Phase reference

At the user s option, one of two methods can be used to calculate the liquid-phase reference fugacity (1) An empirical... [Pg.211]

FIG. 16-30 Operational steps in displacement chromatography, The column, initially equilibrated with a carrier solvent at time 0, is loaded with feed until time tp and supplied with displacer for a time to + tp. Development of the displacement train occurs during the time to and elution of the separated products ends at time tp. tp is the time required to remove the displacer from the column and restore the initial conditions, Components are niimhered in order of decreasing affinity for the stationary phase, [Reference Horoath et at, J, Ghromatogr, 2i8, 365 (1981). Reprinted with peimission of], Ghromatogr,]... [Pg.1531]

Consequently for a given telescope diameter and a given wavefront detector the Strehl ratio depends on the seeing parameters, the wavelength of the observation and the magnitude of the phase reference. [Pg.251]

It is conceivable to detect amplitude and phase emitted by a celestial object at various observation sites and to correlate the results in order to create a huge interferometer (Fig. 3). Because laser can be very stable, the phase reference between lasers can be extracted at low data rate for example from the correlation of the interference signal of each laser with a high magnitude star. The main difference with communication case above is that the absolute phase of the thermal emission is meaningless only the phase correlation from site to site can be exploited. Emission of thermal source is governed by the Planck law. This law states that the probability of photon population of a mode is ... [Pg.370]

Diamondoid (kJ/gmol) soUd (kJ/gmol) A TJO sublimation (kJ/gmol) A combustion (kJ/gmol) (solid phase) References... [Pg.216]

Refers to electrode Refers to film Refers to gas phase Refers to liquid... [Pg.538]

Refers to equilibrium Refers to inlet Refer to X and Y phases Refers to backmixing Refers to stage... [Pg.547]

Group A powders are the best candidates for dense-phase conveying and can achieve high solids/gas loadings. Note the dense-phase referred to here actually is fluidized dense-phase (Wypych, 1995a). [Pg.724]

FIGURE 2.8 Tuning mode patterns. The scope mode shows a dip when the frequency of the microwave fits into the resonator. This dip has maximal depth when the spectrometer is tuned (with the adjustable iris) to be reflectionless, that is, when the resonator is critically coupled to the bridge. Shown patterns are (a) off resonance, (b) slightly off resonance, (c) either under- or over-coupled, (d) critically coupled, (e) asymmetry from out-of-phase reference. [Pg.26]

Gas-Liquid Chromatography. In gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) the stationary phase is a liquid. GLC capillary columns are coated internally with a liquid (WCOT columns) stationary phase. As discussed above, in GC the interaction of the sample molecules with the mobile phase is very weak. Therefore, the primary means of creating differential adsorption is through the choice of the particular liquid stationary phase to be used. The basic principle is that analytes selectively interact with stationary phases of similar chemical nature. For example, a mixture of nonpolar components of the same chemical type, such as hydrocarbons in most petroleum fractions, often separates well on a column with a nonpolar stationary phase, while samples with polar or polarizable compounds often resolve well on the more polar and/or polarizable stationary phases. Reference 7 is a metabolomics example of capillary GC-MS. [Pg.107]

When the return is received, it is demodulated to strip off the carrier frequency. Typically, the return is mixed with , that is multiplied by, cos 2irft and then low-pass filtered to eliminate the high frequency component of the mixed signal. This is the demodulation phase refered to earlier. [Pg.272]

If the gel composition with template 3 is shifted to high or all silica, anew phase referred to as SSZ-31 is obtained (30-32). It should be noted that subsequently another zeolite known as NCL-1 (NCL = National Chemical Laboratory) was re-... [Pg.226]

Atomization generally refers to a process in which a bulk liquid is disintegrated into small drops or droplets by internal and/or external forces as a result of the interaction between the liquid (dispersed phase) and surrounding medium (continuous phase). The term dispersed phase represents the liquid to be atomized and the atomized drops/droplets, whereas the term continuous phase refers to the medium in which the atomization occurs or by which a liquid is atomized. The disintegration or breakup occurs when the disruptive forces exceed the liquid surface tension force. The consolidating... [Pg.121]

The phase coherence in RF pulses is maintained through a reference signal that provides a phase reference for all the pulses applied at any time as shown in Fig. 19. For example, if the first pulse, described by 4maxsin( )rft), is applied at a time t = 0, the second pulse, applied at a time ts from the beginning of the pulse sequence, must have the form of... [Pg.52]

Fig. 19. A reference signal (top) which is served as a phase reference for RF pulses (bottom) applied at any time. The initial phases of the first and second pulse are inherited from the reference signal at time t = 0 and t = ts, respectively. Consequently, both pulses have the same phase in the rotating frame. Reprinted from Ref. 49 with permission from Elsevier.

It is noteworthy that prior to the advent of scanning probe microscopy electrochemically driven reconstruction phenomena had been identified and studied using traditional macroscopic electrochemical measurements [210,211], However, STM studies have provided insight as to the various atomistic processes involved in the phase transition between the reconstructed and unreconstructed state and promise to provide an understanding of the macroscopically observed kinetics. An excellent example is provided by the structural evolution of the Au(lOO) surface as a function of potential and sample history [210,211,216-223], Flame annealing of a freshly elec-tropolished surface results in the thermally induced formation of a dense hexagonal close-packed reconstructed phase referred to as Au(100)-(hex). For carefully annealed crystals a single domain of the reconstructed phase... [Pg.256]

Substance Stationary phase Mobile phase References... [Pg.467]

Drug substance Monomer and crosslinker used to prepare the polymer Mobile phase References... [Pg.479]

Although the concept of phase is well defined thermodynamically, here phase refers to a mechanically separable homogeneous part of an otherwise heterogeneous system. The concept of phase change refers here to a change in the number present or in the nature of a phase or phases as a result of an imposed condition such as temperature or pressure. To clarify and illustrate the topic at hand, we use the specific cases of electrolessly deposited nickel and electrodeposited cobalt. [Pg.278]

A temperature-pressure graph showing the various states of matter is a phase diagram. Phase refers to a single homogeneous physical state. Different phases have either different compositions or different physical states. In the preceding figure, there are 3 phases with the same composition solid, liquid, and gas. [Pg.72]

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