Fixed points

In Example 13.1 the initial concentration of analyte is determined by measuring the amount of unreacted analyte at a fixed time. Sometimes it is more convenient to measure the concentration of a reagent reacting with the analyte or the concentration of one of the reaction s products. The one-point fixed-time integral method can still be applied if the stoichiometry is known between the analyte and the species being monitored. For example, if the concentration of the product in the reaction... [Pg.627]

The one-point fixed-time integral method has the advantage of simplicity since only a single measurement is needed to determine the analyte s initial concentration. As with any method relying on a single determination, however, a... [Pg.627]

Sensitivity The sensitivity for a one-point fixed-time integral method of analysis is improved by making measurements under conditions in which the concentration of the monitored species is larger rather than smaller. When the analyte s concentration, or the concentration of any other reactant, is monitored, measurements are best made early in the reaction before its concentration has substantially decreased. On the other hand, when a product is used to monitor the reaction, measurements are more appropriately made at longer times. For a two-point fixed-time integral method, sensitivity is improved by increasing the difference between times t and f2. As discussed earlier, the sensitivity of a rate method improves when using the initial rate. [Pg.640]

Equation 13.14 shows how [A]o is determined for a two-point fixed-time integral method in which the concentration of A for the pseudo-first-order reaction... [Pg.661]

Fest nass, n. solid measure, -punkt, m. fixed point fixed target. [Pg.152]

Problem—Show that any addition of quantization points into Eq. (4-167) with the previous points fixed increases E for a given p, p, and R. [Pg.240]

Euler s Theorem Rotation is the general movement of a rigid body in space with a single point fixed. [Pg.212]

Melting ice and boiling water adopted by G. Renaldini as fixed points Fixed points must be established by reference to natural phenomena, whose temperature is assumed to be intrinsically determined... [Pg.192]

FIGURE 16.1 The dependence of activation energy E on reaction enthalpy A He for reaction of hydrogen atom abstraction by aminyl radical from the C—H bond of alkylperoxyl radical and O—H bond of hydroperoxyl radical calculated by IPM method (see Chapter 6). The points fix the reactions with minimum and maximum enthalpy among known aromatic aminyl radicals. [Pg.572]

For logarithmic values, only the digits to the right of the decimal point count as significant digits. The digit to the left of the decimal point fixes the location of the decimal point of the original value. [Pg.592]

Integration, thanks to the plastic elements, of the maximum number of functionalities mountings, fastening points, fixings, cable holders, housings, embossings, eyelets, clips, etc. [Pg.752]

The spherical pendulum, which consists of a mass attached by a massless rigid rod to a frictionless universal joint, exhibits complicated motion combining vertical oscillations similar to those of the simple pendulum, whose motion is constrained to a vertical plane, with rotation in a horizontal plane. Chaos in this system was first observed over 100 years ago by Webster [2] and the details of the motion discussed at length by Whittaker [3] and Pars [4]. All aspects of its possible motion are covered by the case, when the mass is projected with a horizontal speed V in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the vertical plane containing the initial position of the pendulum when it makes some acute angle with the downward vertical direction. In many respects, the motion is similar to that of the symmetric top with one point fixed, which has been studied ad nauseum by many of the early heroes of quantum mechanics [5]. [Pg.112]

Our convention is that a symmetry operation R changes the locations of points in space, while the coordinate axes remain fixed. In contrast in Section 1.2 we considered a change (proper or improper rotation) of coordinate axes, while, the points in space remained fixed Let x y z be a set of axes derived from the xyz axes by a proper or improper rotation. Consider a point fixed in space. We found that its coordinates in the x y z system are related to its coordinates in the xyz system by (1.120) or (2.29) ... [Pg.202]

Just as there arc many types of fluids, so there arc. partly as a result, many types of fluid flow. Uniform flow is steady in lime, or the same at all points in space. Steady flow is flow of which the velocity at a point fixed with respect to a fixed system of coordinates is independent of lime. Many common types of flow can be made steady by a suitable choice of coordinates. Rotational flows have appreciable vorticily, and they cannot he described mathematically by a velocity potential function. Turbulent flow is flow in which the fluid velocity at a fixed point fluctuates with lime in a nearly random way. The motion is essentially rotational, and is... [Pg.656]

A number of enzymes to which soluble dextran had been attached after activation by cyanogen bromide have been characterized by Marshall and coworkers.7 All of the conjugated enzymes were found to be more stable than the native enzymes to heat, proteases, denatur-ants, and the absence of calcium. The attachment of dextran appeared to have stabilized the conformation of the enzyme. It was suggested that the attachment of the enzyme to the dextran polymer at several points fixed its conformation in much the same way as do intramolecular, disulfide bridges.7... [Pg.255]

The variation of total and partial amount of ethane adsorbed as a function of composition at 270 kPa for a meUiane-ethane mixture is shown in Fig. 1. Two models, Langmuir for mixtures using Innes and Rowley correlation [2] and lAST [3] are used to predict the data from pure component isotherms. Both the models do reasonably well in predicting both the partial and total amount adsorbed. The pure component methane and ethane isotherms fix the end points of total amount adsorbed. The partial amount of ethane is also restricted between its pure component value and zero. The two models simply predict the curves in between the end points fixed by these thermocfynamic restrictions. [Pg.131]

The probes applied in this work are able to detect differences in both the mobility and polarity of the matrix. Selective attachment of the probe to the polymer opens the opportunity to study the behavior of the probe at different points fixed at the polymer. A variation of the spacer length would give selective information about the mobility and polarity, respectively. In general, covalently bonded probes are reasonable tools to examine swollen samples because they cannot be extracted during the swelling procedure. [Pg.593]

Picrate concentration. The Jaffe reaction is pseudo first order with respect to picrate up to 30 mmol/L, with the majority of methods employing a concentration between 3 and 16 mmol/L. At concentrations above 6 mmol/L, the rate of color development becomes nonlinear, so a two-point fixed interval rather than a multiple-data-point approach is required. [Pg.798]

The usual formulation of the action as a function of length has fixed end points, fixed total energy, E, and variable length and time ... [Pg.99]

The point groups (containing operations that always leave at least one point fixed in space) are of great importance for symmetrical molecules their number is limited and they prescribe a great many observable properties of a... [Pg.5]

A.3.5.3.2 Air velocity is measured by means of an anemometer at different points fixed systematically and at a distance of 20 cm from the exit A chart of velocities is drawn up. [Pg.393]

Soient C la courbe de base et ti t V C la projection cano-nique. Alors I ensemble des points fixes par l q)lratlon de G est... [Pg.87]

The classification of polymorphic substances into monotropic and enantiotropic classes from the standpoint of observed phenomena is not appropriate as a basis for the lattice theory of polymorphism. In the lattice theory, one begins by considering whether the lattices of the polymorphic forms are related in structure or not. Only in the case of lattices that are structurally related in structure or not. Only in the case of lattices that are structurally related will it be possible for mutual transformation to take place at a transition point fixed by the temperature and pressure of the system. If the lattices differ in such a way that atoms or molecules must be completely regrouped during the transformation (changing their state of bonding), no point of contact for mutual reversible transformation will exist. [Pg.90]

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