Probe heated

In order to minimize the probe heating effect (measure disturber), the number of the measure points will be 80x80 (the sweeping time negatively influences the probes ), for example ... [Pg.295]

Hitze-probe, /. heat teat, -strahlung, /. heat radiation, -wirkung, /. action of heat, heat effect, thermal effect, -wirkungsgrad, m. thermal efficiency. [Pg.214]

Figure 13. Response of early warning probe heat transfer coefficient to different events during a suspension polymerization batch (19)...

When two equivalents of pyridine were added to the nmr sample and the probe heated to 80° C, the enol formate 61 decreased and phenyl cyclopropyl ketone 58 appeared at a rate approximately ten times faster than in the previous buffered system. The observation of intermediate 61 and the kinetic results, together with the observed induction periods, are consistent with the idea that some and perhaps all of the rearranged product ketone in the solvolysis of this system arises via double-bond participation in 61 rather than triple-bond participation and a vinyl cation (80). [Pg.231]

In DI-MS, solid or liquid samples are introduced into a small glass cup and then the cup is inserted into a spring-loaded holder (probe tip). This is heated by a coiled heater up to a maximum of 450 °C thus allowing the sample to be volatilised. The probe can be heated in two different ways ballistic mode or temperature-programme mode. In ballistic mode the probe heats at the maximum rate (150 °C min J) up to the final temperature desired. In the temperature-programme mode the probe heats at a specified rate (from 10 to 100 °C min 1) up to the final set up temperature. [Pg.79]

In the process of analysis, a gradual heating of metal probe inside the extractor is made up to the extraction temperature 400-800°C. This temperature is always lower then the fusion temperature of the probe. The gases emitted in the probe heating are analyzed by a mass-spectrometer. Time dependence q(t) of the hydrogen flux is fixed by digital registration system in the form of extraction curve. Such extraction curve for pure aluminum A8 is shown in Fig. 2. [Pg.683]

In a heat flow calorimeter, a feedback controller is used to maintain a constant desired reactor temperature by adjusting the jacket temperature. From (1), with a constant calibration probe heat flow, at steady state (dT/dt = 0), the overall heat transfer coefficient can be found from... [Pg.144]

FIGURE 3 Example reaction calorimetry study without reaction. The overall heat transfer coefficient area can be found during the steady-state temperature difference and known calibration probe heat flow, between 35 and 42 min. The heat capacity can then be found from the temperature ramp between 5 and 20 min. [Pg.144]

The most stable and most useful type of thermistor is the glass-coated bead. In this design, a sintered oxide bead (0.075 to 1 mm in diameter) is sealed in glass, resulting in a probe bead with a diameter ranging from 0.125 to 1.5 mm. Important advantages of this small thermistor size are low probe heat capacity and rapid temperature response (0.1 to... [Pg.572]

To remove excess probe, heat hybridization wash buffer (0.1X SSC/ 0.1% SDS, 600-750 mL/filter total) to 60-65°C. Remove the membranes from the hybridization mix, rinse each one with 5-10 mL of wash buffer from a squirt bottle, and place them immediately in a container of wash buffer (200-250 mL/filter). Two or three membranes may be washed together. Do not let membranes dry before washing is complete. [Pg.65]

Air Humidity Humidity probes need to be calibrated before use, and the absolute humidity (or both the relative humidity and temperature) needs to be recorded. If the probe temperature is below the dew point of the air in the process, then condensation on the probe will occur until the probe heats. [Pg.1357]

In this study, the reaction was characterized using a combination of in-situ kinetic probes, heat flow from reaction calorimetry and measurement of the hydrogen uptake rate, in addition to the commonly-used method of analysis of samples taken from the reactor. Heat flow from the reaction calorimetry and measurement of rate of hydrogen uptake are intrinsically superior kinetic tools in that they both provide rate data directly and in a quasi-continuous fashion. Consequently, they are capable of producing clear and detailed kinetic pictures which offers hints on reaction pathways and mechanism (4,5). It will be shown that thermodynamic information regarding each step in the hydrogenation reaction network may also be obtained directly from a combination of the heat flow and the hydrogen uptake data. [Pg.248]

A permanent CEMS and a portable handheld unit Enerac 2000 were used in these experiments. The CEMS is a permanently installed sampling system for monitoring the exhaust gas composition at the exit of the furnace. It consists of a water-cooled stainless steel probe, heat-traced transport lines, water removal system, and gas analyzers. NO is measured with a chemiluminescent and... [Pg.171]

Probe heating is accomplished by means of k chilled-water-jacketed electrical furnace that fits snugly around the pressure vessel. The heating element consists of 50 turns of bifilar (i.e. noninductively) wound constantan wire powered from the spectrometer s temperature controller. Additional capacitance filtering was necessary to remove voltage spikes from the controller s output. Temperatures up to 250 °C could be achieved in this way with temperature control to within +0.1°C. [Pg.170]

Field ionization involves the removal of electrons from a species by quantum mechanical tunneling in a high electric field. In practice, FI-MS refers to the technique in which the sample to be analyzed is introduced as a vapor using a heatable direct probe, heated batch inlet, or GC/MS interface. [Pg.250]

Levers, diaphragms, shims, gaskets, washers, springs, links, brackets, contacts, connectors, probes, heat sinks, IC lead frames, rotor and stator laminations, iris leaves, graticules, deposition masks, encoder discs, and jewelry... [Pg.487]

ESI has overcome a major problem that frustrated mass spectrometrists for many years how to volatilize polar compounds without also causing decomposition. Samples used to be introduced into the ion source by evaporation from a solid probe. Heating the probe often failed to produce useful spectra for polar compounds, resulting instead in brown residues of decomposed material on the probe tip. The ESI... [Pg.56]

A vigorously boiling waterbath must be used to ensure complete dena-turation of double-stranded probes heating blocks appear not to denature the DNA completely. This denaturation step is not required for single-stranded DNA or RNA. [Pg.91]

While the slides are drying, denature the biotinlyated probe. Heat up a beaker of water to boiling. To the probe (in 20 pL of deionized formamide in a microcentrifuge tube) add the following see Note 4) 20 pL deionized formamide, 8 pL 20X SSC, 16 pL dextran sulfate see Note 5), 4 pL carrier DNA, 12 pL stenle distilled water. Centrifuge the probe cocktail for few seconds. Tape the lid of the tube down to secure it and place the tube in a float. Drop the float into the beaker of boiling water for 5 min. Remove the tube and quench immediately on ice. Keep on ice until required. [Pg.164]

The non-electrochemical techniques include direct immersion of materials samples in the test fluid in either the laboratory or plant. These s lmples sometimes have an artificial crevice generated with a serrated washer. They may be welded to determine the effects of welds and weld heat affected zones. Real-time information can be obtained using electrical resistance probes. Heat transfer effects can be evaluated by having a test sample that is exposed to the corrodent on one side and the other side heated or cooled. Stressed samples are used to evaluate stress corrosion cracking tendencies [33]. [Pg.422]

An AFM probe equipped with a thermal probe heats up sample resulting topographical imaging and thermal analysis of specific areas of the sample surface, sudden change in deflection of the heated cantilever indicates a thermeil transition Hme-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) Mass spectrometry of sample surface maps spatial compositional information the distribution of compounds within 1-2 nm depth... [Pg.456]

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