Risk assessment chemical hazards

Handbook of chemical risk assessment health hazards to humans, plants, and animals / by Ronald Eisler... [Pg.7]

Smith, K. R., Carpenter, R. A., Faulstich, M. S. (1988). Risk Assessment of Hazardous Chemical Systems in Developing Countries. Occasional Report No.5. Honolulu West-East Environment and Policy Institute. [Pg.436]

Chemical reactivity risk. See Risk assessment Chemical reactivity tests, 84-90 decision point, 90 deflagration screening tests, 85,87 reaction calorimetry, 88-90 screening data interpretation, 85, 86 small-scale screening tests, 87-88 Chemical structure and bonds, hazards identification, 80, 82 CHETAH program (ASTM), 79,82 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, 174... [Pg.195]

However, the above-mentioned requirements cannot always be fulfilled. Risk assessment, including hazard assessment, is performed within a political and legal framework, which puts limitations on the availability of information. For example, in the EU, the data requirements for existing substances are not as comprehensive as those for new chemical substances. [Pg.56]

Pharmacokinetic models. An important advance in risk assessment for hazardous chemicals has been the application of pharmacokinetic models to interpret dose-response data in rodents and humans (EPA, 1996a Leung and Paustenbach, 1995 NAS/NRC, 1989 Ramsey and Andersen, 1984). Pharmacokinetic models can be divided into two categories compartmental or physiological. A compartmental model attempts to fit data on the concentration of a parent chemical or its metabolite in blood over time to a nonlinear exponential model that is a function of the administered dose of the parent. The model can be rationalized to correspond to different compartments within the body (Gibaldi and Perrier, 1982). [Pg.117]

In March 1982 the American Chemical Society sponsored a symposium on risk assessments of hazardous chemical waste sites, and the chapters of this volume are the final versions of the papers that were presented and discussed at this symposium. The first chapters present the problem the history of the development of Superfund legislation and the arguments about the most appropriate approaches to risk assessments, specific cases of hazardous waste problems in Louisiana, the problems of Love Canal and their bearing on risk assessment, and the impacts on human health that can result from hazardous waste sites. The next broad topic of the symposium was the central problem of methodology of risk assessment. The practical problems that confront the field teams who examine specific chemical waste sites are what to monitor, how to monitor, and how to have reasonable assurance of the reliability of the results of monitoring. A final chapter considers a problem of central importance to the Superfund effort how to incorporate risk assessment into the regulatory process. [Pg.136]

A hazard is anything that will produce an adverse effect on human health and the environment. In environmental risk assessment, the hazard component generally refers to toxicity. Exposure is the quantitative or qualitative assessment of contact to the skin or orifices of the body by a chemical. Traditional pollution prevention techniques focus on reducing waste as much as possible however, risk assessment methods used in pollution prevention can help quantify the degree of environmental impact for individual chemicals. This approach provides a powerful tool that enables engineers to better design processes and products by focusing on the most beneficial methods to minimize all aspects of risk. [Pg.211]

Scientific Uncertainty and Science-Policy Interactions in the Risk Assessment of Hazardous Chemicals... [Pg.151]

Identifying a hazard is only a small part of the risk assessment process. Hazard must be differentiated from risk. Assessing risk involves an analysis of the likelihood that adverse effects to human health or the environment after exposure to a chemical may occur. For risk management, exposure assessments therefore play equal (if not more) important parts as evaluations of hazard. The following sections discuss how toxicology, exposure assessments, and risk characterisations contribute to the central scientific definition of risk as probability versus consequence [93-95]. [Pg.29]

Eisler, R. Handbook of chemical risk assessment health hazards to humans, plants, and animals, metalloids, radiation, cumulative index to chemicals and species, vol. 3, chapter 28, CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL) 2000. [Pg.918]

The intention of this Council Act is to ensure that data generated in the safety testing of chemicals are of high quality and are based on internationally harmonized methods. Such data can then be used to assess chemical hazards and to make decisions on appropriate activities to prevent or reduce risk to human health or the environment. Where the need for duplicative testing is minimized through MAD, testing costs can... [Pg.2943]

Eisler, Ronald. Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment Health Hazards to Humans, Plants, and Animals. Boca Raton, Fla. Lewis Publishers, 2000. [Pg.294]

As discussed in the previous problem set, the four major steps in a health risk assessment are hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. A health risk assessment initially involves the identification of human health effects attributed to exposure to a chemical, usually on a continuous basis. A dose-response assessment determines how different levels of exposure to a hazard or pollutant affect the likelihood or severity of the health effects. An exposure assessment determines the extent of human exposure. These are combined to provide a risk characterization value. [Pg.776]

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations that impose specific legal requirements for risk assessment wherever hazardous chemicals or biological agents are used. [Pg.244]

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