13, 14a 27) suggested adiabatic compression of gas bubbles Johansson et al (Ref 28) - vapor or droplet burning Andreev (Ref 29) - droplet formation or suspension behind a burning front is capable of causing a transition to detonation Bolkhovitinov (Ref 33a) - crystallization of the material under pressure Cook et al (Ref 34b) - initiation occurs with the development of a pressure-generated metallic state accompanied by a plasma that provides the postulated requirement of high heat conductivity... [Pg.406]

Observations of initiation were conducted at the BurMines using a high-speed framing camera. The procedure was the same as described here in the section "Detonation (and Explosion), Development (Transition) from Burning (Combustion or Deflagration. Drawing of a test vessel used for initiation and growth studies in liquid expls is in Fig 18 of the report... [Pg.406]

As result of the research at BurMines, a mechanism for initiation under "card-gap" conditions was suggested and the alternate explanation for the off-the-charge-end "plasma" phenomenon reported by Cook et al (Ref 34b, pp 1881-92) was provided. The "off-end" phenomenon is briefly described in Ref 38f. A theory of initiation of liquid expls formulated at the BurMines is described in this section under Cavitational Phenomenon... [Pg.406]

G) It is presumed that hot products of deton not only penetrate thru the mass of an expl, but they also pulverize it (in case of solid expls), or break it into microscopical droplets (in case of liquid expls)... [Pg.468]

Ref 22, pp 161-62. Under the title "Thermal Effect of Impact is discussed initiation of liquid expls, such as NG, NGc, etc. It differs from initiation of solid expls (discussed on p 153 of Ref 22) in that there is no friction between crystals as in solids, but everything depends on rise of temperature created by adiabatic compression of gas or vapor in minute bubbles.. For example, with NG contg a bubble as small as 0.1 mm in diam 100% explns can be obtd with impact energy of 400 gram-cm, while 10 to 10 g-cm are required when no gas bubble is present. The temp T2 reached in a bubble due to adiabaric compression of the gas depends, in the case of ideal gas, on the... [Pg.566]

Equation (6) is used to calibrate the apparatus and determine the detonation temperature Baum et al (Ref 44, p 97) described the spectroscope method developed in Russia in 1945 by Alentsev, Belyaev, Sobolev Stepanov, which was applicable only to transparent liquid expls, such as NG, NGc, etc. In order to elimi-. nate luminosity caused by shock wave in the atmosphere, the authors immersed the test tube with. sample in water. For a more detailed description of the method, see Ref 16 and pp 98-100 of Ref 44. The values obtd by this method are considerably lower than the calcd values. For example, for NG the exptl value was only 3150CK vs 4520°K obtd by calcn and for NGc. 3160 vs 4700... [Pg.598]

For direct comparison of explosives, it is frequently convenient to select pj-=1.0g/cc. While the actual vel of a given chge may be measured with present methods with an accuracy of ca 0.1%, the D(pj) curve is seldom known this accurately, owing to fluctuations in density of the chge and exptl error in the evaluation of p. In cast, pressed and liquid expls, it is possible to determine density very accurately, but in loose, granular chges an accuracy better than 2.0% is seldom attained. For this reason the literature frequently shows discrepancies of this magnitude in D pj° and M factor of eq 3.1. Table 3.1... [Pg.631]

He also stated that on critical diameters of liquid expls he has just a fragment of information, namely... [Pg.654]

A.N. Dremin et al, ZhPrikl i TekhnFiz No 1, 130-32(1963) (Detonation mechanism in liquid expls) (English translation by US Air. Force Systems Command DDC-AD434956 11) A.N. [Pg.655]

For example, vel of NMe was 6l00 m/sec at +60°but it increased to 6400 at —20°. Tests of Belyaeviand Kurban-galina showed that vels of other liquid expls, such as NG, also increased with lowering of t emps Refs 1) E. Calvet, Ann Faculte de Science, Marseille, France 15, 3 10 (1941) CA 40, 7632 (1 94S)(Deton vel-temp of chge relationship)... [Pg.675]

In the investigation of liquid expl mixtures, there was observed a strong dependence of the velocity on the diam of the chge, although it practically completely disappeared for individual liquids and monocrystalline expls... [Pg.683]

Note Germans used during WWII similar liquid expls under the name of Myrol, which are described in PATR 2510 (1958), pp Ger 115 ... [Pg.157]

It has been found to be an excellent fuel for fuel cells (Refs 23, 25 27). Hydrazine is also used in a family of liquid expls developed marketed under the trade name Astrolite by the Explosive Corporation of America, Issaguah, Wash (Refs 27b, 33a 37)... [Pg.192]

Explosive Nitric Esters, Liquid. Spout wash water formed in the mfg of liquid expl nitric esters is created with a non expl aromatic nitro hydrocarbon e. g. 0-Nitro toluene (1), to extract the expl esters and render the wash water safe for disposal. Wash water from a Nitro glycerine (II) plant contg 0-35% II was treated at a rate of 25000 lbs/8 hrs with 1000 pounds of (I) which was continuous ly recycled so as to give a 2 1 wash water I vol ratio Ref W.G.Allan et al, Brit P7345 2 3 (1955)... [Pg.296]

Solid and liquid expls can be divided into two classes ... [Pg.326]

Gelotinizction Accelerants. In gelatinizing NC with a liquid expl, such as NG, the addition of 0.5—2% of a derivative of an aliphatic ale contg at least 2 hydroxyl groups, such as ethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, facilitates the process. Such substances... [Pg.696]

It is the ability of a substance, such as NC, PETN, Centralites, etc to bond a liquid expl (such as NG or NGc) or a nonexpl solvent (such as acetone or ether/alc) to a homogeneous or nearly homogeneous gelatinous or semigelatirious mass... [Pg.698]

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